Chapter 26 testbank TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

1) Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body. 2) The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium. 3) Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of the body. 4) Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients. 5) The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus. 6) Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. 7) It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions. 8) Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration. 9) Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, feces, and urine. 10) Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of plasma proteins and causes tissue edema. 11) While the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume. 12) Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems. 13) When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the collecting tube. 14) Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion. 15) Pressure diuresis decreases blood volume and blood pressure. 16) Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium. 17) Addison's disease is a disorder resulting from a viral infection. 1 1) 2) 3) 4)

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18) The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them. 19) Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention. 20) Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride. 21) Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal. 22) The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin. 23) Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low. 24) The normal pH of blood is 7.4. 25) Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism. 26) Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate. 27) The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma. 28) The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system. 29) One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system. 30) As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases. 31) Regulation of the acid-base system is accomplished mainly through respiratory control, and the kidneys also play a small role. 32) Severe damage to the respiratory system rarely will result in acid-base imbalances. 33) Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient. 34) Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 35) The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. A) the feeling one might have after a long swim B) the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor C) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water D) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment 36) Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________. A) tissue edema C) extreme weight gain B) extreme weight loss D) nerve damage 37) 36) 35)

37) Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? A) antidiuretic hormone C) aldosterone B) erythropoietin D) renin

38) Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is ________. A) to enhance atrial contractions B) to activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism C) to prevent pH changes caused by organic acids D) to reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention 39) Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. A) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids B) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction C) a runner has completed a very long marathon D) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions 40) Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems? A) the lungs and the kidneys C) the thyroid gland and the heart B) the adrenal glands and the testes D) the stomach and the liver

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41) The major reason older adults should monitor their intake of fluids is that ________. A) older people suffer decreased levels of antidiuretic hormone B) older people do not exercise, so fluids do not move from compartment to compartment easily C) total body water decreases with age, and restoration of homeostasis is slower D) most older people do not eat the proper foods 42) Edema may result from ________. A) hyperproteinemia B) hindering the flow of water out of the capillaries C) decreased blood hydrostatic pressure D) lymphatic blockage 43) The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. A) plasma C) interstitial fluid B) intracellular fluid D) cerebrospinal fluid

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44) Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. A) iron B) chloride C) potassium D) magnesium

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45) Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? A) K + mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids B) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids C) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids D) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids 46) Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________. A) inefficient kidneys C) low rate of insensible water loss B) comparatively low metabolic rates D) low daily rate of fluid exchange

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47) The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. A) the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells B) pH of the ICF C) intracellular sodium levels D) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma

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48) The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. A) phosphate B) hemoglobin C) bicarbonate D) protein

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49) A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. A) respiratory acidosis C) metabolic acidosis B) respiratory alkalosis D) metabolic alkalosis

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50) The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. A) requires active transport B) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces C) requires ATP for the transport to take place D) involves filtration 51) Electrolyte balance ________. A) refers to the phosphate balance in the body B) may be disturbed due to higher loss of electrolytes on hot days C) is usually difficult to maintain D) can be disrupted because water is not free to move between cells and capillaries 52) Parathyroid hormone ________. A) is the most important control of calcium homeostasis B) activates osteoblasts that deposit ionic calcium in bone C) prevents excess calcium absorption by deactivating vitamin D in the small intestine D) decreases renal absorption while simultaneously increasing phosphate reabsorption 53) Chemical buffering systems of the body may include ________. A) phosphate C) hydrochloric acid B) ammonia D) sodium hydroxide

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54) Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except ________. A) lymph and interstitial fluid C) cerebrospinal fluid B) blood plasma D) glucose

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55) Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? A) Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts. B) Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body. C) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. D) There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts. 56) Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? A) aldosterone C) antidiuretic hormone B) thymosin D) atrial natriuretic peptide

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57) The total body water is divided into intracellular and extracellular fluids. Plasma is considered ________. A) extracellular B) intracellular C) interstitial D) lymph

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58) The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. A) the control of respiratory ventilation B) the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach C) the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells D) control of the acids produced in the stomach 59) Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance? A) excessive hydration due to excess ADH secretion B) hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high C) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure D) excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins 60) The regulation of sodium ________. A) is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus B) is linked to blood pressure C) involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys D) involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration

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61) Select the correct statement about renal mechanisms of acid-base balance. A) The kidneys are not able to excrete phosphoric acid. B) Excreted hydrogen ions are unbound in the filtrate. C) Kidney tubule cells are able to synthesize bicarbonate ion. D) The kidneys are the most important mechanism for eliminating all bicarbonate ions. 62) Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? A) respiratory acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis B) metabolic acidosis D) respiratory alkalosis

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63) A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? A) respiratory acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis B) metabolic acidosis D) respiratory alkalosis

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64) One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. A) a dry mouth from high temperatures C) drinking caffeinated beverages B) becoming overly agitated D) a rise in plasma osmolality

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65) Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? A) It will increase the osmolality of the blood. B) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume. C) She will experience hypotension. D) There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale. 66) The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is ________. A) osmotic pressure of plasma proteins C) hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid B) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood D) intracellular hydrostatic pressure

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67) Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes? A) membrane polarity B) neuromuscular excitability C) maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and ECF D) amount of body fat

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68) The regulation of potassium balance ________. A) is not linked to sodium balance B) includes renal secretion, but never absorption C) is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms D) involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium 69) The respiratory mechanism of acid-base balance ________. A) requires an enzyme within red blood cells that causes the formation of carbonic acid B) includes an increased breathing rate during times of alkalosis C) operates well only within a very narrow margin D) is considered a chemical buffering system SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 70) ________ occurs when carbon dioxide is eliminated faster than it is produced. 71) The female hormone ________ seems to decrease sodium reabsorption, thus promoting sodium and water loss by the kidney. 72) The preferred intracellular negative ion is ________. 73) The most important ECF buffer of HCl is ________. 74) The most important hormone that regulates calcium ions in the body is ________. 75) Molecules that can act reversibly as acids or bases depending upon the pH of their environment are called ________. 76) The breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins releases ________ acid. 77) Arterial blood pH below 7.35 is called ________. 78) ________ reduces blood pressure and volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and the retention of sodium ions and water. 70) 71)

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