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Characteristics Of Various Measurement Instruments

Mechanical Measurements Assignment No 2 Gaurav S Deshmukh Roll No: 35

5th Semester Mechanical Engg, Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Ramdeobaba College Of Engineering and Management, Nagpur.

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Index
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII.

Flow Measurement Instruments. Level Measurement Instruments. Force Measurement Instruments. Microphones . Pressure Measurement Instruments. Speed Measurement Instruments. Temperature Measurement Instruments. Torque Measurement Instruments.

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I.

Flow Measurement
Name of device Working range Accuracy Sensor element Fine wire of platinum or tungstentitanium Flow Straightened Transducer element Hot Electrical resistance wire. Turbine Wheel Typical application Used for Fluctuating Velocities in Fluid Flow. Flow of Slurries. Measurement of Ocean Currents, Vessel Speeds, Water flow in large conduits and industrial fluids Most of the Fluids Flow Measurement. Measuring Flow of Slurry. Domestic water meter Accurate gas or low viscous fluid flow measurement Vel of Flow in Ducts and Large Pipes (Tubings)

Sr no.

Hot wire Anemometer

0-100 kHz

1% of FS

Turbine meter

0.5-15x104 L/min

1% of FS

Ultrasonic flow meter

above 20000 Hz

2% of FS

Receivertransmitter system

Receivertransmitter system

4 5

Venturimeter Flow nozzle Nutating disc meter

4 to 32 inch (10 to 80 cm) diameter pipes 1.25 cm to 120 cm pipe 0.001 TO 0.04 M3/S 1.25 cm to 150 cm pipe Upto 15 m/sec velocity

1.2% of FS 1% of FS

Pipe Disc

U tube manometer U tube manometer Spherical Ball

1% of FS

Nutating Disc

Orifice meter

1% of FS

Disc

U tube manometer U tube manometer

Pitot tube Cup type current meter

1% of FS

Stagnation tube

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II.
Sr no. 1

Level Measurement
Name of device Ultra sonic liquid level gauge Working range above 20000 Hz Accuracy Sensor element Receivertransmitter system Transducer element Receivertransmitter system Typical application Deep Level Measurement

2% of FS

III.
Sr no. 1

Force Measurement
Name of device Hydraulic load cell Pneumatic load cell Working range upto 106 N Accuracy 1 % of FS Sensor element Diaphragm Transducer element Liquid(oil) Typical application Large forces measurement Small weight measurement with accuracy.

upto 20 KN

1% of FS

Diaphragm

Pressure Diaphragm

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IV.
Sr no. 1

Microphones
Working range up to 20 kHz Transducer element Magnetic Coils with metal plates Typical application widely used onstage Laser microphones were used as part of the sophisticated surveillance Telephone Microphones Precisional Measurement Owing to good Frequency Response Generally Used widely in PA (Public Addressing) Systems Used in Mic because of its small size. Underwater or other unusual environments

Name of device Ribbon microphones

Accuracy 0.01 of FS

Sensor element

Diaphragm

Laser microphones

Very limited frequency range Very limited frequency range

High Accuracy

laser

Detectors Carbon granules and Contact resistances

Carbon microphones

Less Accuracy

Diaphragm

Condenser microphones

Upto 20 kHz

0.01 of FS

Diaphragm

Diaphragm

Dynamic microphones Electric capacitor microphones Piezoelectric microphones

Upto 20 kHz

0.01 of FS

Diaphragm

Magnetic Coils Diaphragm& Electronic Arrangement Piezoelectric crystal

up to 20 kHz

0.5 of FS 0.01 of FS

Diaphragm

up to 20 kHz

Diaphragm

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V
Sr no.

Pressure Measurement
Name of device Working range Accuracy Sensor element Fine wire of manganin (Alloy of Cu, Ni, Mn) or gold-chrome Grid Transducer element Typical application

Bridgman gauge

Above 7 x 105 bar

1% of FS

Bellows

High Pressure measurement

Ionization gauge

10-8 - 10-1 Pa

.1% FS

Plate Gauge and reference filament

Measurement of low pressure Measures thermal conductivity of a gas, Vacuum measurement. Commonly found attached to equipment that operates under a vacuum, such as a lyophilizer Measurement of Vaccum Pressure

Pirani gauges

10-1 - 1000 Pa

1% of FS

Gauge Filament

McLeod gauge

10-4-10-6 torr

1% of FS

Mercury

Mercury Level

Thermocouple vacuum gauge

1 to 1000 mTorr range

.05 of FS

Thermocouple

Thermocouple

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VI.
Sr no. 1

Speed Measurement
Name of device Photoelectric tachometer Piezoelectric accelerometer Working range upto 3x 106 rpm less then 10 Hz Accuracy 1% of FS Sensor element Light Sensor Piezo-electric material Transducer element Light Sensor Electro resistive elements Typical application Used for measurement of Rotational speed Used in high frequency applications.

1% of FS

VII.
Sr no.

Temperature Measurement
Name of device Working range Accuracy Sensor element Transducer element Typical application Industrial applications to measure non contact high temperature measurements Auto Temp. Controls in Test Chambers, Ovens, Solder post, Moulders. Dynamic temperature measurement Measuring over a large temperature range Temperature of Molten Metals in Furnace.

Optical pyrometer

850-1200 oC

5 oC

Optical lens

Filament

RTD

4K to 1064 oC

0.01 oC

Copper leads

Resistance Element(Coil)

Thermister

-100 to 300 C

0.01C 0.2 to 1 FS

Semiconducting material Metal Wires

Wheatstone bridge Metal Wires Platinum Sheet with thermometer bridge circuit

Thermocouple

-200 to 1400C

Radiation pyrometer

700-2000 oC

1% of FS

Blackened Tube

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VIII. Sr no. 1

Torque Measurement
Name of device Strain gauge torsion meter Eddy current dynamometer Optical torsion meter Rope Brake Dynamometer Break Down Pulley Weights Used in Experiments of Rotating Shafts. Working range 102 to 105 Ncm upto 5000 hp Accuracy 1% of FS Sensor element Strain Gauges Transducer element Strain Gauges Windings with Stator Typical application Measurement of torque in the beams and cantilevers Absorption type Dynamometer

1% of FS

tooth Rotor