System of Units

Systeme Internationale dUnites (SI)

atto- (a-) - 10-18 femto- (f-) - 10-15 pico- (p-) - 10-12 nano- (n-) - 10-9 micro- (-) - 10-6 milli- (m-) - 10-3 centi- (c-) - 10-2
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Basic Concepts
Lecture 1

deci- (d-) - 10-1 deka- (da-) - 101 hecto- (h-) - 102 kilo- (k-) - 103 mega- (M-) - 106 giga- (G-) - 109 tera- (T-) - 1012
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The Unit of Charge

Matter is made up of atoms Atoms are composed of the fundamental particles:
Protons positively charged Electrons negatively charged Neutrons neutral (no charge)

The Unit of Charge

Interaction of charges
Electrical charges cause electrical forces Non-gravitational

Coulomb
Two small, identically charged particles which are separated by 1 meter in a vacuum and repel each other with a force of 10-7c2 N possess an identical charge of (either + or ) 1 Coulomb (C).
c: velocity of light electrons: -1.60219 x 10-19 C 1 C: 6.24 x 1018 electrons
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Charge (Q, q)
Q: time-invariant value of charge q or q(t): time-varying value of charge, instantaneous value of charge Convention (for this class):
Capital letters: time-invariant values Small letters: time-varying values, instantaneous values
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Current (I, i)
Charges in motion Defined by magnitude and direction Measures the rate at which net charges move past a given reference point in a specified direction
i = dq/dt Ampere: 1 A = 1 C/s

Current (I, i)
We will consider network elements to be electrically neutral.
No net + or charge can accumulate. Current entering = Current leaving

Direction in computations: assumed

Current (I, i)
3A a b a -3 A b

Voltage (V, v)
Given a general circuit element, an electrical voltage or a potential difference is said to exist between its two terminals or across the element if the passage of charge through the element requires the expenditure of energy. Voltage = work required to move 1 C from one terminal to the other.
1 V: 1 joule/coulomb
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3A is flowing from a to b. -3A is flowing from b to a.

Voltage (V, v)
May exist whether current is flowing or not. Defined by magnitude and polarity. Quantified with respect to a reference point. Polarity in computations: assumed.
5V

Voltage (V, v)
5V

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Voltage across the element is 5 V. (no polarity) Voltage drop from a to b is 5 V. Voltage drop from b to a is -5 V. Voltage rise from a to b is -5 V. Voltage rise from b to a is 5 V. Point a is at 5V higher potential than point b.
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Voltage Reference Point

A region or point where the voltage is arbitrarily taken to be zero the zero reference voltage. House electrical system earth (ground). Electronic equipment ground plane or negative terminal.
Battery Ground cable
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Voltage (V, v)
5V 5V

Single-subscript notation
Defines voltages wrt an absolute reference point

Double-subscript notation for voltage across a and b

Vab = Va Vb = 5 V Vab = Vba

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Energy (W, w)
Work expended in forcing electrical charges through an element.
1 Joule: 1 Nm

Power (P, p)
Rate at which energy is being transferred, consumed, or supplied.
p = dw/dt = vi 1 Watt = 1 J/s 1 W = 1 V * 1 A = 1 J/C * 1 C/s

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Power (P, p)
Polarity of voltage and direction of current determines whether power is being supplied or consumed.
Power consumed: current enters terminal with higher voltage. Power supplied: current leaves terminal with higher voltage.

Power (P, p)
2A

In both cases, P = 10 W. (a): consuming 10 W or supplying -10 W.

2A

5V

(a)

(b): supplying 10 W or consuming -10 W.

5V

(b)

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Circuit Elements
Circuit Element - The mathematical model of a physical device used to analyze its behavior. Simple Circuit Element - In ckt analysis, basic unit that cannot be subdivided into other simple circuit elements. General Circuit Element - May be composed of one or more simple ckt elements.
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Circuit Elements
Active element - capable of delivering power to some external element. Passive element - always consumes energy.

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Resistors
Passive circuit element the voltage across it is proportional to the current passing thru it.
v = k i, where k is a constant k = resistance = L / A

Resistors
v

k=R

+ v 21 22

Independent Voltage Source

Active circuit element Voltage across it is completely independent of current passing thru.

Independent Voltage Source

v Vs

Vs DC

+ -

+ i Vs DC i Vs AC
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i -

Independent Current Source

Active circuit element Current passing thru is completely independent of voltage across it. + vs -

Independent Current Source

v

Is

Is
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Dependent/Controlled Source
The source quantity (voltage or current) is determined by a voltage or current (not necessarily the same) in some other location in the system under consideration.

Dependent/Controlled Source
Voltage is controlling quantity. Voltage Source Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) Voltage-Controlled Current Source (VCCS) Current is controlling quantity. Current-Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS) Current-Controlled Current Source (CCCS)
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+ vs -

Is

Vs

+ -

is

Current Source

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Dependent/Controlled Source

Network
Network interconnection of two or more simple circuit elements Electric Circuit network with at least one closed path. Active Network contains at least one active element. Passive Network contains no active elements.
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id varies as vx. A is constant, unit is amperes/volt.

Network
Node the point of connection for circuit elements Branch composed of one simple element and the node at its end Path a collection of branches; movement through the network wherein no node is encountered more than once. Loop a closed path, starting node = ending node.
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Example

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