MATLAB

BY: AMMAR AJMAL

Iqra University, Islamabad Campus

Version Installed in C & SP Lab

What is Matlab ?
*MATLAB is a high-level language and interactive environment that enables you to perform computationally intensive tasks faster than with traditional programming languages such as C, C++, and Fortran. (true??)

http://www.mathworks.com/

Domains of Usage
Matlab (stands for MATrix LABoratory)
A software environment for interactive numerical computations

Example Domains: Matrix computations and linear algebra Solving nonlinear equations Numerical solution of differential equations Mathematical optimization Statistics and data analysis Signal processing Modelling of dynamical systems Solving partial differential equations Simulation of engineering systems

Strengths of MATLAB

MATLAB is relatively easy to learn Help is too extensive Great built-in functions support Numerous toolboxes, blocksets and Simulink for modeling real world engineering problems MATLAB code is optimized to be relatively quick when performing matrix operations MATLAB may behave like a calculator or as a programming language MATLAB is interpreted, errors are easier to fix State of the art Graphical User Interface

LAB 1

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

Matlab
*MATLAB is a numerical computation and simulation tool that was developed into a commercial tool with a user friendly interface from the numerical function libraries LINPACK and EISPACK, which were originally written in the FORTRAN programming language.

* Introduction to Matlab & Simulink - A Project Approach, Third Edition

O. Beucher and M. Weeks

Matlab Interface

Command Window

Use the Command Window to enter variables and run functions and M-files.

Command History

Statements you enter in the Command Window are logged in the Command History.
In the Command History, you can view previously run statements, and copy and execute selected statements.

Workspace Browser

The MATLAB workspace consists of the set of variables (named arrays) built up during a MATLAB session and stored in memory.

Array Editor

Useful Built-in Commands

clear clear x y clc who whos lookfor

doc tic toc

Clear all variables from work space Clear variables x and y from work space Clear the command window List known variables List known variables plus their size look up whole matlab directory for available functions open the html based help window measure the simulation time of program

MATLAB Built-in Variables

ans pi inf NaN i and j eps realmin realmax

Default variable name for results Value of Infinity Not a number e.g. 0/0 i = j = imaginary number Smallest incremental number The smallest usable positive real number The largest usable positive real number

Built-in Keywords

Checking whether input is MATLAB keyword:

Iskeyword

>>iskeyword ans = 'break' 'case' 'catch' 'classdef' 'continue' 'else' 'elseif' 'end' 'for' 'function' 'global' 'if' 'otherwise' 'parfor' 'persistent' 'return' 'spmd' 'switch' 'try' 'while'

Matlab Variables
A MATLAB variable is an object belonging to a specific data type. In Matlab a variable is basically a matrix and matrices can be made up of real or complex numbers, as well as characters (ASCII symbols).

Matlab Variables

A MATLAB variable is essentially a tag that you assign to a value while that value remains in memory. The tag gives you a way to reference the value in memory so that your programs can read it, operate on it with other data, and save it back to memory.

Rules for Variable Names

Variable names can contain up to 63 characters, and can be checked by: N = namelengthmax N = 63 Variable Names are Case Sensitive
Do Not Use Function Names for Variables Variable names must start with a letter followed by letters, digits, and underscores. Blanks are NOT allowed in a variable name, however _ is allowed. Verifying Validity of a Variable Name isvarname 8th_column (checks whether its a valid name or not)

Types of Variables
Type Integer Real Complex Examples 1362,-5656 12.33,-56.3 X=12.2 3.2i

(i = sqrt(-1))

Complex numbers in MATLAB are represented in rectangular form. To separate real & imaginary part
H = real(X) K= imag(X)

Conversion between polar & rectangular

C1= 1-2i Magnitude: mag_c1 = abs(C1) Angle: angle_c1 = angle(C1)

Note that angle is in radians

Variable Types based on Usage

MATLAB provides three basic types of variables:

Local

Variables Global Variables Persistent Variables

Variable Types
Local Variables Each MATLAB function has its own local variables. These are separate from those of other functions (except for nested functions), and from those of the base workspace. Variables defined in a function do not remain in memory from one function call to the next, unless they are defined as global or persistent. Scripts, on the other hand, do not have a separate workspace. They store their variables in a workspace that is shared with the caller of the script. When called from the command line, they share the base workspace. When called from a function, they share that function's workspace. Note If you run a script that alters a variable that already exists in the caller's workspace, that variable is overwritten by the script.

Variable Types
Global Variables If several functions, and possibly the base workspace, all declare a particular name as global, then they all share a single copy of that variable. Any assignment to that variable, in any function, is available to all the other functions declaring it global.

global ALPHA BETA

Variable Types
Persistent Variables Characteristics of persistent variables are

You can declare and use them in functions only. Only the function in which the variables are declared is allowed access to it. MATLAB does not clear them from memory when the function exits, so their value is retained from one function call to the next. You must declare persistent variables before you can use them in a function.

It is usually best to put your persistent declarations toward the beginning of the function. You would declare persistent variable SUM_X as follows:

persistent SUM_X

Defining a Variable

Row and Column Vectors

If no variable name is set, MATLAB assigns the name ans (answer) to the result, as the following example shows:

Matrices

MATLAB treats all variables as matrices. For our purposes a matrix can be thought of as an array, in fact, that is how it is stored.
Vectors are special forms of matrices and contain only one row OR one column. Scalars are matrices with only one row AND one column

Matrices

A matrix can be created in MATLAB as follows (note the commas AND semicolons): matrix = [1 , 2 , 3 ; 4 , 5 ,6 ; 7 , 8 , 9] matrix =
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

Row Vector:

A matrix with only one row is called a row vector. A row vector can be created in MATLAB as follows (note the commas):
rowvec = [12 , 14 , 63] rowvec = 12 14 63 Row vector can also defined in a following way: rowvec = 2 : 2 : 10;
rowvec = 2
4 6 8 10

Column Vector:

A matrix with only one column is called a column vector. A column vector can be created in MATLAB as follows (note the semicolons): colvec = [13 ; 45 ; -2]

colvec =
13 45 -2

Extracting a Sub-Matrix

A portion of a matrix can be extracted and stored in a smaller matrix by specifying the names of both matrices and the rows and columns to extract. The syntax is: sub_matrix = matrix ( r1 : r2 , c1 : c2 ) ; where r1 and r2 specify the beginning and ending rows and c1 and c2 specify the beginning and ending columns to be extracted to make the new matrix.

Extracting a Sub-Matrix
A row vector can be extracted from a matrix. As an example we create a matrix below: Here we extract row 2 of the matrix and make a row vector. Note that the 2:2 specifies the second row and the 1:3 specifies which columns of the row. rowvec=matrix(2 : 2 , 1 : 3)

matrix=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9]
matrix = 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

rowvec =
4 5 6

Concatenation

New matrices may be formed out of old ones

Suppose we have: >> a = [1 2 5; 3 4 6; 6 8 9]; b = a(1:2 , 1:2); c = a(1 , :); d = a(2:3 , :); e = a[d ;d]; b = ?? c = ?? d = ?? e = ??

Concatenation
Input [a, a, a] Output ans = 1 2 1 2 1 2 343434
ans = 1 2 34 12 34 12 34 ans = 1 2 0 0 3400 0013 0024

[a; a; a]

[a, zeros(2); zeros(2), a']

Scalar Matrix Addition & Subtraction

a=3; b=[1, 2, 3;4, 5, 6] b= 1 2 3 4 5 6 c= b+a % Add a to each element of b c= 4 5 6 7 8 9

Scalar - Matrix Multiplication

a=3; b=[1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6] b= 1 2 3 4 5 6 c = a * b % Multiply each element of b by a c= 3 6 9 12 15 18

Other matrices ops: Determinant & Inverse

Let a=[1 4 3;4 2 6 ;7 8 9]

det(a) 48 inv(a) ans = -0.6250 -0.2500 0.3750 0.1250 -0.2500 0.1250 0.3750 0.4167 -0.2917

Other matrices Operations cont.

a (Find the transpose of matrix) ans = 1 4 7 4 2 8 3 6 9 min(a) :Return a row vector containing the minimum element from each column. ans =1 2 3 min(min(a)): Return the smallest element in matrix

Other Matrices Operations cont.

max(a): Return a row vector containing the maximum element from each column. ans =7 8 9
max(max(a)): Return the max element from matrix: ans = 9

a.^2 :Bitwise calculate the square of each element of matrix: ans = 1 16 9 16 4 36 49 64 81

Other matrices Operations cont.

sum (a): treats the columns of a as vectors, returning a row vector of the sums of each column. ans = 12 14 18 sum(sum(a)): Calculate the sum of all the elements in the matrix. ans = 44

Example

Let a=[1 2 3] ; b=[4 5 6];

a.*b : Bitwise multiply the each element of vector a and b:

ans = 4 10 18

Matrix Division

MATLAB has several options for matrix division. You can right divide and left divide.
Right Division: use the slash character A/B This is equivalent to the MATLAB expression A*inv (B) Left Division: use the backslash character A\B This is equivalent to the MATLAB expression inv (A)*B

Matlabs Built-in Matrices and Vectors

Matrix of Zeros - zeros

Matrix of Ones - ones Identity Matrix eye

Magic Matrix - magic

zeros Matrix

Syntax : zeros array

Format : zeros(N), zeros(M,N) Description: This function is used to produce an array of zeros, defined by the arguments.

(N) is an N-by-N matrix of array. (M,N) is an M-by-N matrix of array.

Example; >> zeros(2) ans = 0 0 0 0

>> zeros(1,2) ans =

Ones Matrix
Syntax : ones array Format : ones(N), ones(M,N) Description: This function is used to produce an array of ones, defined by the arguments. (N) is an N-by-N matrix of array. (M,N) is an M-by-N matrix of array. Example; >> ones(2) >> ones(1,2) ans = ans = 1 1 1 1 1 1

Eye Matrix

Syntax : identity matrix

Format : eye (N), eye (M,N)

Description:
Create an NxN or MxN identity matrix (i.e., 1s on the diagonal elements with all others equal to zero). (Usually the identity matrix is represented by the letter I. Type Example; >> I=eye(3) I= 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

The Help System

Search for appropriate function >> lookfor keyword

Rapid help with syntax and function definition >> help function An advanced hyperlinked help system is launched by >> helpdesk
Complete manuals as PDF files

LAB 2

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB - cont

Outline
Topics to be covered: Programming environment and search path M-files Flow Control Plotting in Matlab Matlab help System

Matlab Environment

Matlab Construction:

Core functionality as compiled C-code, m-files

Additional

functionality in toolboxes (m-files)

Today: Matlab programming (construct own m-files)

Sig. Proc

Contr. Syst.

User defined

C-kernel

Core m-files

Matlab Environment cont.

Matlab cant tell if identifier is variable or function >> z=theta; Matlab searches for identifier in the following order
1. variable in current workspace 2. built-in variable 3. built-in m-file 4. m-file in current directory 5. m-file on search path

Note: m-files can be located in current directory, or in path

M-files

MATLAB can execute a sequence of MATLAB statements stored on disk. Such files are called "M-files" they must have the file type of ".m" There are two types of M-files: Script files Function files

M-files
To make the m-file click on File next select New and click on M-File from the pull-down menu as shown in fig

M-files

Here you will type your code, can make changes, etc. Save the file with .m extension

M-files

Types of M-files Script Files Function Files

Script files
Script-files contain a sequence of Matlab commands factscript.m

%FACTSCRIPT Compute n-factorial, n!=1*2*...*n y = prod(1:n);

Executed by typing its name >> factscript Operates on variables in global workspace Variable n must exist in workspace Variable y is created (or over-written) Use comment lines (starting with %) to document file!

Functions Functions

Functions describe subprograms

Take

inputs, generate outputs Have local variables (invisible in global workspace)

function [output_arguments]= function_name(input_arguments)

% Comment lines <function body>

factfun.m

>> y=factfun(10);

function [z]=factfun(n) % FACTFUN Compute factorial % Z=FACTFUN(N) z = prod(1:n);

Functions

NOTE: The function_name must also be the same as the file name (without the ``.m'') in which the function is stored

Example
Output Arguments Function Name Input Arguments

Comments

function y = mean (x)

% MEAN Average or mean value. % For vectors, MEAN(x) returns the mean value. % For matrices, MEAN(x) is a row vector % containing the mean value of each column. [m,n] = size(x); if m == 1 m = n; end

y = sum(x)/m;
Function Code

Flow Control

Flow control - selection

The if-elseif-else construction

if <logical expression> <commands> elseif <logical expression> <commands> else <commands> end

if height>170 disp(tall) elseif height<150 disp(small) else disp(average) end

Logical expressions

Relational operators (compare arrays of same sizes) == (equal to) ~= (not equal) < (less than) <= (less than or equal to) > (greater than) >= (greater than or equal to) Logical operators (combinations of relational operators) & (and) | (or) ~ (not) if (x>=0) & (x<=10) Logical functions disp(x is in range [0,10]) xor else isempty disp(x is out of range) any end all

Flow control - selection

The switch construction Switch<expression> case <condition>, <statement> otherwise< condition >, < statement> end

method = 'Bilinear'; switch (method) case {'linear','bilinear'} disp('Method is linear') case 'cubic' disp('Method is cubic') case 'nearest' disp('Method is nearest') otherwise disp('Unknown method.') end

Flow control - repetition

Repeats a code segment a fixed number of times

for index=<vector> <statements> end The <statements> are executed repeatedly. At each iteration, the variable index is assigned a new value from <vector>.

for k=1:12 kfac=prod(1:k); disp([num2str(k), ,num2str(kfac)]) end

Example selection and repetition

function y=fact(n) % FACT Display factorials of integers 1..n if n < 1 error(No input argument assigned) elseif n < 0 error(Input must be non-negative) elseif abs(n-round(n)) > eps error(Input must be an integer) end for k=1:n kfac=prod(1:k); disp([num2str(k), ,num2str(kfac)]) y(k)=kfac;

fact.m

end;

Flow control conditional repetition

while-loops
while <logical expression> <statements> end <statements> are executed repeatedly as long as the <logical expression> evaluates to true
k=1; while prod(1:k)~=Inf, k=k+1; end disp([Largest factorial in Matlab:,num2str(k)]);

Programming tips and tricks

Programming style has huge influence on program speed!

tic; X=-250:0.1:250; for ii=1:length(x) if x(ii)>=0, s(ii)=sqrt(x(ii)); else s(ii)=0; end; end; toc

slow.m

tic x=-250:0.1:250; s=sqrt(x); s(x<0)=0; toc;

fast.m

Loops are slow: Replace loops by vector operations! Memory allocation takes a lot of time: Pre-allocate memory!

Break Command

Terminate execution of WHILE or FOR loop. In nested loops, BREAK exits from the innermost loop only. BREAK is not defined outside of a FOR or WHILE loop.
n = 1; while prod(1:n) < 700 n = n + 1; if n==5 break; end end

Plotting in Matlab

2-D Plot Command

The basic two dimensional plot command in Matlab is:

plot(x,y)

where x is a vector (one dimensional array), and y is a vector. Both vectors must have the same number of elements. The plot command creates a single curve with the x values on the abscissa (horizontal axis) and the y values on the ordinate (vertical axis), The curve is made from segments of lines that connect the points that are defined by the x and y coordinates of the elements in the two vectors.

Plot of a given data

Given Data:
x y

1 2

2 6.5

3 7

5 7

7 5.5

7.5 4

8 6

10 8

A plot can be created by the commands shown below. This can be done in the Command Window, or by writing and then running a script file

>> x=[1 2 3 5 7 7.5 8 10]; >> y=[2 6.5 7 7 5.5 4 6 8]; >> plot(x,y)

Once the plot command is executed, the Figure Window opens with the plot.

The plot window

Line Specifiers in the Plot Command

Line specifiers can be added in the plot command to: Specify the style of the line. Specify the color of the line. Specify the type of the markers (if markers are desired).

plot(x,y,line specifiers)

LINE SPECIFIERS IN THE plot() COMMAND

plot(x,y,line specifiers)

Line Style

Specifier

Line Specifier Marker Specifier Color Type

red green blue Cyan magenta yellow black r g plus sign + circle o asterisk * point . square s diamond d

Solid dotted : dashed dash-dot

--.

b c m
y k

LINE SPECIFIERS IN THE plot() COMMAND

The specifiers are typed inside the plot() command as strings.

Within the string the specifiers can be typed in any order.

The specifiers are optional. This means that none, one, two, or all the three can be included in a command. EXAMPLES: plot(x,y) plot(x,y,r) plot(x,y,--y) plot(x,y,*) plot(x,y,g:d) A solid blue line connects the points with no markers. A solid red line connects the points with no markers. A yellow dashed line connects the points. The points are marked with * (no line between the points.) A green dotted line connects the points which are marked with diamond markers.

Speicifiers in the Plot Command

Year
Sales (M)

1988
127

1989
130

1990
136

1991
145

1992
158

1993
178

1994
211

>> year = [1988:1:1994]; >> sales = [127, 130, 136, 145, 158, 178, 211]; >> plot(year,sales,'--r*')

Line Specifiers: dashed red line and asterisk markers.

Specifiers in the Plot Command

Dashed red line and asterisk markers.

Formatting the plots

Example of a formatted 2-D Plot

Plot title y axis label
Light Intensity as a Function of Distance
Theory Experiment 1000 1200

Legend

Text
800

Tick-mark
Comparison between theory and experiment.

INTENSITY (lux)

600

400

Data symbol
200

x axis 10 label

12

14

16 18 DISTANCE (cm)

20

22

24

Tick-mark label

Formatting Plots

A plot can be formatted to have a required appearance. With formatting you can:

Add title to the plot. Add labels to axes. Change range of the axes. Add legend. Add text blocks. Add grid.

Formatting Commands
title(string)
Adds the string as a title at the top of the plot.

xlabel(string)
Adds the string as a label to the x-axis.

ylabel(string)
Adds the string as a label to the y-axis.

axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax])

Sets the minimum and maximum limits of the x- and y-axes.

Formatting Commands
legend(string1,string2,string3)
Creates a legend using the strings to label various curves (when several curves are in one plot). The

location of the legend is specified by the mouse.

text(x,y,string) Places the string (text) on the plot at coordinate x,y relative to the plot axes.

Example of a formatted plot

Syntax: Example:

color

line

marker

plot(x1, y1, 'clm1', x2, y2, 'clm2', ...)

x=[0:0.1:2*pi]; y=sin(x); z=cos(x); plot(x,y,x,z) title('Sample Plot','fontsize',14); xlabel('X values','fontsize',14); ylabel('Y values','fontsize',14); legend('Y data','Z data') grid on

Sample Plot
Title

Ylabel

Grid

Legend Xlabel

EXAMPLE OF A FORMATTED PLOT

Syntax:
color line marker

plot(x1, y1, 'clm1', x2, y2, 'clm2', ...)

Example:
x=[0:0.1:2*pi]; y=sin(x); z=cos(x); plot(x,y,x,z) title('Sample Plot','fontsize',14); xlabel('X values','fontsize',14); ylabel('Y values','fontsize',14); legend('Y data','Z data') grid on

Displaying Multiple Plots

Two typical ways to display multiple curves in MATLAB (other combinations are possible) One figure contains one plot that contains multiple curves Requires the use of the command hold (see MATLAB help) One figure contains multiple plots, each plot containing one curve Requires the use of the command subplot

Sample plot [using hold on command]

x=[0:0.1:2*pi]; y=sin(x); z=cos(x); plot(x,y,x,z) grid on
x=[0:0.1:2*pi]; y=sin(x); z=cos(x); plot(x,y,b) hold on plot(x,z,g) hold off grid on

Subplots
subplot divides the current figure into rectangular panes that are numbered rowwise.

Syntax:

subplot(rows,cols,index) subplot(2,2,1);

subplot(2,2,2) ... subplot(2,2,3) ...

subplot(2,2,4)
...

Example of subplot
x=[0:0.1:2*pi]; y=sin(x); z=cos(x); subplot(1,2,1); plot(x,y) subplot(1,2,2) plot(x,z) grid on

Summary

User-defined functionality in m-files

Stored in current directory, or on search path

Script-files vs. functions

Functions have local variables, Scripts operate on global workspace

Writing m-files

Header (function definition), comments, program body Flow control: if...elseif...if, for, while General-purpose functions: use functions as inputs

Programming style and speed

Vectorization, memory allocation, profiler

Plotting in Matlab

Plot, subplot

THE END