Introduction There were four objectives to this lab.

The first parts objective of this lab was to determine the relationship between the wavelength of the visible light and the color observed. The second part was to observe the emitted light given off by certain elements. The third objective was to observe the relationship between absorbed light and the observed color. Finally, the last objective was to see how light impacts on a chemical reaction. This lab was helped by Ethan Stanifer. A color is determined by a certain wavelength. For example, 650nm is red, 600nm is orange, and 550nm is green and so on. Each element has a specific light emitted. There is a different color that exhibit for each metal ion, which correlated to the absorbed light of the metal ions. The color that absorbed by a metal ion is a complementary color of the metal ion color. This was also the same in photobleaching for a chemical compound. Experimental Procedure Part 1-Relationship between Color and Wavelength The Spectronic 20 was used in this experiment. The Spectronic 20 was turned on and the wavelength was set to 700nm. Then the color was noted and observed on the white piece of paper at the bottom of the cell in the cell compartment. The colors and wavelengths were recorded every 50nm of wavelength that was reduced, until 400nm. For example, 650nm, 600nm and so on until 400nm.

Part 2-Identifying Known Metals from Their Emission Spectra A spectroscope was used in this experiment. The spectroscope was used to practice observing the spectra of the fluorescent light and the sunlight, and the patterns of the spectra were recorded. Then flame tests were performed to observe the spectra of the metal cations. Each of the metal ion test solution was put in a clean watch glass. A nichrome wire loop was cleaned by distilled water, and by placing it in the flame of a Bunsen burner until it burns yellow/orange. Then the wire loop was dip into one of the test solutions and put into the flame. A spectroscope was used to observe the flame and the spectrum was recorded. The wire loop was cleaned again and tested on different solutions with the same process. The flame tests were done to CuCl2, NaCl, SrCl2 and KCl. Part 3-Relationship between Color Observed and Wavelength Absorbed The OceanOptics spectrometer was used to record the absorption spectrum between 400nm and 700nm for FeCl3x6H2O 10g/L and Fe(NO3)3x9H2O 10g/L. Two cuvettes, one was filled up about two third with FeCl3x6H2O, and the other was filled up with Fe(NO3)3. Then the two cuvettes were place in the machine and used OceanOptics to record the maximum peak. The wavelength of the peak is on the x-axis (max) and the absorbance is on the y-axis (Amax). A rough sketch of no more than 30 seconds of each absorbance spectrum was recorded. The other four solutions, NiCl2x6H2O 50g/L, NiSO4x6H2O 50g/L, CoSO4x7H2O 10g/L, and CoCl2x6H2O 10g/L absorbance spectra were obtained from other lab groups. Part 4-Photobleaching of Methylene Blue About 20.0mL of water, one drop of methylene blue solution, and 5 drops of triethanolamine were mixed in a beaker. The solution in the beaker was distributed evenly into

five small test tubes and covered with corks. One test tube was used to test the absorption spectrum, max for methylene blue by using the same method in the previous experiment. The second test tube was place under a 100-watt light bulb. A red filter was placed over the third test tube and a green filter over the fourth tube. Both were put under the light bulb. The three test tubes were observed to see the difference after three minutes under the light bulb. Four drops of methylene blue were added to the fifth test tube. The test tube was shined in a specific region by a He-Ne laser beam in a fume hood for about fifteen second and the effect was recorded. Results Part 1-Relationship between Color and Wavelength The table below provided light wavelengths and the colors that were observed. Wavelength (nm) 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 Color Red Red Orange Green Blue/Green Blue/Purple Violet

Part 2-Identifying Known Metals from Their Emission Spectra The table below provided the flame color for each metal solution. Solutions CuCl2 NaCl SrCl2 KCl Flame Color Green/Blue Orange Red/Pink Purple

The drawings below indicate the spectrum of each metal solution, fluorescent light and sunlight. Fluorescent Light CuCl2 SrCl2 KCl Part 3-Relationship between Color Observed and Wavelength Absorbed The NiCl2x6H2O and NiSO4x6H2O data were obtained from Abby and Nicholas. The CoSO4x7H2O and CoCl2x6H2O were obtained from Kelsey and Breegan. FeCl3x6H2O and Fe(NO3)3x6H2O were obtained from the experiment with the help of Ethan Stanifer. The table below shows each of the test solution color, the concentration and the absorbance values. Test Solutions FeCl3x6H2O Fe(NO3)3x6H2O NiCl2x6H2O NiSO4x6H2O CoSO4x7H2O CoCl2x6H2O Solution Color Yellow Yellow Green/Blue Green/Blue Pink Pink Concentration (g/L) 10 10 50 50 10 10 (max, Amax) (406.70nm, 1.58) (393.06nm, 0.900) (722.81nm, 0.330) (720.38nm, 0.422) (513.48, 0.308) (512.82, 0.298) NaCl Sunlight

Part 4-Photobleaching of Methylene Blue Below is a table that showed how each source changed the color of methylene blue upon its irradiation along with lambda max. Source max Color Change Upon Irradiation Of Methylene Blue Methylene Blue Red Filter No Filter Green Filter Laser Beam 665.71nm 650.00nm 550.00nm-600.00nm 550.00nm 653.83nm The Same Blue is clearer Blue is clearer The Same Blue is clearer

The energy of the green light is greater than red light. A photon of the red light has energy of 184.3kJ/mol, and a photon of the green has energy of 217.6kJ/mol. Below is a calculation for the energy of one photon of the red light.

Discussion Part 2-Identifying Known Metals from Their Emission Spectra The fluorescent lights spectrum was more spread out than the sunlights spectrum. The sunlights spectrum was smeared out and more continuous. However, the fluorescent lights spectrum was more discrete. The atomic spectra would be discrete, since the energy within the atom is quantized. (Silberberg 270) This was also clearly showed in the result that obtained from Part 2. CuCl2 spectrum consisted of purple, green and red rays which were separated by dark spots in between each ray. Part 3-Relationship between Color Observed and Wavelength Absorbed The absorbed color of each solution was the complementary color of each solution. Complementary colors are those colors located opposite each other on a color wheel. (Worqx.com) As seen from the result, FeCl3x6H2O was a yellow solution with an absorbed wavelength of 406.70nm, which was a violet color. Yellow is a complementary color of violet color as seem in a color wheel. Part 4-Photobleaching of Methylene Blue The max of methylene blue that was obtained from the experiment was 665.71nm. This makes sense that methylene blue appeared as blue color, since methylene blue absorbed the red light (650nm) a complementary color of blue. Methylene blue that was left under the light without filter also underwent photobleaching. The light without filter contained max of methylene blue, since methylene blue went to a lighter blue after three minutes under the light without any filter. This was also the same for the red filter and He-Ne laser beam. He-Ne laser

has a wavelength of 653.83nm and light with red filter has a wavelength about 650.00nm, which was close to max of methylene blue, 665.71nm. However, the one with the green filter did not, since it had a wavelength of about 550.00nm, which did not change the color of the methylene blue. In all, the wavelength that needed for photobleaching to occur in a chemical compound is the wavelength that has a complementary color of a given chemical compound. Conclusion Each color is determined by a certain wavelength. For example, 650nm is red, 600nm is orange, and 550nm is green and so on. Each element has a specific light emitted. There is a different color that exhibit for each metal ion, which correlated to the absorbed light of the metal ions. The wavelength that needed for photobleaching to occur in a chemical compound is the wavelength that has a complementary color of a given chemical compound. Citation Color Wheel, Color Circle, & Color Relationships. Worqx.com Home Page Design, development & Color Theory. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2011. <http://www.worqx.com/color/color_w> Silberberg, Martin S.. Chemistry: the molecular nature of matter and change. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012. Print.

Spectroscopy and Photochemistry

Chem 111L-A Dr. Davis By: Tri Nguyen