Lesson 11 - IMABI

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IMABI

LESSON 11 ADJECTIVES: KEIYOUSHI AND KEIYOUDOUSHI

In this lesson we will learn about the two kinds of adjectives in Japanese: Keiyoushi (nominal adjectives) and Keiyoudoushi (adjectival verbs). Before we get into detail about the two kinds of adjectives, the following rules must be understood. THE SYNTAX RULE: Adjectival phrases may be seen in three different patterns. After Nominal Phrase X wa Y ga Z (copula) After Nominal Phrase X wa/ga Y (copula) Before Nominal Phrase Adj. phrase + nominal phrase

Note: Z is the adjectival phrase in the first pattern and Y is the adjectival phrase in the second. The first pattern describes a person or thing. The second pattern is affirmative and the third pattern is attributive. THE SPEECH STYLE RULE: Politeness is determined at the end of a sentence. As adjectives may be in the final position of a sentence, you'll now have to recognize the politeness of a sentence. Reminder: Keep the fundamental differences between the particles wa and ga in mind in this lesson.

THE 6 BASES OF CONJUGATION FOR ADJECTIVES

Below is a slightly modified review chart in respect to adjectives of the six bases. Mizenkei Ren'youkei Shuushikei Rentaikei Izenkei Meireikei Used with negative and volitional auxiliary verbs. Used with auxiliary verbs that express action or process. Verb itself and at the end of a sentence. The verb itself used as a participle. Used with auxiliary verbs felt to be "already-realized". The imperative or command form; not used.

Keiyoushi end in "-i" and, like the copula, do not use the Mizenkei but the Ren'youkei to construct the negative. Instead, the Mizenkei is only used to show volition (See Lesson 66). Keiyoudoushi are created by using the copula de aru/da in plain speech and desu in polite speech. Below is a chart that illustrates the bases of Keiyoushi and of the copula for Keiyoudoushi. Keiyoushi Mizenkei Ren'youkei Shuushikei KaroKu-, KariI De aru De aroDe ariDe aru Da DaroDa-, deDa Desu DeshoDeshiDesu

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Rentaikei Izenkei Meireikei

I KereKare

Na De areDe are

Na NaraX

X X X

X X X

Note: As there are two Ren'youkei to Keiyoushi, we will always learn which one to use.

KEIYOUSHI
Keiyoushi end in -i. Below is a chart illustrating how to conjugate them. Tense Non-past* Past Negative 1 Negative 2 Negative Past 1 Negative Past 2 Base Shuushikei Ren'youkei (kari) Ren'youkei (ku) Ren'youkei (ku) Ren'youkei (ku & kari) Ren'youkei (ku) Auxiliary Verb None -ta -nai None -nai & -ta ri to ri to Change Polite: Add... desu desu desu (wa) arimasen desu wa arimasen deshita

Note: For negative past, use the -kari stem of -nai then add -ta, -nakatta . *:Adjectives should be in the volitional to show speculation of the future (See Lesson 66). Below is a chart illustrating how to conjugate Keiyoushi with atarashii "new". Tense N.P Neg. Past Neg. Past Plain Speech Atarashii Atarashikunai Atarashikatta Atarashikunakatta Polite Speech Atarashii desu Atarashikunai desu, atarashiku (wa) arimasen Atarashikatta desu Atarashikunakatta desu, atarashiku (wa) arimasen deshita

Note: "N.P" stands for non-past.

Below are some of the most common Keiyoushi followed by examples. Dazzling Beautiful Itchy Early Late, slow Difficult, hard Narrow Warm Hot Cold (weather) Mabayui Utsukushii Kayui Hayai Osoi Muzukashii Semai Atatakai Atsui* Samui Old Ugly Busy Fast Wide Fun Annoying Cold Heavy Round Furui Minikui Isogashii Hayai Hiroi Tanoshii Urusai Tsumetai Atsui Marui

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*: Atsui, in respect to weather is written as "" and as "" when referring to hot temperature in general.

Umi wa hiroi. The ocean is wide. Heya wa akarui desu. The room is bright. Anata no apaato wa utsukushii. Your apartment is beautiful. Tetsuzuki wa nagatarashikatta. The process was lengthy. Moyou wa namanamashikatta desu. The description was vivid. Kare wa yasashikunai. He isn't nice. Keeki wa yasukunai desu. Cake isn't cheap. Hiroku wa arimasen ga, It isn't wide, but... Toriniku wa tsumetai. The chicken is cold. Sore wa yokunai desu. That's not good. * The adjective for good is ii/yoi, but all conjugations come from yoi. Shuukan wa nebukaku arimasen deshita. The custom wasn't deep-rooted. Ano otoko no hito wa nebarizuyokunakatta desu. That man wasn't tenacious.

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Isogashiku wa arimasen deshita. I was not busy.

KEIYOUDOUSHI
Keiyoudoushi are abstract nouns made adjectives with the copula. The copula is only seen as "na" before a noun and conjugation is otherwise carried out by the copula as normal. Below is a chart illustrating the tenses in respect to the copula. De aru Non-Past Tense Past Tense Negative Tense Negative Past Tense De aru De atta De nai De nakatta Da Da Datta De wa/ja nai De wa/ja nakatta Desu Desu Deshita De wa/ja nai desu De wa/ja nakatta desu

Below are some of the most common Keiyoudoushi followed by examples. Awesome Serious Convenient Modern Easy Important Useless Various Necessary Large scale Rippa (na) Majime (na) Benri (na) Modan (na) Kantan (na) Taisetsu (na) Dame (na) Samazama (na) Hitsuyou (na) Oohaba (na) Pretty Quiet Inconvenient Unique Safe Dangerous Happy Healthy Subtle Official Kirei (na) Shizuka (na) Fuben (na) Yuniiku (na) Anzen (na) Kiken (na) Shiawase (na) Kenkou (na) Bimyou (na) Seishiki (na)

Hito wa itsu mo taitou de wa nai desu. People are not always equal. Majime na hito desu. He's a really serious person. Jouhou wa taisetsu datta. The information was important. Mondai wa kantan desu. The problem is easy. Taida na seito ja.

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He is an idle student. Hikaeme na kaotsuki wa nakatta. He didn't have a modest expression. Byouin wa anzen desu. The hospital is safe. Tatemono wa kiken desu. The building is dangerous.

PUTTING ADJECTIVES TOGETHER

Using more than one of the same kind causes a change in one of the adjectives (examples 1 and 2). If only one Keiyoushi or Keiyoudoushi is used, there is no problem in listing them as is (example 3). Kaze ga tsuyokute samui hi. A cold day where the wind is strong. Yobun de kenmei ja nai ronbun. An unwise thesis that is redundant. Utsukushii shizuka na on'na. A beautiful quiet woman.
Note: In practical usage this is rarely strictly adhered to.

This change, in respect to Keiyoushi, takes the Ren'youkei and the particle -te. As for Keiyoudoushi, its Ren'youkei is used. Below are some more examples. Soshikiteki de nyuunen na chousa wo okonau. To carry out a systematic and scrupulous investigation. Chousa wa soshiteki de nyuunen desu. An investigation is systematic and scrupulous. Sekai wa subarashikute, omoshiroi. The world is wonderful and interesting. Kare wa miryokuteki de youen na otoko da. He is a charming and bewitching man.

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Kitanakute akai kutsu wo haku. To wear dirty red shoes.

EXERCISES
1. How do you change a Keiyoushi into plain past tense? 2. How do you change a Keiyoushi into plain negative tense? 3. Conjugate the following Keiyoushi into the plain past and negative tenses. Atarashii Semai Nebakkoi

4. What is so special about ii/yoi? 5. Give the polite negative, negative past, and polite negative past for a Keiyoushi. 6. What is the plain negative conjugations for the copula? 7. What gives tense for Keiyoudoushi? 8. Give an example of a Keiyoudoushi with all of the conjugations discussed in this lesson. 9. Create a sentence using both a Keiyoushi and Keiyoudoushi. 10. Give the bases for Keiyoushi.

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