PARALLEL STRUCTURE

One use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. This use of conjunction is called Parallel Structure. The conjunction used in this pattern are : and, but, or, nor.*

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)

(f) (g) (h)

In (c): verb + and + verb (the second auxiliary may be omitted if it is the same These shoes are old butcomfortable as the first auxiliary.) He wants to watch TV or (to) listento some In (d): adjective + but + adjective music. In (e): infinitive + or + infinitive (the second to may be omitted) Steve, joe and alice are coming to dinner A parallel structure may contain more Susan raised her hand, snapped her than two parts. In a series, commas are fingers, and asked a question. used to separate each unit. The final The colors in that fabric are red, gold, commas that precedes the conjunction is black and green optional but is customarily used.(No commas are used if there are only two parts to a parallel structure.)
more specifically and, but, or, nor are called coordinating conjunction.

Steve and his friend are coming to dinner Susan raised her hand and snapped her fingers. He is waving his arms and (is)shouting at us.

In (a): noun + and + noun In (b):verb +and + verb

Parallel structure membuat pengulangan kata yang sama tidak perlu This form of parallel structure, in which unnecessary words are omitted but are understood, is termed ellipsis Example : Mary opened the door. Mary greeted her guest. Mary opened the door and greeted her guest.

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I like coffee but not tea.

I like coffee. I do not like tea

* sometimes comma precedes but not: I like coffee, but not tea 3. The country lane was narrow. The country lane was steep. The country lane was muddy The country lane was narrow, steep and muddy. Menggunakan konjungsi berpasangan: Both. And; Not Only ..... But Also; Either . Or; Neither.. Nor Paired conjunction are also called Correlative Conjunction Example : Both my mother and my sister are here two subjects are connected by both and take a plural verb.

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Not only my mother but also my sister is here when two subjects are connected by not only but also;either . Or; orneither nor, the subject that is closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. The research project will take both time and money notice the parallel structure in the examples. The same grammatical form should follow each word of the pair. Menggabungkan Klausa bebas dengan konjungsi Example : It was raining hard, and there was a strong wind. Usually a comma immediately precedes conjuction. It was raining hard and there was a strong wind. Sometimes in short sentences the comma is omitted. It was raining hard. And there was a strong wind. Sometimes in informal writing a conjunction may begin a sentence.

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a. He was tired, so he went to bed

In addition to and,but,or and nor, other conjunctions are used to connect two independent b. The child hid behind his mothers clauses : skirt, for he was afraid of the dog So (meaning therefore, as a result) for (meaning because) c. he did not study, yet he passed yet ( meaning but, nevertheless) the exam a comma almost always precedes so, for, andyet when they are used as conjunctions. so, for,and yet have other meanings in other structures.
Klausa adverbial Pendahuluan Example : (a) When we were in New York, we saw several plays (b) We saw several plays when we were in New York. Punctuation : When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause, as in (a), a comma is used to separate the clauses, When the adverb clause follows, as in (b), usually no comma in used. Menggunakan klausa adverbial untuk menunjukkkan hubungan waktu.

Example :

1. When I arrived, he was talking on the When= at the time (notice the different phone time the relationships expressed by the tenses.) 2. While I was walking home, it began to rain While = during that time 3. By the time he arrived, we had already left. By the time = one event is completed before another event.
Menggunakan klausa adverbial untuk menunjukkkan hubungan sebab-akibat Example : Now that the semester is finished, Im going to rest a few days and then take a trip. Now that means because now. Now that is used for present and future situations. He went to bed because he was sleepy an adverb clause may precede or follow the independent clause. Menggunakan preposisi untuk memperlihatkan sebab akibat : because of dandue to.

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Example :

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Because of the cold weather, we stayed home Due to the cold weather, we stayed home

Because of and due to are prepositions; they are followed by a noun object.

Menggunakan transisi untuk memperlihatkan sebab akibat : therefore dan consequently.

Example ; a. Ali didnt study. Therefore, he failed the test b. Ali didnt study. Consequently, he failed the test Therefore and Consequently are mean as a result. In grammar, they calledtransitions (or conjunctive adverb). Transitions connect the ideas between two sentences. Menyatakan Tujuan : Menggunakan So That

are

Example : I turned off the TV so (that) my roommate could in peace and quite. so that also expresses purpose. The word that if often omitted, especially in speaking. So that + Can or Could b. Im going to cash a check so that I can buy my textbooks. so that is often used instead of in order to when the idea of ability is being expressed. Can is used in the adverb clause for the present/ future meaning. So that + will/ simple present or Would c. Yesterday I took my umbrella so that I wouldnt get wet would is used in past sentences. a. Ringkasan dari Pola dan Tanda Baca.

Adverb Clause Preposition

Because it was hot, he went swimming

Transition

Conjunction

An adverb clause my precede or follow an independent clause We went swimming because ofthe hot A preposition is followed by a weather. noun object, not by subject or verb It was hot. Therefore, we went A transition is used with the swimming. second sentence of a pair. It shows the relationship of the second idea to the first idea. A transition is movable within the second sentence. It was hot, so we went swimming. A conjunction comes between two independent clauses.

Example
Best Friends Forever As a child at the age of two, my sister and I had pictures taken together. My sister and I are ten months and three weeks apart. In this special family picture was look identical. Our big, dark blue and brown eyes and smile resemble two calm little girls, enjoying the moment with peaceful smiles on our faces. In our long, dark red and blue dresses we sit straight up in front of a warn red fireplace surrounded by green plants. Our dark brown, wavy hair even matched. We both had baby pink bows off to the side of our heads that resemble a blooming flower. Growing up our family consisted of our father, my sister, and I. My sister and I have both been there for each other through the thick and the thin. My photograph pf my sister and reveals how close we are in age and through this paragraph it also reveals how close we are when it comes to love and friendship. ~(c) Amy Neill 2005~