Dr. Pio A. Javier Research Professor, Crop Protection Cluster College of Agriculture, UPLB, College, Laguna pajentom@yahoo.com/0927-329-3893
Paper to be presented during the 8th National Organic Agriculture Conference, Ninoy Aquino Center, Hacienda Luisita, Tarlac City, November 8-11, 2011.
MANAGEMENT OF PESTS IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE WITH EMPHASIS ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS AND BIO PESTICIDES
OUTLINE I. Introduction
1. Definition of organic agriculture 2. Pest problems in organically-grown crops 3. Management of pests in organically grown crops
IV. Conclusion
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To recognize the common insect pests of representative crops and their characteristic damage, To list and discuss the different management strategies against insect pests of organicallygrown crop with emphasis on biological control agents and botanical insecticides.
Characteristics of Insects
1. Three body regions :
a. Head bears the compound eyes, ocelli, mouthparts & antennae b. Thorax bears 3 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of wings 1. Prothorax bears prolegs 2. Mesothorax bears midlegs and forewings 3. Metathorax - bears hindlegs and hindwings c. Abdomen bears the spiracles and reproductive system
Characteristics of insects .
1. Three body regions
4th instar
5th instar
a. C o m p l e t e
Metamorphosis
Adult
Pupa
b. Incomplete metamorphosis
Adult
Classification of Insects
I. According to mouthparts
A. Chewing insects remove pieces of plant tissue, eat leaves. B. Sucking insects pierce plant tissue and remove plant sap
C. Boring insects bore into the fruit or stalk and eat plant tissue
Genus
Species
Declaration of Policy
It is hereby declared the policy of the State to promote, propagate, develop further and implement the practice of organic agriculture in the Philippines
A comprehensive program for the promotion of community-based organic agriculture systems shall be undertaken The State recognizes and supports the central role of the farmers, indigenous people and other stakeholders at the grassroots of the program
Efforts should be made to select varieties well adapted to the environment, to achieve a balanced fertilization program, fertile soils of high biological activity, diverse rotations, companion planting, green manure, etc.
Products used for pest, disease & weed mgt. prepared at the farm from local plants, animals & microorganisms are allowed. OCCP have listing of products that may be used for the control of pests and diseases , & list of recommended plants vs. some pests/diseases . Thermic weed control & physical methods for pest, disease & weed mgt are permitted. Thermic sterilization of soils to combat pests & diseases can be allowed by the certification body in circumstances where a proper rotation or renewal of soil cannot take place.
All equipment used for the apln of pesticides & fertilizers on unconverted areas of the farm shall be properly cleaned & free from residues when used for applying permitted substances on organically managed areas. Spraying equipment in particular should be exclusively used in organic farms. The use of genetically engineered organisms or products thereof is not permitted. All synthetic products like growth regulators & dyes (e.g. for cosmetic alterations of organic products) are prohibited. Offfarm products that may be used for growth regulation are seaweed. Products used for regulating growth & devt . of plants prepared on the farm itself from local plants, animals & microorganisms are allowed.
Scientific Name
Helicovepa armigera
2. Whitefly
3. Corn semi-looper
Bemesia tabaci
Chrysodeixis eriosoma
4. Common cutworm
5. Leafhopper 6. Lady beetle 7. Leafminer
Spodoptera litura
Amrasca biguttula Epilachna vigintioctopunctata Liromyza spp.
Larvae
Damage:
Bore into petioles, flowers and flower buds or fruits which eventually fall-off
Colony
Adult
Damage:
Scientific Name
Leucinodes orbonalis Spodoptera litura Chrysodeixis eriosoma Bemesia tabaci Amrasca biguttula Epilachna vigintioctopunctata
Damage:
wilting of infested shoots falling of flowers; surviving flowers result in small and irregularly shaped fruits feeding on fruits; presence of exit holes
Damage
Larva feeds (holes) on the leaf.
Larva bores on the outer portion of fruit.
Common Name
1. Diamondback moth 2. Cabbage moth 3. Common cutworm 4. Cabbage webworm 5. Flea beetle 6. Aphids
Scientific Name
Plutella xylostella Crocidolomia pavonana Sopodoptera litura Hellula undalis Phylotreta striolata Aphis gossypii
Adult
Damage: * Appears as irregularly chewed patches in the leaves but the veins & upper epidermis are left, producing a characteristic window effect.
Scientific Name
Diaphania indica Bactrocera cucurbitae Aphis gossypii Aulacophora indica
Damage: Caterpillar feeds on the underside of the leaves and may even consume the entire leaf. Also feed on fruit skin when leaves are already mature.
Damage:
* Maggots feed on
Eggs
Maggots
Pupae
the stems & fruits causing stem & fruit rot. * Severe infestation results in so many fruit drops or decay of immature fruits.
Adult
Part II