Ise 5 C Functions Partial

11/16/2009
CCE1110 ComputerProgramming http://cce1110.ictnode.com
UniversityofMalta Oct2009
Ing.SaviourM.Baldacchino,ICTSystemsEngineering.
Introduction ProgramModulesinC P M d l i C MathLibraryFunctions Functions FunctionDefinitions FunctionPrototypes FunctionCallStackand ActivationRecords Headers CallingFunctions:Call byValueandCallby Reference
RandomNumber Generation G i Example:AGameof Chance StorageClasses ScopeRules Recursion ExampleUsing Recursion:Fibonacci Series Recursionvs.Iteration
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q Divideandconquer
Constructaprogramfromsmallerpiecesor
components
Thesesmallerpiecesarecalledmodules
Eachpiecemoremanageablethantheoriginal
program
Functions
ModulesinC Programscombineuserdefinedfunctionswithlibraryfunctions
Functioncalls Invokingfunctions Providefunctionnameandarguments(data) Functionperformsoperationsormanipulations Functionreturnsresults Functioncallanalogy: Bossasksworkertocompletetask

Workergetsinformation,doestask,returnsresult Informationhiding:bossdoesnotknowdetails
Cstandardlibraryhasawidevarietyoffunctions
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Fig.5.1 | Hierarchicalbossfunction/workerfunctionrelationship.
Math library functions

perform common mathematical calculations
#include <math.h>
Format for calling functions

FunctionName( argument ); - If multiple arguments, use comma-separated list printf( "%.2f", sqrt( 900.0 ) ); p ( , q ( - Calls function sqrt, which returns the square root of its argument - All math functions return data type double
Arguments may be constants, variables, or expressions

UniversityofMalta Oct2009 Ing.SaviourM.Baldacchino,ICTSystemsEngineering. 6
11/16/2009
Function
sqrt( x )
Description
square root of x
Example
sqrt( 900.0 ) is 30.0 sqrt( 9.0 ) is 3.0
exp( x )
exponential function e
exp( 1.0 ) is 2.718282 exp( 2.0 ) is 7.389056
log( x )
natural logarithm of x (base e)
log( 2.718282 ) is 1.0 log( 7.389056 ) is 2.0
log10( x )
logarithm of x (base 10)
log10( 1.0 ) is 0.0 log10( 10.0 ) is 1.0 log10( 100.0 ) is 2.0
fabs( x )
absolute value of x
fabs( 5.0 ) is 5.0 fabs( 0.0 ) is 0.0 fabs( -5.0 ) is 5.0
ceil( x )
rounds x to the smallest integer ceil( 9.2 ) is 10.0 not less than x ceil( -9.8 ) is -9.0
Fig.5.2 | Commonlyusedmathlibraryfunctions.(Part1of2.)
Function
floor( x )
Description
rounds x to the largest integer not greater than x x raised to power y (xy)
Example
floor( 9.2 ) is 9.0 floor( -9.8 ) is -10.0 pow( 2, 7 ) is 128.0 pow( 9, .5 ) is 3.0 (
pow( x, y )
fmod( x, y )
remainder of x/y as a floatingpoint number trigonometric sine of x (x in radians) trigonometric cosine of x (x in radians) trigonometric tangent of x (x in radians)
fmod( 13.657, 2.333 ) is 1.992
sin( x )
sin( 0.0 ) is 0.0
cos( x )
cos( 0.0 ) is 1.0
tan( x )
tan( 0.0 ) is 0.0
Fig.5.2 | Commonlyusedmathlibraryfunctions.(Part2of2.)
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Functions
Modularizeaprogram Allvariablesdefinedinsidefunctionsarelocalvariables Knownonlyinfunctiondefined Parameters Communicateinformationbetweenfunctions Localvariables Divideandconquer Manageableprogramde elopment Manageableprogramdevelopment Softwarereusability Useexistingfunctionsasbuildingblocksfornewprograms Abstraction hideinternaldetails(libraryfunctions) Avoidcoderepetition
Benefitsoffunctions
Function definition format

return-value-type function-name( parameter-list ) { declarations and statements }
Function-name: any valid identifier Return-value-type: data type of the result (default int)
- void indicates that the function returns nothing
Parameter-list: comma separated list, declares parameters

- A type must be listed explicitly for each parameter unless, the parameter is of type int
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Functiondefinitionformat(continued)
returnvaluetypefunctionname(parameterlist) t l t f ti ( t li t) { declarationsandstatements } Definitionsandstatements:functionbody(block) Variablescanbedefinedinsideblocks(canbenested) Functionscannotbedefinedinsideotherfunctions Returningcontrol If hi Ifnothingreturned d
return;
or,untilreachesrightbrace Ifsomethingreturned return expression;
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/* Fig. 5.3: fig05_03.c Creating and using a programmer-defined function */ #include <stdio.h> int square( int y ); /* function prototype */ /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) { int x; /* counter */
fig05_03.c
Function prototype indicates function will be defined later in the program
/* loop 10 times and calculate and output square of x each time */ for ( x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) { printf( "%d ", square( x ) ); /* function call */ } /* end for */ printf( "\n" );
Call to square function
return 0; /* indicates successful termination */
21 } /* end main */ 22 23 /* square function definition returns square of parameter */ 24 int square( int y ) /* y is a copy of argument to function */ 25 { 26 return y * y; /* returns square of y as an int */ 27 28 } /* end function square */ 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
Function definition
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Functionprototype

Functionname Parameters whatthefunctiontakesin Returntype datatypefunctionreturns(defaultint) Usedtovalidatefunctions Prototypeonlyneedediffunctiondefinitioncomesafterusein program Thefunctionwiththeprototype

int maximum( int x, int y, int z ); ( ,
Takesin3ints Returnsanint
Promotionrulesandconversions
Convertingtolowertypescanleadtoerrors
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/* Fig. 5.4: fig05_04.c Finding the maximum of three integers */ #include <stdio.h> int maximum( int x, int y, int z ); /* function prototype */ /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) { int number1; /* first integer */ int number2; /* second integer */ int number3; /* third integer */ printf( "Enter three integers: " ); scanf( "%d%d%d", &number1, &number2, &number3 ); /* number1, number2 and number3 are arguments to the maximum function call */
Function prototype
fig05_04.c
(1 of 2 )
Function call
printf( "Maximum is: %d\n", maximum( number1, number2, number3 ) );
21 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */ 22 23 } /* end main */ 24
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25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
/* Function maximum definition */ /* x, y and z are parameters */ int maximum( int x, int y, int z ) { int max = x; /* assume x is largest */
if ( y > max ) { /* if y is larger than max, assign y to max */ max = y; } /* end if */ if ( z > max ) { /* if z is larger than max, assign z to max */ max = z; } /* end if */ return max; /* max is largest value */
fig05_04.c
(2 of 2 )
40 41 } /* end function maximum */

Enter three integers: 22 85 17 Maximum is: 85
Enter three integers: 85 22 17 h i Maximum is: 85
Enter three integers: 22 17 85 Maximum is: 85
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Introduction ProgramModulesinC MathLibraryFunctions Functions FunctionDefinitions FunctionPrototypes FunctionCallStackand ActivationRecords A i i R d Headers CallingFunctions:Call byValueandCallby Reference
RandomNumber Generation Example:AGameof Chance StorageClasses ScopeRules Recursion ExampleUsing Recursion:Fibonacci Series Recursionvs.Iteration
17
Discussion
18

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11/16/2009

CCE1110 ComputerProgramming http://cce1110.ictnode.com

Functioncalls Invokingfunctions Providefunctionnameandarguments(data) Functionperformsoperationsormanipulations Functionreturnsresults Functioncallanalogy: Bossasksworkertocompletetask

Math library functions

Format for calling functions

Arguments may be constants, variables, or expressions

exp( 1.0 ) is 2.718282 exp( 2.0 ) is 7.389056

natural logarithm of x (base e)

log( 2.718282 ) is 1.0 log( 7.389056 ) is 2.0

logarithm of x (base 10)

log10( 1.0 ) is 0.0 log10( 10.0 ) is 1.0 log10( 100.0 ) is 2.0

fabs( 5.0 ) is 5.0 fabs( 0.0 ) is 0.0 fabs( -5.0 ) is 5.0

fmod( 13.657, 2.333 ) is 1.992

sin( 0.0 ) is 0.0

cos( 0.0 ) is 1.0

tan( 0.0 ) is 0.0

Function definition format

Parameter-list: comma separated list, declares parameters

or,untilreachesrightbrace Ifsomethingreturned return expression;

Function prototype indicates function will be defined later in the program

Call to square function

return 0; /* indicates successful termination */

Functionname Parameters whatthefunctiontakesin Returntype datatypefunctionreturns(defaultint) Usedtovalidatefunctions Prototypeonlyneedediffunctiondefinitioncomesafterusein program Thefunctionwiththeprototype

printf( "Maximum is: %d\n", maximum( number1, number2, number3 ) );

21 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */ 22 23 } /* end main */ 24

40 41 } /* end function maximum */

Enter three integers: 85 22 17 h i Maximum is: 85

Enter three integers: 22 17 85 Maximum is: 85

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21 return 0; /* indicates successful termination / 22 23 } / end main */ 24