Topic 5: Integration 5.

1 Basic integration
1 ax +b e +C a 1 sin( ax + b)dx = a cos( ax + b) + C 1 cos( ax + b)dx = a sin( ax + b) + C 1 2 sec (ax + b)dx = a tan( ax + b) + C 1 1 ax + b dx = a ln( ax + b) + C

ax +b

dx =

Example 1 Evaluate: 1 (a) 2 x dx e Example 2 Find

d e dx

(b)

1 2 x dx
1 x

(c)

(2 sin

2 x cos x ) dx

( ) and hence evaluate e x dx .

x
0

Ex 5.1: Basic Integrations 1. Evaluate the following definite integrals. (a) (b) 6 (3 cos x 2)dx (c)

6 0

cos xdx

4 0

(cos 2 x sin x)dx

(d)

sin( x)dx
2

2. Integrate with respect with x. (a) ex + 1 (b) e-x - ex

(c) 4e1-x

(d) e3x+2
ln 3

3. Evaluate the following, giving your answers in term of e. ln 2 1 (a) 2 x (c) e3 x dx (b) e 2 dx 2 0 x 4. Evaluate the following definite integrals. (a) (b)

e
0

(d)

d x

exd x

(c)

4 d x x

2 x +1 dx
0

2 x dx
2

(d)

2 x dx
0

5. Show that 6. Show that 7. Show that

1 d 2x x [ln( x 2 + 1)] = 2 dx . and hence, evaluate 2 0 x +1 dx x +1

d [ln(cos x)] = tan x and hence, evaluate 3 tan x dx . 0 dx

d ex and hence, evaluate [ln( e x + 1)] = x dx e +1

ln 2

2e x dx . e x +1

5.2: Integration using trigonometrical relationship

Double angle sin 2 = 2 sin cos cos 2 = 1 2sin2 cos 2 = 2cos2 1 Identity sin2 + cos2 = 1 tan2 + 1 = sec2
d 1 [sin n ( ax + b)] = sin n 1 ( ax + b) cos( ax + b) dx a d 1 [cos n ( ax + b)] = cos n 1 ( ax + b) sin( ax + b) dx a

Example 1 Evaluate: (a) (b)

3 0

tan 2 (3 x +

)dx

16 0

( 4 sin 2 x cos 2 x)dx

Ex. 5.2: Integration using trigonometrical relationship 1. 3 sin x cos xdx 1 + cos 2 x 11. 4 dx 2 0 2. 2 sin xdx cos 2 x 2 2 3. (cos x sec x)dx 12. 4

(cos 2 x)dx (1 +2 cos x) dx 6. (sin 2 x cos 2 x)dx 7. (cos x 2 sin x) sin x 8. (sin x 2 cos x) dx
4. 5.
2

2 cos x cos 2 x dx sinx(2cosx - 1) dx

13.
dx

2 0

14. 15. 16.

cos
3 6

3
2

dx x 1 x dx 2

9. 10.

4 0

(1 tan 2 x )dx

3 2

2 sin 2

sin 3 x dx

2 dx 1 + tan 2 x

17. Using the identity show that cos 3x = 4cos3x - 3cos x, and hence evaluate

cos 3 x dx .

5.3: Integration using logarithmic relationship In general,

f ' ( x) dx = ln f ( x ) + c f ( x) f ' ( x) k f ( x) dx = k ln f ( x) + c

Example 1 No d 1 2 3 4

Differentiation

Integration

1 (ln x) = dx x d 1 a ln( ax + b) = a = dx ax + b ax + b d 1 ln(cos x) = sin x = tan x dx cos x d 1 ln(sin x) = cos x = cot x dx sin x

x dx
1

=
=

ax + b dx cos

sin x dx = x cos x sin x dx =

Example 2: Evaluate the following. 2x 3x dx dx (a) 2 (b) x +1 1 x2 (d) cot 3 x dx sin 2 x dx (e) cos xcosec xdx (f) cos 2 x Ex 5.3 Integration using logarithmic relationship 1. Evaluate:
3 x dx 2 (b) dx x 1 (c) 1dx x

(c)

tan

xd x

(g)

e2x 1 + e 2 x dx

(a)

x2 2 x 3 dx 1 + 4x dx (f) x + 2x 2

(e)

(h) (i)

x +1 dx + 2x + 2

(g)

(d)

3x

3x dx 2 +1

x 1 +2 x

dx

(j)

3e (e
x

ex 2 + e x dx
x

+2

-1

dx

2. Evaluate: (a) (d)

6 4

1 dx 2 x +3 x +2 dx x ( x + 4)

(b)

4 0

2 x 1 dx x x +1 1 1 4x dx (e) 0 3 + x 2x 2
2

(c)

x +1 dx 1 x + 2 x 3
0 2

(f)

2 cos x sin x dx 2 sin x + cos x

3. Evaluate: n x (a) 6 ta x d
x ) dx
2

(b) (e)

(1 +tan

c t 2x d o x

(c) (f)

cos x 3 + sin x dx cos 2 x 4 sin x cos x dx

(d)

sec 2 x 1 3 tan x dx

5.4: Integration of Partial Fractions

Partial fractions
1 A B = + y ( y +1) y y +1 2 x +1 = 2. x( x 1) 2 1 = 3. x (2 x 2 +1)

1.

4.

x 3 +2x = x ( x + 2)

Example 1 Express the function Example 2 Evaluate

x2 1 x 2 dx .

1 1 dx . as partial fraction and hence evaluate 2 x + 3x + 2 x + 3x + 2

2

Exercise 5.4: Integration of Partial fractions 1 dx 1. Find 2 x + 3x + 2 3. Find 1 dx 2. Find ( x +1)( x + 2) 4. Find 5. By use of partial fractions or otherwise, find 6. June 2002 P3

4 + x dx x +1 dx
x 1

x dx . 2x 3

7. Nov 2003 P3

8. June 2005 P3

Nov 2006 P3

Nov 2004 P3

5.5: Integral by Substitutions

Examples 2 3 5 1. Find x (2 x +3) dx by substituting u = 2x3 + 3. 2. Evaluate

( x + 4)

dx

by substituting u = x + 4.

3. Use the substitution x = 5 sin , to evaluate 4. Find

25 x 2 dx .

1 2 0

1 dx by substituting x = tan . 1 + 4x 2

Ex. 5.5: Integral by Substitutions 1. June 2005 P3 Q 4

2. Nov 2005 P3 Q6

3. By substitution, x = sin , or otherwise, evaluate

1 2 0

(1 x 2 ) dx .

4. Using the substitution z = 1 x, or otherwise, evaluate 5. By making the substitution x = (1 + sin ), show that 3 x 1 4 dx = 6 (1 + sin )d . 1 x x 2 2 6 4

x
0

(1 x) dx .

6. By using the substitution y = 2 sin , or otherwise, evaluate the integral

( 4 y 2 ) dy .

7. Evaluate

1 dx , by means of the substitution u = ex, or otherwise. e e x

x

8. Use the substitution t = tan , show that 5.6: Integration by parts

2 cos

1
2

d =

1 dt . 1t2

d dv du (uv ) = u +v dx dx dx dv d du u = (uv ) v dx dx dx

u dx dx = uv v dx dx
Example 1 (a) (b)

dv

du

ln( 2 x +1)dx

4 0

( x sin x ) dx

(c) Evaluate

(x
1

ln x) dx .

Exercise 5.6: Integration by parts

7. June 2002 P3 Q10

xe dx . ( x cos x)dx . 3. Find ( x sin 2 x) dx . 4. Find ( x sec x) dx .

1. Find 2. Find
2x

2 5. Find ( x sin x)dx . 6. Show that

( x ln x)dx
2

= 14 ln 2 3 .

5.7: Definite integral by using Trapezium rule The use of trapezium rule is: to estimate the value of a definite integral.

 When a function f(x) is difficult to integrate, it may be possible to estimate the value of the definite integral Steps The integral

b a

f ( x ) d by using numerical methods (trapezium rule). x

between x = a and x = b. We divide the area into n strips of width h. The ordinates y0, y1, y2,, yn represent the values of f (x) at x0 = a, x1 = a + h, x2 = a + 2h, , xn = b

f ( x ) d is represented by the area under the curve y = f (x) x

f ( x ) d = h(y0 + y1) + h(y1 + y2) + + h(yn-1 + x

yn) = h (y0 + 2y1 + 2y2 + + 2yn-1 + yn)

Example 1

f ( x ) d = h [(y0 + yn) + 2(y1 + y2 + + yn-1)] x

Use the Trapezium rule with 5 ordinates to find an approximate value for Estimate to 2 significant figures the percentage error involved. Example 2 Estimate to 2 significant figures the percentage error in evaluating the trapezium rule with 3 ordinates.
1

1+x
0

dx .

1 + x dx
0

by using

Definite integral using Trapezium rule: Over and under - estimations When we use trapezium rule, (a) If the straight line, joining the points (x0,y0) and (x1, y1) are above the actual or sketched curve, we get over-estimation. (b) If the straight line, joining the points (x0,y0) and (x1, y1) are below the actual or sketched curve, we get under-estimation. (c) The estimation is more accurate when some of the straight lines are above while the others are below the curve. Case (a) Case (b) Case (c)

Ex 5.7: Definite integral by using Trapezium rule

1. Use the trapezium rule with ordinates at x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 to estimate the value of

1+
0

1 x

dx , giving 3 significant figures in your answers.

2. Use the trapezium rule with three ordinates to obtain an approximation for the integral

(1 +

2 0

sin d giving your answer to two decimal places.

3. R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the y-axis, the x-axis from 0 to , the line x = and part of the curve y = (1 + sin x ) 2 . Use the trapezium rule with two intervals to show that the area R is approximately 0.63. 4. Show by using the substitution x = tan , otherwise, that
1

approximate value for by evaluating the integral using the trapezium rule with five ordinates and working to four places of decimals. 5. Verify that ln xdx = x ln x x + c where c is an arbitrary constant. Use the trapezium rule with 3 intervals to find an estimate for one significant figure, the percentage error involved. 6. Verify that

1+ x
0

dx = . Find an

ln xdx
2

. Calculate correct to

ln x dx

= x ln x x + c ,

where c is an arbitrary constant. Use the

trapezium rule with 3 ordinates to find an estimation for

aid of a sketch why the trapezium rule underestimates the value of the integral in this case and calculate, correct to one significant figure, the percentage error involved. 7. Let I =

ln x dx . Explain with the

2

1 dx 1 +e x 1 (a) Show that the estimate of I obtained by using the trapezium rule, with ordinates at x = -1, x = 0 and x = 1 is 1. (b) By means of the substitution u = ex, or otherwise, show that the estimate obtained in (a) is exact.

8. June 2005 P3