PRESENT SCENARIO OF USE OF SOLAR ENERGY ININDIA & SCOPE IN FUTUREINTRODUCIONSources of energyThe historical as well as present day civilisation

of mankind are closelyinterwoven with energy and there is little reason to doubt but that in the future our existence will be ever more dependent upon this thing called energy. This is alsoproven with the consumption of energy country likewise one person of United nationof America (USA) consumes five time more energy than one person of India. Thereare many sources of energy available and can be categorised as:Fig: sources of energy SOURCES OFENERGYCONVENTIONAL ENRGYSOURCES (FUELS)NON-CONVENTIONALENRGY SOURCESSOLID- Coal, coke,coke LIQUIDS- Petroleumand its derivativesGASES- Natural gas,Blast furnace gas etc.Solar energy.Nuclear energy.Energy stored inwater.Wind energy.Tidal energy.Geothermal energy.Thermoelectric power. So it is clear that the conventional energy sources are limited and they produces theenergy on burning of them which is not desirable because of several hazards, but it isalso discussed that for the growth of mankind energy is important so, it is necessary tobe focus on the non-conventional energy sources.Sun as the source of energyThe sun is a sphere of intensely hot gaseous matter with a diameter of 1.39*10^9mand is, about 1.5*10^11m away from the earth, the sun rotates on its axis once aboutevery four weeks. The sun in effect is a continuous fusion reactor with its constituentgases as the containing vessel retained by gravitational forces. Several fusionreactions have been suggested as the source of energy radiated by the sun, the one tobe considered the most important is the process in which four hydrogen atomscombine to form a one helium atom; the mass of the helium nucleus is less then thatof four protons, some mass having been lost in reaction and converted to energy.Since the energy getting from the sun is totally free of cost so the utilisation of solar energy is very beneficial hence there have been significant development in the field of solar energy science and technology is taken great interest in the recent years andcontinuous in these days also. For developing countries like India, providing energy toits citizens in an efficient and cost effective manner is a highly challenging task. Inspite of significant harnessing of the fossil fuel reserves and hydel power, the gapbetween supply and demand of energy is ever increasing. One of the possible optionso bridge this gap is by making the extensive use of solar energy. Solar energy can beused both directly and indirectly. Sun causes the wind to blow, plant o grow, water tobe lifted from oceans to return through rivers, waves on water bodies to be formedand temperature to between surface and bottom layers of oceans. All can work as therenewable energy source. The various solar energy applications are as follows:1. Solar water heating2. Solar air heating3. Solar crop and timber drying4. Solar water distillation5. Solar cooking6. Solar passive and active heating of buildings 7. Solar refrigeration and air conditioning8. Solar power generation9. Solar electricity generation by solar cell etc. I NDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO India is a country occupying 2% of the world's land mass and currently generatingabout 2% of the global electricity, mostly using low grade coal of which it has about5% of the world reserves. India has, however a share of 16% in the world'spopulation. To achieve a modestly high level of economic growth, the domesticgeneration capacity needs to be increased at least tenfold, to about 900 GW. Even withfull utilisation of all existing commercially exploitable domestic

hydrocarbon,hydroelectric and non-conventional resources, this level of increased generationcapacity cannot be sustained for more than a few decades. For a large country likeIndia, bulk imports of fuel or energy are neither affordable nor strategically prudent.To meet energy demand solar power can play an important role. Power Generation in IndiaAs on March 31, 2005Installed Capacity Million WattsCoal 67791Diesel 1201Gas 11910Total 80902Solar and RenewableEnergy3811Nuclear 2770Hydro 30936Grand Total 118419SOLAR POWER IN INDIA India is both densely populated and has high solar insolation, providing an idealcombination for solar power in India. Much of the country does not have an electricgrid, so one of the first applications of solar power has been for water pumping, tobegin replacing India's four to five million diesel powered water pumps, eachconsuming about 3.5 kilowatts, and off-grid lighting. Some large projects have beenproposed, and a 35,000 km area of theThar Deserthas been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100gigawatts.Annual insolationWith about 301 clear sunny days in a year,India's theoreticalsolar power reception, just on its land area, is about 5Ph/year (i.e. = 5000 trillion k Wh/yr ~ 600TW). The daily average solar energy incident over India varies from 4 to 7 kWh/m2with about2,3003,200 sunshine hours per year, depending upon location. This is far more thancurrent total energy consumption. For example, even assuming 10% conversionefficiency for PV modules, it will still be thousand times greater than the likelyelectricity demand in India by the year 2015.Present Status1. Installed capacityThe amount of solar energy produced in India is merely 0.5% compared to other energy resources. The Grid-interactive solar power as of June 2007 was merely 2.12 MW. Government-funded solar energy in India only accounted for approximately6.4 megawatt-years of power as of 2005.2. Still unaffordableSolar power is currently prohibitive due to high initial costs of deployment. To spawna thriving solar market, the technology needs to be competitively cheaper i.e.attaining cost parity with fossil or nuclear energy. India is heavily dependent on coaland foreign oil a phenomenon likely to continue until non-fossil / renewableenergy technology become economically viable in the country. The cost of productionranges from Rs 15 to Rs 30 per unit compared to around Rs 2 to Rs 6 per unit for conventional thermal energy.3. Government policyTheMinistry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)have initiated schemes andincentives like subsidy, soft loan, concessional duty on raw material imports,excise duty exemption on certain devices/systems etc. to boost the production anduse of solar energy systems. The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency(IREDA) provides revolving fund to financing and leasing companies offeringaffordable credit for the purchase of PV systems. An Expert Committee constituted bythe Planning Commission has prepared an Integrated Energy Policy which envisions a10 million square meter solar collector area, to be set up by 2022, and capable of conserving electricity equivalent to that generated from a 500 MW power plant. Thestate of West Bengal has initiated to make the use of solar power mandatory in newmulti-storied buildings. However the Indian government support is insignificantcompared to the support solar energy receives by governments in Europe and EastAsia.4. Solar Funds and InvestmentsWith high deployment price as the main hurdle before a solar market, variousorganisations have developed innovative funding schemes to catalyse solar'sattractiveness. One of the most successful example is thesolar loanprogramme inIndia, sponsored by UNEP in partnership with two of India's major banking groups -Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank, and their sponsored Grameen Banks. It was a four-year $7.6 million effort, launched in April 2003 to help accelerate the market for

financing solar home systems in southern India. Foreign Direct Investment up to100 percent is permitted in non-conventional energy sector through the automaticroute. The Multilateral Development Banks like World Bank and Asian DevelopmentBank are also helping India but, the funding from MDBs on solar energyenhancement is negligible compare to other clean energy support in India. Investmentby private companies is a trend that has just started. (Examples includeSignet Solar ,U.S.-based Cypress Semiconductor, SunTechnics Energy, etc.)5. Thar desertIn 1996 Amoco/Enron Solar Power Development planned to build a 50 MW solar photovoltaic plant in the Thar desert near Jaisalmer in Rajasthan state. Two other projects were proposed, one a 50 MW photovoltaics plant and the other a 200 MWsolar chimney. None of these have been completed. The Rajashtan government,however, has set aside a 35,000 km area of the Thar desert for solar power.6. PV manufacture in IndiaCurrent PV manufacturing in India includes:BP-Tata joint venture.Moser-Baer signed up for a thin film Si plant provided by Applied Materials.Solar Semiconductor Pvt in Hyderabad, AP.7. Solar engineering trainingThe Australian government has awarded UNSW A$5.2 million to train next-generation solar energy engineers from Asia-Pacific nations, specifically India andChina, as part of the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate(APP). Certain programmes are designed to target for rural solar usage development.Applications1. Rural electrificationLack of electricity infrastructure is one of the main hurdles in the development of rural India. India's grid system is considerably under-developed, with major sectionsof its populace still surviving off-grid. As of 2004 there are about 80,000 unelectrified villages in the country. Of these villages, 18,000 could not be electrified throughextension of the conventional grid. A target for electrifying 5,000 such villages wasfixed for the Tenth National Five Year Plan (20022007). As on 2004, more than2,700 villages and hamlets had been electrified mainly using SPV systems.Developments on cheap solar technology is considered as a potential alternative thatallows an electricity infrastructure comprising of a network of local-grid clusters withdistributed electricity generation. That could allow bypassing, or at least relieving theneed of installing expensive, and lossy, long-distance centralised power deliverysystems and yet bring cheap electricity to the masses.2. Agricultural supportA. Water pumpingSolar PV water pumping systems are used for irrigation and drinking water. Themajority of the pumps are fitted with a 2003,000 watt motor that are powered with1,800 Wp PV array which can deliver about 140,000 liters of water/day from a totalhead of 10 meters. By 30 September, 2006, a total of 7,068 solar PV water pumpingsystems have been installed. B. Harvest processingSolar driers are used to dry harvests before storage.3. CoolingAnother e.g. is the cost of energy expended on temperature control a factor squarely influencing regionalenergy intensity. With cooling load demands beingroughly in phase with the sun's intensity,coolingfrom intense solar radiation could bean attractive energyeconomic option in the subcontinent.Challenges and Constraints1. Land scarcityPer capita land availabiity is a scarce resource in India. Dedication of land area for exclusive installation of solar cells might have to compete with other necessities thatrequire land. The amount of land required for utility-scale solar power plants currently approximately 1 km for every 2060 megawatts (MW) generated could pose a strain on India's available land resource. The architecture more suitable for most of India would be a highly distributed, individual rooftop power generationsystems, all connected via a local grid. However, erecting such an infrastructure which doesn't enjoy the economies of scale possible in mass utility-scale solar paneldeployment needs the market price of solar technology deployment to substantiallydecline so that it attracts the individual and average family size

household consumer.That might be possible in the future, since PV is projected to continue its current costreductions for the next decades and be able to compete with fossil fuel.2. Slow progressWhile the world has progressed substantially in production of basic silicon mono-crystalline photovoltaic cells, India has fallen short to achieve the worldwidemomentum. India is now in 7th place worldwide in Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Cellproduction and 9th place in Solar Thermal Systems with nations like Japan, Europe,China, and the US currently ranked far ahead. Globally, solar is the fastest growingsource of energy (though from a very small base) with an annual average growth of 35%, as seen during the past few years.WAY FORWARD FOR SOLAR ENERGY PLAYERS IN INDIAMarket Analysis & Opportunities:India had an installed solar power capacity of 1700 MW in 2007 which amounted toroughly 1% of its total power generation of 130,000 MW. India is currently ranked 7thin the world in Solar PV cell production. But considering Indias geographic locationand climatic conditions, this is a huge market waiting to be tapped.India receives bright sunlight almost throughout the year especially in West andCentral parts of the country. Due to global warming and rising CO2 levels, averagetemperature in India is set to increase by 4 degrees by 2050. Given Governmentsrecent policy announcement which gives thrust to green and renewable energy, thereis a commercial opportunity which can be exploited. Some of the incentives given by the government are: Subsidy of Rs 12/unit on medium scale operations (1-5 MW capacity) 100% depreciation of equipments used in 1st year itself Other tax benefits like zero excise dutyThese measures though very limited as compared to other countries like USA or Germany, the world leaders in solar energy, but still it is a step in the right direction.So it is no surprise that many big companies have announced sizeable investments inthis field. At present the main players are Tata BP Solar Moser Baer Central Electronics Ltd. SELCO BHELMany more are expected to join like DuPont, Dow Chemicals and surprisingly evenGoogle.Improvement in PV technology, which is touching efficiencies of 30%, anddevelopment of newer technologies especially STEG (solar thermal electricitygeneration) are driving the energy costs down.Till now, use of solar energy in India is limited to rural areas for lighting purposes.But innovation can play a major role in expanding the scope of applications.I NDIA - A LONG RACE IN SOLAR POWER India, the world's second-most populous country, is facing a looming energy crisis.Soaring oil prices, and continued dependence on a few countries for oil, has led to theuse of renewable energy sources to secure energy. Given that this is a tropical countryrich in sunlight, solar energy offers the most practicable solution to overcominggrowing energy demand. The daily average solar energy incident over India variesfrom 47 kWh per square meter, depending upon the location. India still is not among the world's top 10 solar energy generators. But at the currentpace of 20 percent annual growth, India could emerge as the fourth largest market for solar energy after Germany, Japan and China in the coming years. So far, around 1.4million solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems, together amounting to about 110 MW peak solar photovoltaic module capacity, have been installed - largely for off-grid andagricultural pumping applications. The country has some of the best quality silicareserves in the states of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. With over 50,000 villages in Indiawithout electricity, solar power has enormous potential to meet rural electricity needs,improving the lives of millions of Indians and meeting critical agricultural,educational and industrial needs.It is perhaps the only country in the world with an independent Ministry for renewableenergy, known as the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy [MNRE].To keep pace with the global rise in the PV industry, Government of India (GoI) hasinstituted solar industry programs on both the demand and the supply side. On thedemand side, GoI announced a Feed-in-

Tariff (FiT) providing financial support up toINR 12 per kWh for Solar PV projects promising a 10 year commitment with a cap of 50 MW. Several state governments followed suit by announcing FiT incentives withcaps ranging from 50MW to 500 MW, the most prominent among them being WestBengal, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab and Tamil Nadu. The government of Gujarat(located in western India) recently announced a policy to target 500 MW in the state.The Feed-in-Tariff will be US$ 0.27/kWh for a period of 12 years. The maximum size per project is 5 MW to enable more customers. Developers willalso have access to an 80% accelerated depreciation benefit under the Income TaxAct. The state has already received proposals worth 2,000 MW. In response to thispolicy, Aston field Renewable Resources Limited signed a deal for 200 MW and isalready in talks with global majors from Europe and USA for technology tie-ups.TATA-BP Solar (a joint venture between the TATA group and BP Solar) announcedthat it is setting up a 5 MW project. In addition, more than 2,500 MW worth of applications have been submitted to state governments of Rajasthan, West Bengal,Punjab, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.On the supply side, during August 2008, GoI announced a semiconductor policy withcabinet-approved incentives to attract foreign investment to the semiconductor sector,including manufacturers of semiconductors, displays and solar technologies. GoI willbear 20 percent of capital expenditures in the first 10 years if a unit is located withinone of the Special Economic Zones (SEZs), including a major economic zone inHyderabad called "Fab City". The minimum investment was set at INR 25 billion for semiconductor manufacturers and INR 10 billion for other micro- and nanotechnologyorganizations. The solar industry has been the chief beneficiary of theseannouncements under this incentive-based economic policy.PROGRAMMES CUNDUCTED BYINDIAN RENEWABLEENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (IREDA):IREDA has been set up to support various new and renewable sources of energyprojects and schemes on large scale by way of extending soft loans. The agency isresponsible for financing such projects through internal resources, equity andmobilization of funds from external agencies.The Ministry has been recognized on the basis of end user applications of renewableenergy systems and devices during the year 199394. In order to lay emphasis ongeneration of power, generation of energy from urban/municipal and industrial wastes and universalisation of rural energy programmes of Biogas and improved chulhassystems and commercialization and market orientation of various NRSE programmes.This ministry is investing and working on the following solar energy programme.Solar Energy Programme:Includes provision for solar thermal energy programme, solar photovoltaic Energyprogramme includes research and development, demonstration and extension of solar thermal energy technologies and inter-alia envisages support in the form of soft loansfor solar thermal systems and promotional measures for solar cookers. The solar photovoltaic programme covers R&D, utilization and demonstration of variousphotovoltaic systems and devices. Subsidy is provided on solar lanterns, homelighting systems, streetlights and solar pumps. The preparatory activities for setting upa 140 MW ISCC Power Plant at Mathania in Rajasthan with WB/KFW assistance arebeing continued and necessary approval of Government of India has now beenaccorded to the project. The pilot scheme to augment and supplement grid power byinstalling 25 -100 KW SPV power systems is being continued. The Solar EnergyCentre has been established with the objective of research and development, testingand standardization, prototype development, technology transfer, demonstration andfield testing, consultancy and advisory service and development of manpower in thearea of solar energy.

LARGEST SOLAR ENERGY PROJECT PLANNED FOR I NDIA OF CAPACIY OF 5GWFig: Solar energy project of 5GW at Madhopur, near bhuj (Gujarat)The worlds largest solar energy project is currently in its planning phases, and itlooks like its going to be absolutely enormous. Planned for Gujarat, India, itll beproducing 5 gigawatts of power when all is said and done. Thats a serious amount of energy.The plan is to build an array thats five times the size of the current largest solar project in the world. Itll cost about $475 million to construct, and all the productionand manufacturing will be done on site, employing local workers and using localmaterials. The current largest solar array in the world produces 900 megawatts of power, so this 5 gigawatts plan gives you an idea of its scope. BRIGHT FUTURE OF SOLAR ENERGY IN INDIA The above table signifies that how the role of solar energy will play veryimportant role in future for the generation of energy and about more than 50% energycan be produced using it in future, since the conventional sources are vanishing so it isnecessary to pay more attention on renewable energy sources and specially on solar energy.27 %2 3/10 %3 1/5 %68 % 15 %20 %50 %15 %Fig: (i) present energy production, (ii) future energy productionIt is also said that country specially developing nation such as India should pay moreand more attention. Since India is a tropical nation. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. It is also available everywhere so it is becoming very popular inrural and remote areas, also, non-polluting system is a great advantage of solar energy.The improvement on the energy production using solar energy is started in India, inthis way the worlds largest solar plant is established in madhopur, near bhuj. Alsomore than 70000 PV systems are generating more than 44MW. More than 3000 solar water pumping systems are working in India and considerably more improvement istaking place.So, there is no doubt to say the scope of power generation using solar energy is verybright and to becoming a developed nation the consumption of solar energy have to bedone PRESENT SCENARIO OF USE OF SOLAR ENERGY ININDIA & SCOPE IN FUTURE INTRODUCION Sources of energy The historical as well as present day civilisation of mankind are closelyinterwoven with energy and there is little reason to doubt but that in the future our existence will be ever more dependent upon this thing called energy. This is alsoproven with the consumption of energy country likewise one person of United nationof America (USA) consumes five time more energy than one person of India. Thereare many sources of energy available and can be categorised as:Fig: sources of energy

SOURCES OFENERGY CONVENTIONAL ENRGYSOURCES (FUELS) NON-CONVENTIONALENRGY SOURCES

SOLID- Coal, coke,coke LIQUIDS- Petroleumand its derivativesGASES- Natural gas,Blast furnace gas etc.Solar energy.Nuclear energy.Energy stored inwater.Wind energy.Tidal energy.Geothermal energy.Thermoelectric power.

So it is clear that the conventional energy sources are limited and they produces theenergy on burning of them which is not desirable because of several hazards, but it isalso discussed that for the growth of mankind energy is important so, it is necessary tobe focus on the non-conventional energy sources. Sun as the source of energy The sun is a sphere of intensely hot gaseous matter with a diameter of 1.39*10^9mand is, about 1.5*10^11m away from the earth, the sun rotates on its axis once aboutevery four weeks. The sun in effect is a continuous fusion reactor with its constituentgases as the containing vessel retained by gravitational forces. Several fusionreactions have been suggested as the source of energy radiated by the sun, the one tobe considered the most important is the process in which four hydrogen atomscombine to form a one helium atom; the mass of the helium nucleus is less then thatof four protons, some mass having been lost in reaction and converted to energy.Since the energy getting from the sun is totally free of cost so the utilisation of solar energy is very beneficial hence there

have been significant development in the field of solar energy science and technology is taken great interest in the recent years andcontinuous in these days also. For developing countries like India, providing energy toits citizens in an efficient and cost effective manner is a highly challenging task. Inspite of significant harnessing of the fossil fuel reserves and hydel power, the gapbetween supply and demand of energy is ever increasing. One of the possible optionso bridge this gap is by making the extensive use of solar energy. Solar energy can beused both directly and indirectly. Sun causes the wind to blow, plant o grow, water tobe lifted from oceans to return through rivers, waves on water bodies to be formedand temperature to between surface and bottom layers of oceans. All can work as therenewable energy source. The various solar energy applications are as follows:1. Solar water heating2. Solar air heating3. Solar crop and timber drying4. Solar water distillation5. Solar cooking6. Solar passive and active heating of buildings

7. Solar refrigeration and air conditioning8. Solar power generation9. Solar electricity generation by solar cell etc. I NDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO India is a country occupying 2% of the world's land mass and currently generatingabout 2% of the global electricity, mostly using low grade coal of which it has about5% of the world reserves. India has, however a share of 16% in the world'spopulation. To achieve a modestly high level of economic growth, the domesticgeneration capacity needs to be increased at least tenfold, to about 900 GW. Even withfull utilisation of all existing commercially exploitable domestic hydrocarbon,hydroelectric and non-conventional resources, this level of increased generationcapacity cannot be sustained for more than a few decades. For a large country likeIndia, bulk imports of fuel or energy are neither affordable nor strategically prudent.To meet energy demand solar power can play an important role.

stalled Capacity Million Wattsoal 67791iesel 1201as 11910otal 80902uclear 2770ydro 30936rand Total 118419gin replacing India's four to five million diesel powered water pumps, each, and a 35,000 km area of theThar DesertgigawattsIndialsolar power PhWhTent total energy consumption. For example, even assuming 10% conversionlled capacitygy resources. The Grid-interactive solar power as of June 2007 was merelyunaffordablenment policyMinistry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)tems etc. to boost the production andREDA) provides revolving fund to financing and leasing companies offeringti-storied buildings. However the Indian government support is

insignificantFunds and Investmentsith high deployment price as the main hurdle before a solar market, varioussolar loanSignet Solar echnics Energy, etc.)desertr chimney. None of these have been completed. The Rajashtan government,manufacture in Indiaata joint venture..ralian government has awarded UNSW A$5.2 million to train nextvillages and hamlets had been electrified mainly using SPV systems.ted electricity generation. That could allow bypassing, or at least relieving thealling expensive, and lossy, long-distance centralised power deliverysupportater pumpinglingenergy intensitycoolingscarcityately 1 km for every 2060 megawatts (MW) generated could.progressstalline photovoltaic cells, India has fallen short to achieve the worldwide:s geographic locations, this is a huge market waiting to be tapped., the world leaders in solar energy, but still it is a step in the right direction.s have announced sizeable investments inent of newer technologies especially STEG (solar thermal electricityI NDIA - A LONG RACE IN SOLAR POWER , India could emerge as the fourth largest market for , known as the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy [MNRE].-Tariff (FiT) providing financial support up togal, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab and Tamil Nadu. The government of Gujaratariff will be US$ 0.27/kWh for a period of 12 years.uctor policy withapproved incentives to attract foreign investment to the semiconductor sector,rers of semiconductors, displays and solar technologies. GoI willabad called "Fab City". The minimum investment was set at INR 25 billion for zations. The solar industry has been the chief beneficiary of theseble for financing such pr ojects through internal resources, equity andme includes research and development, demonstration and extension of solar gy technologies and inter-alia envisages support in the form of soft loansovoltaic programme covers R&D, utilization and demonstration of varioustovoltaic systems and devices. Subsidy is provided on solar lanterns, homeing continued and necessary approval of Government of India has now beenLARGEST SOLAR ENERGY PROJECT PLANNED FOR I s a serious amount of t role in future for the generation of energy and about more than 50% energy. More than 3000 solar