client/server

Client/server describes the relationship between two computer programs in which one program, the client, makes a service request from another program, the server, which fulfills the request. Although the client/server idea can be used by programs within a single computer, it is a more important idea in a network. In a network, the client/server model provides a convenient way to interconnect programs that are distributed efficiently across different locations. Computer transactions using the client/server model are very common. For example, to check your bank account from your computer, a client program in your computer forwards your request to a server program at the bank. That program may in turn forward the request to its own client program that sends a request to a database server at another bank computer to retrieve your account balance. The balance is returned back to the bank data client, which in turn serves it back to the client in your personal computer, which displays the information for you. The client/server model has become one of the central ideas of network computing. Most business applications being written today use the client/server model. So does the Internet's main program, TCP/IP. In marketing, the term has been used to distinguish distributed computing by smaller dispersed computers from the "monolithic" centralized computing of mainframe computers. But this distinction has largely disappeared as mainframes and their applications have also turned to the client/server model and become part of network computing. In the usual client/server model, one server, sometimes called a daemon, is activated and awaits client requests. Typically, multiple client programs share the services of a common server program. Both client programs and server programs are often part of a larger program or application. Relative to the Internet, your Web browser is a client program that requests services (the sending of Web pages or files) from a Web server (which technically is called a Hypertext Transport Protocol or HTTP server) in another computer somewhere on the Internet. Similarly, your computer with TCP/IP installed allows you to make client requests for files from File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers in other computers on the Internet. Other program relationship models included master/slave, with one program being in charge of all other programs, and peer-to-peer, with either of two programs able to initiate a transaction.

Introduction to Client Server Networks

The term client-server refers to a popular model for computer networking that utilizes client and server devices each designed for specific purposes. The client-server model can be used on the Internet as well as local area networks (LANs). Examples of client-server systems on the Internet include Web browsers and Web servers, FTP clients and servers, and DNS. Client and Server Devices

Client/server networking grew in popularity many years ago as personal computers (PCs) became the common alternative to older mainframe computers. Client devices are typically PCs with network software applications installed that request and receive information over the network. Mobile devices as well as desktop computers can both function as clients. A server device typically stores files and databases including more complex applications like Web sites. Server devices often feature higher-powered central processors, more memory, and larger disk drives than clients. Client-Server Applications The client-server model distinguishes between applications as well as devices. Network clients make requests to a server by sending messages, and servers respond to their clients by acting on each request and returning results. One server generally supports numerous clients, and multiple servers can be networked together in a pool to handle the increased processing load as the number of clients grows. A client computer and a server computer are usually two separate devices, each customized for their designed purpose. For example, a Web client works best with a large screen display, while a Web server does not need any display at all and can be located anywhere in the world. However, in some cases a given device can function both as a client and a server for the same application. Likewise, a device that is a server for one application can simultaneously act as a client to other servers, for different applications. [Some of the most popular applications on the Internet follow the client-server model including email, FTP and Web services. Each of these clients features a user interface (either graphic- or text-based) and a client application that allows the user to connect to servers. In the case of email and FTP, users enter a computer name (or sometimes an IP address) into the interface to set up connections to the server. Local Client-Server Networks Many home networks utilize client-server systems without even realizing it. Broadband routers, for example, contain DHCP servers that provide IP addresses to the home computers (DHCP clients). Other types of network servers found in home include print servers and backup servers. Client-Server vs Peer-to-Peer and Other Models The client-server model was originally developed to allow more users to share access to database applications. Compared to the mainframe approach, client-server offers improved scalability because connections can be made as needed rather than being fixed. The client-server model also supports modular applications that can make the job of creating software easier. In so-called "two-tier" and "three-tier" types of client-server systems, software applications are separated into modular pieces, and each piece is installed on clients or servers specialized for that subsystem. Client-server is just one approach to managing network applications The primary alternative, peer-topeer networking, models all devices as having equivalent capability rather than specialized client or

server roles. Compared to client-server, peer to peer networks offer some advantages such as more flexibility in growing the system to handle large number of clients. Client-server networks generally offer advantages in keeping data secure.

Active Directory server roles Updated: January 21, 2005 Applies To: Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2003 with SP1, Windows Server 2003 with SP2

Active Directory server roles

Computers that function as servers within a domain can have one of two roles: member server or domain controller. A server that is not in a domain is a stand-alone server.

Member servers
A member server is a computer that:

Runs an operating system in the Windows 2000 Server family or the Windows Server 2003 family. Belongs to a domain. Is not a domain controller.

A member server does not process account logons, participate in Active Directory replication, or store domain security policy information. Member servers typically function as the following types of servers: file servers, application servers, database servers, Web servers, certificate servers, firewalls, and remote access servers. For more information about server roles, see Server roles. The following security-related features are common to all member servers:

Member servers adhere to Group Policy settings that are defined for the site, domain, or organizational unit. Access control for resources that are available on a member server.

Member server users have assigned user rights. Member servers contain a local security account database, the Security Accounts Manager (SAM).

Domain controllers
A domain controller is a computer that:

Runs an operating system in the Windows 2000 Server family or the Windows Server 2003 family. Uses Active Directory to store a read-write copy of the domain database, participate in multimaster replication, and authenticate users.

Domain controllers store directory data and manage communication between users and domains, including user logon processes, authentication, and directory searches. Domain controllers synchronize directory data using multimaster replication, ensuring consistency of information over time. For more information about multimaster replication, see Replication overview. Active Directory supports multimaster replication of directory data between all domain controllers in a domain; however, multimaster replication is not appropriate for some directory data replication. In this case, a domain controller, called the operations master, will process data. In an Active Directory forest, there are at least five different operations master roles that are assigned to one or more domain controllers. For more information about operations masters, see Operations master roles. As the needs of your computing environment change, you might want to change the role of a server. Using the Active Directory Installation Wizard, you can install Active Directory on a member server to make it a domain controller, or you can remove Active Directory from a domain controller to make it a member server. For more information about domain controllers, see Domain controllers. Note

You cannot install Active Directory on a computer running Windows Server 2003, Web Edition, but you can join the computer to an Active Directory domain as a member server. For more information about Windows Server 2003, Web Edition, see Overview of Windows Server 2003, Web Edition.

Difference between client side and server side.

Server side Server side script are processed at server after server get request for a PHP document. After request for an PHP document was sent, server is processing PHP code and it generates HTML code that is sent to a client. This means that page which client sees doesnt exist anywhere on the server in such form. Client side Main an most used language of client side group is JavaScript. Code written in Javascript is often included in an basic HTML code and its executed at the client explorer. This kind of code is visible to everybody.