Jurutera Nov 2011

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COVER NOTE
Sustainability Through EE&C and RE Easier Said Than Done? 5
COVER STORY
Making Eorts in Sustainability Count 6
FEATURE ARTICLES
Understanding Energy Eciency and Energy Saving Devices Microbial Fuel Cell: Transforma on of Wastewater to Green Energy Potable Water Quality Characteris cs Cra ing Leaders of Tomorrow through Young Engineers ASEAN Federa on of Engineering Organiza ons (YEAFEO) 12 18 21 28 31
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Highlights of the IEM-IET Energy Conference 2011 (IIEC 2011) Gathering of Views and Opinions on Seismic Inves ga ons in Peninsular Malaysia Report on the IEM Workshop on Earthquake (Part 2) Applica on of Eurocode 7 to a Pile Founda on Design: Solu on to Example 2.3 Pile Founda on in S Clay and Discussion 35 44 53
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Submission or placement of ar cles in JURUTERA could be made to the:Chief Editor THE INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS, MALAYSIA, Bangunan Ingenieur, Lots 60 & 62, Jalan 52/4, P.O. Box 223 (Jalan Sultan), 46720 Petaling Jaya, Selangor. Tel: +(603) 7968 4001/4002 Fax: +(603) 7957 7678 Email: pub@iem.org.my or sec@iem.org.my IEM Website: h p://www.myiem.org.my 2011 The Ins tu on of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM) and Dimension Publishing Sdn. Bhd.
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December 2011
Green Technology and Sustainable Agricultural and Food Production
(Submission by October 1, 2011)
January 2012
IEMs Outreach Programme
(Submission by November 1, 2011)
COPYRIGHT
JURUTERA Bulle n of IEM is the ocial magazine of The Ins tu on of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM) and is published by Dimension Publishing Sdn. Bhd. The Ins tu on and the Publisher retain the copyright over all materials published in the magazine. No part of this magazine may be reproduced and transmi ed in any form or stored in any retrieval system of any nature without the prior wri en permission of IEM and the Publisher.
February 2012
Marine and Naval Architecture
(Submission by December 1, 2011)
November 2011 JURUTERA 3
COVER NOTE
JURUTE
Number 11, November 2011 IEM Registered on 1 May MAJLIS BAGI SESI 2011/2012 IEM COUNCIL SESSION 2011/2012
YANG DIPERTUA / PRESIDENT:
Ir. Chen Kim Kieong, Vincent
Sustainability Through EE&C and RE Easier Said Than Done?

by Ir. Mah Soo, Advisor, Electrical Engineering Technical Division
TIMBALAN YANG DIPERTUA / DEPUTY PRESIDENT:

Ir. Choo Kok Beng
NAIB YANG DIPERTUA / VICE PRESIDENTS:

Ir. Prof. Dr Ruslan bin Hassan, Y.Bhg. Dato' Ir. Hj. Abdul Rashid bin Maidin, Ir. Lee Weng Onn, Ir. P.E. Chong, Y.Bhg. Dato' Ir. Lim Chow Hock, Ir. Prof. Dr Wan Mahmood bin Wan Abdul Majid, Ir. Yim Hon Wa
SETIAUSAHA KEHORMAT / HONORARY SECRETARY:

Ir. Prof. Dr Lee Teang Shui
BENDAHARI KEHORMAT / HONORARY TREASURER:

Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Chiang Choong Luin, Jerey
WAKIL AWAM / CIVIL REPRESENTATIVE:

Ir. Gunasagaran a/l Kristnan
WAKIL MEKANIKAL / MECHANICAL REPRESENTATIVE:

Y.Bhg. Dato' Lt. Gen. (R) Ir. Ismail bin Samion
WAKIL ELEKTRIK / ELECTRICAL REPRESENTATIVE:

Ir. Mohd. Aman bin Hj. Idris
WAKIL STRUKTUR / STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIVE:

Ir. Yam Teong Sian
WAKIL KIMIA DAN DISIPLIN LAIN / CHEMICAL AND OTHERS REPRESENTATIVE:

Ir. Razmahwata bin Mohamad Razalli
WAKIL LAIN LAIN DISPLIN / REPRESENTATIVE TO OTHER DISCIPLINES:

Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Cheong Kuan Yee
WAKIL MULTIMEDIA / MULTIMEDIA REPRESENTATIVE:

Ir. Noor Iziddin Abdullah bin Hj. Ghazali
AHLI MAJLIS / COUNCIL MEMBERS:

Ir. Prof. Dr Lee Sze Wei, Ir. Tuan Hj. Mohd. Ali bin Yuso, Ir. Yee Yew Weng, Ir. Mah Soo, Ir. Dr Ahmad Anuar bin Othman, Ir. Kok Yen Kwan, Ir. Yau Chau Fong, Ir. Wong Chee Fui, Ir. Mohd. Khir bin Muhammad, Y.Bhg. Dato' Ir. Hj. Mohd. Isa bin Hj. Sarman, Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Marlinda bin Abd. Malek, Ir. Zainuddin bin Mohammad, Ir. Lai Kong Phooi, David, Y.Bhg. Dato' Ir. John Chee Shi Tong, Ir. Gopal Narian Ku y, Ir. Tan Yean Chin, Y.Bhg. Dato' Ir. Ahmad Murad bin Hj. Omar, Ir. Ng Shiu Yuen, David, Ir. Kim Kek Seong, Ir. Chong Chew Fan, Ir. Dr Tan Kuang Leong, Ir. Lau Yuk Ma, June, Ir. Dr Norlida bin Buniyamin, Ir. Ishak bin Abdul Rahman, Ir. Hoo Choon Sean, Y. Bhg. Dato Ir. Samsuddin bin Ismail
AHLI MAJLIS / COUNCIL MEMBERS BY APPOINTMENT :

Dato' Ir. Hj. Mohamad bin Hj. Husin, Ir. Abdul Ghani bin Hashim, Ir. Abdullah bin Isnin
BEKAS YANG DIPERTUA TERAKHIR / IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT:

Y.Bhg. Academician Dato' Ir. Prof. Dr Chuah Hean Teik
BEKAS YANG DIPERTUA / PAST PRESIDENTS:

Y.Bhg. Dato' Ir. Pang Leong Hoon, Y.Bhg. Academician Dato' Ir. (Dr) Hj. Ahmad Zaidee bin Laidin, Ir. Dr Gue See Sew, Y.Bhg. Datuk Ir. Prof. Dr Ow Chee Sheng, Y.Bhg. Dato' Paduka Ir. Prof. (Dr) Keizrul bin Abdullah
PENGERUSI CAWANGAN / BRANCH CHAIRMAN:

1. Pulau Pinang Ir. Ng Sin Chie 2. Selatan Ir. Mohd. Khir bin Muhammad 3. Perak Ir. Chan Hoong Mun 4. Kedah-Perlis Ir. Hor Tek Lip 5. Negeri Sembilan Ir. Mohammed Noor bin Abu Hassan 6. Kelantan Ir. Hj. Roslan bin Abdul Azis 7. Terengganu Ir. Mohd. Azmi bin Ali 8. Melaka Ir. Mohd. Khalid bin Nasir 9. Sarawak Ir. Tan Khiok Chun, Alan 10. Sabah Ir. Lo Chong Chiun 11. Miri Ir. Ting Kang Ngii, Peter
AHLI JAWATANKUASA INFORMASI DAN PENERBITAN / STANDING COMMITTEE ON INFORMATION AND PUBLICATIONS 2011/2012:
Pengerusi/Chairman: Y. Bhg. Dato' Ir. Hj. Abdul Rashid bin Maidin Naib Pengerusi/Vice Chairman: Ir. Prof. Dr Lee Sze Wei Se ausaha/Secretary: Ir. Lau Tai Onn Ketua Pengarang/Chief Editor: Ir. Prof. Dr Lee Sze Wei Pengarang Bule n/Bulle n Editor: Ir. Ong Guan Hock Pengarang Prinsipal Jurnal/Principal Journal Editor: Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Marlinda bin Abdul Malek Pengerusi Perpustakaan/Library Chairman: Ir. CMM Aboobucker Ahli-Ahli/Commi ee Members: Ir. Yee Thien Seng, Ir. Tan Yean Chin, Ir. Chin Mee Poon, Ir. Prof. Dr Mohd. Saleh bin Jaafar, Ir. Hj. Look Keman bin Sahari, Ir. Mohd. Khir bin Muhammad, Ir. Yee Yew Weng, Y. Bhg. Datuk Ir. Prof. Dr Ow Chee Sheng, Ir. Cheong Loong Kwong, Allen, Ir. Prof. Dr Arazi bin Idrus, Ir. Tey Choo Yew, Calvin, Engr. Abi Soan bin Abdul Hamid, Engr. Shuhairy bin Norhisham, Engr. Abul Aswal bin Abdul La IEM Secretariat: Nor Aziah Budin, Nurul Aida Mustafa
THE INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS, MALAYSIA

Bangunan Ingenieur, Lots 60 & 62, Jalan 52/4, P.O.Box 223, (Jalan Sultan), 46720 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Tel: 603-7968 4001/4002 Fax: 603-7957 7678 E-mail: sec@iem.org.my Homepage: h p://www.myiem.org.my
ENERGY Eciency and Conserva on (EE&C) has been advocated since 1979 with the formula on of the Na onal Energy Policy to ensure adequacy, security and costeec veness of energy supply, promote ecient u lisa on of energy and to minimise nega ve environmental impacts in the energy supply chain. Though numerous eorts to promote EE&C have been implemented by numerous government agencies, these have yet to have a signicant impact on the cri cal of the mass popula on in realising the achievable poten al benets of EE&C, despite, the publica on of MS 1525 and EE&C Guidelines. Recently, NST reported that our Prime Minister Y.A.B. Datuk Seri Najib Tun Abdul Razak, at the Green Technology and Clima c Change Council mee ng on 11 August 2011, had directed the Chief Secretary to the Government to issue a circular to all Government agencies requiring them to observe the ruling that air-condi oners in all government buildings be set at no lower than 240C and incandescent bulbs be replaced with energy-saving lights. Later at the press conference, the Minister of KeTTHA said that the governments long term plan was to ensure that this ruling be extended to companies and hotels upon implementa on of the Energy Eciency and Conserva on (EE&C) Act which is expected to come into eect in 2013. On Renewable Energy (RE), the recently approved Renewable Energy Act 2010 has increased the target of RE genera on from 350MW by 2010 to 985 MW by 2015. The tendency to set high goals and strive for excep onal results seems to be the order of the day. This is completely opposite to the approach advocated by Kaizen of taking small steady steps of con nual improvement based on the mantra li le drops of water makes a mighty ocean. Whichever approach one takes, an achievable outcome is most important. Will pure passion, will and commitment suce in our quest for energy eciency and conversa on? The ul mate test lies ahead and the stakes are high. IEM EETD has taken the cue from recent events to organise the IIEC 2011 Interna onal Conference with the theme Sustainable Solu ons for Energy U lisa on to address sustainability jointly with IET as part of IEMs contribu on towards na onal interests. During this interna onal conference, dis nguished speakers from both Malaysia and many other countries will deliberate on sustainable solu ons for energy u lisa on in the EE&C, RE and Green Technology sectors. We hope that this event will receive good support from both IEM and IET, having memberships of about 25,000 (IEM) and about 150,000 worldwide (IET) respec vely, to make this event a success. I
COVER STORY
Making Efforts In Sustainability Count

by Ms. Suvarna Ooi
ALMOST every country around the world has begun to pay more attention to the issue of sustainability. Yet, how many of us are aware of what the word truly means? The most popular denition of sustainability can be traced to a 1987 UN conference which dened sustainable developments as those that "meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs". JURUTERA approached Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Vigna Kumaran Ramachandaramurthy, Chairman of The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), Malaysia Network; Ir. Lee Kok Chong, Chairman of the Electrical Engineering Technical Division (EETD) of IEM; and Mr. Anthony Tan Kee Huat, Executive Director of the Centre for Environment, Technology and Development, Malaysia (CETDEM) to obtain their take on Malaysias efforts to address the issue. Ir. K.C. Lee was rst asked to comment on the governments commitment to encourage and pursue sustainable practices. Ir. K.C. Lee said, Our government has begun to give priority to issues concerning sustainability. Even the Economic Transformation Programme has allocated a substantial amount for the development of green technology, renewable energy and green buildings. The country also has to strive to achieve its target of a 40% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2020. He added that IEM, as a learned society, has a duty and responsibility to educate and create awareness among its members on how the country can achieve this target. One of IEMs most recent efforts was the IEM-IET Energy Conference (IIEC 2011), organised by the Electrical Engineering Technical Division (EETD) of IEM, together with The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), Malaysia Network. Themed Sustainable Solutions for Energy Utilisation, the conference was attended by more than 300 local and overseas participants who listened to speakers who shared their experiences, research and study ndings, and views on wide-ranging topics such as energy efciency and conservation, power quality, green technologies, renewable energy, energy policies, best practices and case studies.
6 JURUTERA November 2011
Ir. K.C. Lee, who was the chairman of the conference together with co-chairman Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Vigna, said, IIEC 2011 brought together both international and national experts and policymakers to discuss on the relevance and importance of energy in the context of a sustainable future. He added that a technical exhibition was also held concurrently with the conference to highlight the latest design solutions and application of sustainable solutions for energy utilisation. Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Vigna pointed out that one of the objectives of the conference was to disseminate information on government policy to the engineers. He said, We invited speakers who explained the governments policy on sustainability, and talked about the latest initiatives and renewable energy development. We also invited energy policy experts from the United Kingdom, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Indonesia to share about the sustainable energy policy in their respective countries. He pointed out that Malaysia needed to learn from and exchange information with other countries that are ahead of us. He said, For example, the UK has got an energy plan until 2050, which is something Malaysia does not have. We need a more comprehensive plan as we only have the Renewable Energy Act that will only last until 2020. According to Ir. K.C. Lee, the IIEC 2011 had focused on disseminating government policy, uncovering the latest engineering and technical advancements, revealing the latest discoveries in renewable energy, and even creating business opportunities. He said, In fact, Dato Ir. Donald Lim Siang Chai, Deputy Finance Minister, in his opening address, had
(Con nued on page 9)
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COVER STORY
encouraged IEM to organise similar conferences in the future. He also urged the institution to provide constant feedback to the government to assist them in their efforts to establish the best policy for the country. Ir. K.C. Lee also observed that Malaysian engineers, in general, were really keen to learn and explore the issue of sustainable development. He Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Vigna Kumaran Ir. Lee Kok Chong Mr. Anthony Tan Kee Huat Chairman of the Electrical Ramachandaramurthy Execu ve Director of the Centre encouraged the engineers to attend Engineering Technical Division Chairman of The Ins tu on of for Environment, Technology and more talks, seminars, courses, trainEngineering and Technology (IET), (EETD) of IEM Development, Malaysia (CETDEM) ing programmes and conferences orMalaysia Network ganised by IEM in order to broaden Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Vigna said, Sustainability has now betheir knowledge on the subject. He come a global issue. And although Germany is quite advanced would also like to see them come forward to collaborate with in this area, the rest of the world is working hard to catch up. In IEM on projects in this area. He pointed out that IEM is also currently preparing a Posi- Malaysia, we have the Green Building Index (GBI) and strong tion Paper on Alternative Energy for Power Generation, which representation from various organisations in championing the is led by Ir. Ali Askar bin Sher Mohamad. He explained that the issue. He added, As a nation, we are making good progress as position paper will take into consideration all kinds of alternathe government has offered numerous incentives and nancial tive energy. In addition, Ir. K.C. Lee strongly believes that now is the assistance to kickstart the sector. IEM will also be playing its part right time to set up a Sub-Committee within IEM to look into ar- by contributing articles on the subject to be published in local eas such as green technology and renewable energy. He said, dailies soon as part of its direct outreach program to educate Currently, IEM does not have a subcommittee looking into the public. Ir. K.C. Lee explained that some of the incentives that have these areas. And we need to establish one solely dedicated to been offered by the government include income tax exemption this because there is a lot to do and it would be too much for for green technology investments, import duty exemption of any one of the existing Technical Divisions to handle. He added that IEM could play an important role in the for- green technology, as well as setting up of a RM3 billion fund to mation of such a Sub-Committee as the latter might consist be dispersed as loans for the development of green technology. At the same time, the government has also recently launched of representatives from the various Technical Divisions and the SAVE program to encourage members of the public to make should consider allowing members from any Technical Division the switch to energy-efcient electrical appliances. Several local to participate in its activities if they have the interest to do so. The Sub-Committee, through an advisory panel, could also town councils, for instance, have been encouraging green buildoffer consultancy services to the government and the private ing development within their own localities. sector, which includes conducting energy audits on buildings CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY to help building owners reduce their energy cost. Ir. K.C. Lee said, The government can lead the way by AND DEVELOPMENT, MALAYSIA (CETDEM) making all government buildings energy efcient, followed by According to Mr. Anthony Tan, CETDEM has been promoting the private sector. This way, we will eventually have an en- sustainable development for many years. Founded in 1985, ergy efcient society and achieve the nations target of re- CETDEM is an independent, non-prot, training, research, ducing its carbon emission by 40%. Imagine the impact if consultancy, referral and development organisation. It is comonly every household could save just 10% of its energy cost. mitted to improving environmental quality through the appropriate use of technology and sustainable development.
COVER STORY
Between 2003 to 2006, CETDEM managed a project funded by the UNDP Global Environmental Facility (GEF) to raise awareness of urban Malaysians towards the potential for sustainable energy usage through energy efciency and renewable energy. The ABC Project, which began in April 2003, involved about 238 homes in ve towns across Malaysia, namely, Petaling Jaya, Ipoh, Kuantan, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu. He said, In this project, we were able to guide them to act on reducing their energy consumption, thus reducing their ecological footprints in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Those involved in the project completed energy audits on their homes, which gave them an idea of how much energy was being consumed in the home. Tan mentioned that, in the same year, CETDEM also launched the WCPJ Project, also known as the Working with the Community on Energy Efciency at Household Level in Petaling Jaya Project, which was designed as a follow through of the ABC Project and was funded by ExxonMobil Malaysia. He said, For this project, CETDEM worked with the Resident's Associations (RAs) through, what was then known as the Majlis Perbandaran Petaling Jaya (MPPJ), to identify participating households. The select group of 50 to 60 participants were exposed to issues relating to energy usage in the home and highlighted on the importance of being efcient users of energy. An energy audit was also carried out by each household. In 2009, CETDEM decided to spread its message on energy efciency and conservation practices in schools. Again with funding from ExxonMobil Malaysia, CETDEM launched the Secondary School Energy Efciency Action Project (SSEEAP), which focused on promoting energy efciency to students, teachers and staff to reduce their energy consumption in schools. Tan said, Our latest effort is the launch of the Sustainable Development Initiatives (SUDI), an independent think tank under CETDEM that will focus specically on sustainable development issues. Launched on 1 August 2011, SUDI will bridge the huge information gap between the various stakeholders. He explained that, among others, the objectives of SUDI will include facilitating the success of a comprehensive green development policy; providing the government, energy-related companies, media, and other stakeholders an independent assessment of the energy and sustainable development-related issues; and promoting the use of genuine green technology as one of the ways to make the transition to sustainable industrial development. Some of the areas that SUDI will focus on include low-carbon development options; creating a more concerted and strategic approach to green technologies; and intensifying energy efciency and renewable energy efforts especially in the industrial and transport sectors. I
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FEATURE
Understanding Energy Efciency and Energy Saving Devices

by Ir. Dr Mohamed Fuad bin Faisal
1. WHAT IS ELECTRICAL ENERGY?

Electricity is the ow of electrical power or charge. It is both a basic part of nature and one of our most widely used forms of energy. Electricity is actually a secondary energy source, also referred to as an energy carrier. That means that we get electricity from the conversion of other sources of energy, such as coal, nuclear or solar energy. These are considered primary sources of energy. The energy sources we use to make electricity can be renewable or nonrenewable, however, electricity itself is neither renewable nor non-renewable. Before electricity became available over 60 years ago, houses in Malaysia were lit using kerosene lamps, food was cooked with wood-burning or coal-burning stoves and clothes were hand washed. There were no electrical lighting, rice cookers or washing machines. Despite its great importance in our daily lives, few of us probably stop to think what life would be like without electricity. Like air and water, we tend to take electricity for granted. We use electricity to carry out many tasks for us every day, from lighting, heating and cooling our homes to powering our television sets and computers. In Peninsular Malaysia, electrical power is partially generated, transmitted and distributed by Tenaga Nasional Bhd (TNB). The latter constructs power plants, transmission networks, underground cables, overhead lines and substations to ensure electrical power is delivered to customers.
An electricity or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed by a residential home, business, industry or an electrically powered device. Electricity meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt-hour (kWh). Periodic readings of an electricity meters establish the billing cycles and energy consumed during a cycle. The term kWh refers to the amount of energy consumed by a customer. The cost of energy consumption is then determined based on the existing energy tariff. This cost is also termed as energy cost and is applicable to all categories of customers.
Electrical energy (kWh) = Electrical power (kW) x duration (hours) Energy cost (RM) = Electrical energy (kWh) x Cost per unit (1) (2)
Example:
Electrical energy consumed Cost per unit Energy cost 100kWh RM0.23/kWh 100kWh x RM0.23/kWh=RM23.00
2. UNDERSTANDING ENERGY COST

At the end of every month, the amount of electrical energy consumed by a customer is recorded by an energy meter.
There are also other costs, i.e. demand cost and power factor surcharges, that will not be discussed in this article. It is important to note that this denition of energy is based on kWh and is only applicable in Malaysia and some parts of the world. Some countries dene energy based on the total apparent energy or kVAh. The equation that shows the relationship between all the electrical power components is shown in Equation (3).
(3) Note: kVA = Apparent Power, kW = Active or True Power and kVar = Reactive Power
3. UNDERSTANDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Efcient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efciency, is the goal of efforts to reduce the amount of energy required to provide the same products and services. For example, installing uorescent lights or natural skylights reduces the amount of
Figure 1: A TNB substa on
Figure 2: An example of an energy meter
FEATURE
Figure 3: Incandescent lamp
Figure 4: Fluorescent lamp
energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared to using traditional incandescent light bulbs. The reason for this is because compact uorescent lights use less energy compared to incandescent lights. Improvement in energy efciency is most often achieved by enhancing the awareness of the users, improvement in maintenance procedures and adopting more efcient technology. There are various motivations to improve energy efciency. Reducing energy use reduces energy costs and may result in cost savings to consumers if the energy savings offset any additional costs of implementing an energy efcient technology. Reducing energy use is also seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing emissions. According to one international study, improved energy efciency in buildings, industrial processes and transportation could reduce the world's energy needs in 2050 by one third, and help control global emissions of greenhouse gases [1].
substantially reduce carbon dioxide emissions over the lifetime of the products. Energy efcient products also save money. When we receive our monthly electricity bill, many of us think there is little that we can do to reduce our monthly costs besides adjusting our air conditioners. However, this is not true! The products you select can signicantly affect that monthly bill. You can reduce your energy bill by about 10% to 20% when you purchase energy efcient products. Common product labels for energy efciencies are shown in Figure 5. Lastly, the most simple action plan to achieve energy efciency and energy savings is simply to switch off all electrical appliances whenever they are not needed. Some equipment still consumes electricity whilst in sleep or standby mode, for example, computers, television decoders, DVD players, etc.
4. DISCUSSION ON ENERGY SAVING DEVICES

Recently, many products dened as Energy Saving Devices (ESD) have been made available to homeowners in Malaysia. Many of the advertisements for such devices can be found posted at various rest areas (R&R) along the highways and selected shopping complexes. An example is shown in Figure 7. Two sample units of ESD are shown in Figure 8.
Figure 5: Energy eciency labels for household products
Figure 7: Example of a misleading adver sement on an energy saving device
Figure 6: Sample ads to remind users to switch o the lights when not in use
Look around your house. There are simple things you can do to save money on your electricity bill. Choosing energy efcient products is one of the smartest ways for consumers to reduce energy use and help prevent greenhouse gas emissions. A household that buys energy efcient equipment instead of standard new equipment can
a) Brand X Figure 8: Two brands of ESDs
b) Brand Y
FEATURE
These ESDs are marketed under various brand names. They are simple to use into the power socket inserted into the power socket and, according to the advertisements, can help reduce ones monthly electricity bill. However, do these devices actually work? Overall, there are two basic designs for ESD, neither of which has proven to provide cost savings when used under normal conditions.
4.1 ESD Type A (application of a capacitor unit)

The rst type of ESD is designed to correct the lagging power factor that gets introduced when an inductive load, i.e. a motor, is placed on the power supply (See Figure 9). In Figure 9, the current lags the voltage. The power factor is calculated based on Equation 4. The ESD will then provide reactive power as a means of correcting that lagging power factor.
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(4)
Unfortunately, many of us assume that Power (kilowatt) = Volts x Amps. That is not true when you are dealing with alternating current (AC), where Power (kilowatt) = Volts x Amps x Power Factor. The capacitance provided by the ESD actually increases the power factor, even though the current goes down. So, the number of kilowatts being used remains almost unchanged. Figure 10 shows the power triangle which depicts the relationship of the power components in Equation 3. Adding a capacitor will reduce the reactive power (VAR) and improve the power factor. However, the true power or watts remains the same. Therefore, the net savings in RM (based on kWh) will be negligible. The ESDs shown in Figure 8 are classied as ESD Type A. Examples of tests carried out on these devices are shown in Figure 11.
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Figure 9: Current lags voltage Figure 10: Power triangle
4.2 ESD Type B (based on voltage minimisation technique)

The second type of ESD operates by switching the incoming power on and off very quickly, thus reducing the average effective voltage (i.e. it decreases the effective height of the sine wave (See Figure 9). So, instead of the standard 230 volts being supplied from the power outlet, fewer volts actually arrive at the equipment terminals. While less power is truly being consumed during a xed time interval, the appliance is not receiving the amount of power it was designed and intended to receive.
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FEATURE
a) Capacitance test for 3-phase ESD
b) Current injec on test
To compensate for the fact that it has been "short-changed", the appliance must often simply run longer to perform its intended task. A good example is to imagine a window fan that is suddenly being forced to run at medium speed instead of high speed; it simply will not cool the room as effectively. So once again, the net savings for motors running at the normal load is negligible. Minimal savings may occur for some appliances if their motors are being greatly underutilised, such as a refrigerator that is opened only once a week. Lamps would also be slightly dim when this type of ESD is applied. The testing performed on these ESD has revealed that all of these devices do not promote energy (kWh) savings. Conceptually, the principles behind these devices make sense, but the reality of a controlled test environment has shown that they are generally not worth the investment.
5. A PRACTICAL GUIDE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY

There are several good guidelines on implementing practical energy efciency programmes. For commercial and industrial customers, it is recommended that they refer to the Code of Practice for Energy Efciency of Electrical Installations developed in Hong Kong.
c) Energy saving test Figure 11: Sample tests for ESDs
d) Capacitance test for 1-phase ESD
FEATURE
This guideline aims to set out the minimum requirements on energy efciency of electrical installations. It forms part of a set of comprehensive Building Energy Codes that address the energy efciency requirements in building services installations. Designers are encouraged to adopt a proactive approach to exceed these minimum requirements.
6. CONCLUSION
The intention of this article is to provide basic information related to energy efciency and ESDs. One of the main reasons why there is still a demand for ESDs is because most consumers have an insufcient working knowledge of electricity. Some ESDs with a simple voltage reduction technique can save energy partially, but have limited application since there is usually a reduction in output such as lower lighting levels or less shaft horsepower. These devices typically chop the voltage sine wave to achieve a voltage reduction. Other devices only reduce the reactive power but not watts. Since customers pay according to watts or kilowatt-hours consumed, there may be little or no savings to gain. Reducing reactive power also helps to improve the power factor but does reduce kWh, therefore it does not minimise ones energy cost. I REFERENCE:
[1] Sophie Hebden (22-6-2006). "Invest in clean technology says IEA report". Scidev.net.
IMPORTANT NOTICE
Candidates applying to sit for the Professional Interview (PI) for IEM Corporate Membership are required to submit a copy of their Training and Experience Report together with their application. Please note that this requirement will take effect from 1 June 2012 onwards.
MEMBERSHIP RENEWAL REMINDER 2012

Effective from 1 August 2010, defaulting members in arrears of subscription will be considered as suspended members with all benets removed. Consequently, these members will not be allowed to attend free talks and will be charged the non-member's fee at the entrance. They will also not be entitled to register for visits/courses/seminars/conferences and any paid event of the IEM at member's registration rate. To avoid this, all IEM members are advised to settle their annual subscriptions on time and the deadline for payment is 31 January 2012.
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1SUDOKU
by Mr. Lim Teck Guan
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Fill in the remaining 80 squares with single digits 1-9 such that there is no repeat of the digit in every Row, Column and Block. The number at the top left hand corner of the dotted cage indicates the total for the digits that the cage encompasses.
For tips on solving, visit www.1sudoku.com.my Twin Tree Publishing (Solution is on page 59 of this issue.)
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FEATURE
Microbial Fuel Cell: Transformation of Wastewater to Green Energy

by Puan Satira Hambali and Prof. Sr. Ir. Dr Suhaimi Abdul Talib
INTRODUCTION
Malaysia has been depending on oil, coal and natural gas as sources of energy for the countrys economic progress and the nations development. However, there are rising concerns on the scarcity of these resources as well as the detrimental effects they can have on the environment. Realising this, Malaysia is looking into other sources of energy to meet the nations energy needs and moving towards renewable energy for a more sustainable source. Several policies on energy, as shown in Figure 1, were developed to ensure sustainable development of the nation.
NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY, 1979
NATIONAL DEPLETION POLICY, 1980
FOUR FUEL DIVERSIFICATION POLICY, 1981
FIFTH FUEL POLICY 8TH MALAYSIA PLAN (2001 - 2005)
RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY 10TH MALAYSIA PLAN (2011 - 2015)
chemical energy into electricity. However, the major difference lies in the catalyst used to speed up the oxidation process. A CFC uses an elemental catalyst to accelerate the process while the MFC uses live bacteria to catalyse the fuel oxidation (Seop et al., 2006). MFC is a bioreactor which converts chemical energy into electrical energy through catalytic reactions of microorganisms under anaerobic conditions (Kim et al., 2007). It is also a promising technology in wastewater treatment as it can address the issue of bioenergy and wastewater treatment concurrently with reduction in sludge production (Moon et al., 2006). Treating wastewater using MFC can reduce the amount of sludge production substantially due to the fact that only a small fraction of the energy is consumed by the microorganisms for growth (sludge production) whereas a large fraction is used for bioenergy conversion (Kim et al., 2007). A typical MFC consists of an anode and a cathode chamber. The organic matter from the substrate or wastewater which is placed in the anaerobic anode chamber is oxidised by the bacteria, causing electrons and protons to be generated in the process. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the oxidation product. The resulting electrons are transferred to the electrode of the anode chamber and subsequently to the electrode of the aerobic cathode chamber via an external resistor while the protons are diffused through a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM). This transfer of electrons is caused by the difference in potential between the two electrodes. Oxygen reduction which takes place at the cathode utilises the electrons, protons and oxygen to produce water. The oxidation and reduction equations are as follows :
(CH2O)n + nH2O 4e- + 4H+ + O2 nnCO2 + 4ne- + 4nH+ (Anode:Oxidation Reaction) 2H2O (Cathode : Reduction Reaction)
Figure 1: Na onal Policies on Energy
The focus on renewable energy was introduced through the 5th Fuel Policy where alternative sources, such as solar, solid waste and biomass were proposed to be utilised as energy generators. This paper highlights an innovative method of generating renewable energy through the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology.
MICROBIAL FUEL CELL

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) constitutes a new approach for electricity generation and wastewater treatment. It is similar to a Chemical Fuel Cell (CFC) as both cells convert
The end results of the overall reaction is the degradation of the organic matter and the production of electricity (Seop et al., 2006). At the anode chamber, the substrate acts as the electron donor (ED) while the anode (electrode) is the electron acceptor (EA). At the cathode chamber, the cathode (electrode) is the electron donor whereas the oxygen is the electron acceptor. The electron transfer process is shown in Figure 2.
FEATURE
Table 1: MFC electrode redox pair and corresponding redox poten als Oxidation/Reduction Pair
CO2/Glucose H /H2 NAD/NADH CO2/Acetate S /H2S S0/HSCO2/CH4
0 +
E0 (mV)
-430 -420 -320 -280 -280 -270 -240 -220
Figure 2: Schema c diagram of a typical two-chamber MFC (Source: Du et al., 2007)
SO42-/H2S Pyruvate /Lactate

22-
-185 +11 +31 +64 +113 +275 +421 +440 +820
Methylene Blue Ox/Red
MICROBIAL METABOLISM IN MFC

Microbial metabolism is the process in which the microorganisms gain energy required for living and reproduction. There are various types of metabolism routes that can be used by the microorganisms. In an MFC, the electron transport involves the transfer of electrons from the substrate in the anode chamber to the nal electron acceptor in the cathode chamber. Since electron transport chains are redox processes, therefore, two sets of redox couple are required (electron donors and electron acceptors). For example, if NADH is the electron donor and O2 is the nal electron acceptor, the redox couples are NAD/ NADH and O2/H20. Not every combination of electron donoracceptor is thermodynamically possible. Therefore, in order to obtain a thermodynamically favourable combination of donor-acceptor, the redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive compared to the redox potential of the donor. Table 1 shows the redox potential for selected organic and inorganic redox couples compared to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) potential at pH7. From Table 1, the oxidation potential for oxygen is +820 mV which indicates that oxygen has the highest oxidation potential. This explains why most MFCs cathodes are abiotic (no electrolyte). Only in the absence of oxygen that other electron acceptors are utilised.
Fumarate /Succinate Thionine Ox/Red Ubiquinone Ox/Red O2/H2O2 NO3-/NO2NO2-/NH4+ O2/H2O
2-
2-
(Source: Du et al., 2007)
placed only in the anode chamber, biocathodes are fully biological due to the fact that wastewater is being used in both chambers as electrolytes. The main advantage of biocathodes over abiotic cathodes is the low operational cost for not having to use platinum as the cathode catalyst. As a substitute for the platinum, wastewater which is available in abundance will be used as a catholyte to provide the biocatalyst needed for the electron transfer. Biocathodes can be classied as aerobic or anaerobic biocathodes, depending on the terminal electron acceptor. For aerobic biocathodes, oxygen will be invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor. On the other hand, for anaerobic biocathodes with the absence of oxygen, other electron acceptors (NO3-, NO2-, SO4-, CO2, fumarate) will be used, depending on which electron acceptors are available.
ABIOTIC CATHODES VS. BIOCATHODES

Cathodes which use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor are known as abiotic cathodes. Oxygen is the most frequently used for an MFC mainly because of its high redox potential, plentiful in the air, readily available and only produces water as the end product, making it sustainable to the environment. However, due to poor oxygen reduction kinetics, abiotic cathodes need to employ a catalyst to overcome the problem. The most common type of cathode catalyst for oxygen reduction is platinum. Nevertheless, the application of platinum is limited as it is expensive, especially if it is to be applied on a large scale basis. As a result, researchers are now embarking on the concept of applying biocathodes in MFCs. Biocathodes basically means utilising bacteria as catalyst for the cathode instead of platinum. Unlike abiotic cathodes which are half biological as wastewater is being
APPLICATION OF MFC
Generally, all types of wastewater can be used as substrate for an MFC. Table 2 shows some of the examples of wastewater that have been reported in the literature.
Table 2 : Examples of organic wastewater used as electrolytes in the anaerobic anode chamber of MFCs Types of Wastewater
Palm Oil Mill Efuent (POME) Brewery Wastewater Chocolate Industry Wastewater Starch Processing Wastewater Confectionery Wastewater Swine Wastewater Municipal Wastewater
Researcher
Cheng et al., 2010 Zhang et al., 2009 Patil et al., 2009 Lu et al., 2009 Sun et al., 2009 Min et al., 2005 Liu et al., 2004
FEATURE
In Malaysia, the use of POME as electrolytes for the MFC would be of great potential. The nature of POME which has a very high organic load and abundance in terms of volume makes it a suitable source of substrate (electrolyte) for MFCs. Utilising POME in MFCs would not only generate electricity but at the same time treat the wastewater with a much lesser sludge.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that MFCs can be categorised as green technology for energy generation as it does not bring harmful effects to the environment. In addition, it helps in reducing the existing environmental problem by utilising POME as electrolytes for the MFC. However, this technology is considered still at its early stage in Malaysia. The Research and Development (R&D) on this technology needs to be greatly enhanced so that it can be adopted in the near future. I
REFERENCES:
[1] Seop, C.I.; Moon, H.; Bretschger, O.; Jang, J.K.; Park, H.I.; Nealson, K.H. and Kim, B.H. Electrochemically Ac ve Bacteria (EAB) and mediator-less microbial fuel cells. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2006, 16(2), 163-177. [2] Kim, B.H.; Chang, I.S. and Gadd, G.M. Challenges in microbuel fuel cell development abd opera on. Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol. 2007, 76, 485-494. [3] Moon, H.; Chang, I.S. and Kim, B.H. Con nuous electricity produc on from ar cial wastewater using a mediator-less microbial fuel cell. Bioresource Technology, 2006, 97, 621-627. [4] Du, Z.; Li, H. and Gu, T. A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy. Biotechnology Advances. 2007, 25, 464-482. [5] Cheng, J.; Zhu, X.; Ni, J. and Borthwick, A. Palm oil mill euent treatment using a two-stage microbial fuel cells system integrated with immobilized biological aerated lters. Bioresource Technology. 2010, 101, 2729-2734. [6] Zhang, B.; Zhao, H.; Zhou, S.; Shi, C.; Wang, C. and Ni, J. A novel UASB-MFC-BAF integrated system for high strength molasses wastewater treatment and bioelectricity genera on. Bioresource Technology. 2009, 100, 5687-5693. [7] Pa l, S.A.; Surakasi, V.P.; Koul, S.; Ijmulwar, S.; Vivek, A.; Shouche, Y.S. and Kapadnis, B.P. Electricity genera on using chocolate industry wastewater and its treatment in ac vated sludge based microbial fuel cell and analysis of developed microbial community in the anode chamber. Bioresource Technology. 2009, 5132-5139. [8] Lu, N.; Zhou, S.; Zhuang, L., Zhang, J. and Ni, J. Electricity genera on from starch processing wastewater using microbial fuel cell technology. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2009, 43, 246-251. [9] Sun, J.; Hu, Y.; Bi, Z. and Cao, Y. Improved performance of air-cathode singlechamber microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment using microltra on membranes and mul ple sludge inocula on. Journal of Power Sources. 2009, 187, 471-479. [10] Min, B.; Kim, J.R.; Oh, S.E.; Regan, J.M. and Logan , B.E. Electricity genera on from swine wastewater using microbial fuel cell. Water Research, 2005, 39, 4961-4968. [11] Liu, H.; Ramnarayanan, R. and Logan. B.E. Produc on of electricity during wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 2281-2285.
Note: Authors are currently based in the Ins tute for Infrastructure Engineering and Sustainable Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universi Teknologi MARA, (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam and could be contacted at sa ra153@ppinang.uitm.edu.my or ecsuhaimi@salam.uitm.edu.my
FEATURE
Potable Water Quality Characteristics

by Emeritus Prof. Dato Wira Ir. Dr Mohd. Noor Salleh and Ir. Zaki Zainudin
INTRODUCTION
All living organisms on this planet are dependent on water either as a place of habitat or for drinking. Humans are not excluded from this rule, where the body, depending on size is said to consist of between 55% to 68% water. To maintain proper hydration, the human body needs approximately one to two liters of water per day, which is more or less equivalent to six glasses [1]. To cater for this need in the modern era, facilities are built to treat raw water sources before it is distributed to the general population. In Malaysia, the most tapped raw water source are rivers, which are technically under the jurisdiction of the respective state governments [2], supported by federal agencies as ascribed in the constitution. Most water treatment plants employ conventional treatment systems, that typically consist of ltration (such as sand ltration), coagulation and occulation, disinfection (chlorination) and ouridisation. As development becomes more rampant, river water quality degradation also becomes more widepsread, consequentially broadening the spectrum of contaminants. Conventional treatment systems, at times, are not able to remove these contaminants and as a result they might
enter the distribution and supply network. To manage this problem, the Environmental Quality Act, 1974, prescribes more stringent regulatory compliance for wastewater discharging premises located upstream of a water intake point [2]. That being so, not all contaminants are covered under the Act, therefore the risk of contamination cannot be totally eradicated. This fact is more so true in this era of climatological and morphological change, where rivers are more susceptible to contamination [2]. If the quality factor is taken into account, relative to the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) for Malaysia (Tables 1 and 2), the expected water stress for potable supply would be even higher than what it is today, particularly in view of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) levels. Rivers in Malaysia are known to be affected by NH3-N pollution from sewage contribution [3]. The NWQS prescribes a Class IIA/IIB water source as being suitable for conventional treatment, whereas a Class III water source requires advanced treatment [4]. The Class II NH3-N levels stipulates the constituent to not be more than 0.3 mg/l, although in practice, some water service providers practice a cut-off point of 1.5 mg/l (Class IV).
Table 1 : Excerpt of the NWQS Classes Parameter

Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) BOD5 COD DO pH Color Electrical Conductivity Floatables Salinity Taste Total Suspended Solids Temperature Turbidity Fecal Coliform Total Coliform mg/l C NTU counts/100ml counts/100ml ppt TUC S/cm
Unit
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
I
0.1 1 10 7 6.5 - 8.5 15 1000 NV 0.5 NOT 25 5 10 100
IIA
0.3 3 25 5-7 6.5 - 9.0 150 1000 NV 1 NOT 50 Normal + 2C 50 100 5000
IIB
0.3 3 25 5-7 6.5 - 9.0 150 NV NOT 50 50 400 5000
III
0.9 6 50 3-5 5-9 150 Normal + 2C 5000 (20000)a 50000
IV
2.7 12 100 <3 5-9 6000 2 300 5000 (20000)a 50000
V
> 2.7 > 12 > 100 <1 -
300 >50000
Note : NV = No visible oatable materials or debris
NOT = No objec onable taste
FEATURE
Table 2 : NWQS class deni ons Class

I
Denition
Conservation of natural environment. Water supply I - Practically no treatment necessary (except by disinfection or boiling only). Fishery I - Very sensitive aquatic species. Water supply II - Conventional treatment required. Fishery II - Sensitive aquatic species. Recreational use with body contact. Water supply III - Extensive treatment required. Fishery III - Common of economic value, and tolerant species; livestock drinking.
IIA IIB III IV V
Fortunately, NH3-N itself is not considered to be a toxic substance, though it does emit a pungent odor, as in the case of the 2006 and 2010 contamination at two treatment plants in Selangor [5]. Despite this, NH3-N may still react with chlorine from the disinfection process to produce chloroamines [6].
Providers typically target an NTU < 1 at post-treatment, though this varies from region to region and between providers. Low turbidity (hence TSS), does not only ensure a desirable clarity of the water for supply but also ensures maximum disinfection potency. Elevated turbidity may incur risk of transmitting gastrointestinal diseases, as viruses or bacteria can become attached to the suspended solid [7]. The suspended solids also interfere with the disinfection process as the particles can shield microbes from the chlorine compund and even from ultraviolet (UV) sterilisation [7]. That being so, taking turbidity and TSS as the only two constituents for consideration in potable water supply is inadequate, as there are a myriad to other parameters which also have a direct bearing towards public health.
PATHOGENS
Water-borne pathogens usually incur short-term health impacts towards consumers due to bacterial and sometimes, viral infection. Microorganisms like these are naturally present in the environment though usually at low levels, TURBIDITY AND TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS which is also why the NWQS recommends disinfection by Sediment load contribution on the other hand, has led to boiling for a Class I water source [4]. Contamination may murky river conditions in various watersheds as illustrated occur as a result of fecal input from animals or domestic in Figure 1. The contamination typically originates from sewage contamination. Relevant bacterial parameters agricultural runoff (e.g. palm oil), irrigation, logging and water quality assessment include total coliform, fecal land-clearing activities [2]. Water quality parameters that coliform, E. coli, Gardia lamblia and Enterocci. Coliforms are used to gauge the clarity of water include turbidity (exare measured in units of either cfu (coliform forming units) pressed in terms of nephelometric turbidity units or NTU) or MPN (most-probable number) where the former entails and total suspended solids (TSS, expressed in mg/l). direct counting of microbe colonies on a Petri dish whereas There is usually a correlation between these two paramethe latter utilises a statistical method of quantication based ters and water service providers are most concerned when on the number of positives from test tube analyses [8]. E. turbidity in the raw water source exceeds 50 NTU, which coli bacterium is not necessarily pathogenic (depending of course corresponds to the threshold of the NWQS. on the strain) but can be considered to be an indicator of pathogenic contamination. The O157 strain produces a potent toxin which can cause severe diarrhoea and in some cases renal failure and death [9]. Giardia lamblia is a parasite that colonises and reproduces in the small intestine, causing diarrhoea and fever [10]. The source of the parasite are primarily fecal such as untreated sewage sources or from animal grasing. Enteroccoci or more specically, E. faecalis can cause endocarditis and bacteremia, urinary tract infections (UTI) and meningitis [10]. The state of Hawaii, in the USA, only tolerates 7 cfu/100ml of the constituent to be present in surrounding coastal waters (for recreational use), above which the state will post health Figure 1: Streams with elevated turbidity and TSS (a) Sungai Tinggi (Sungai Selangor) (b) Sungai Belatop, warning for patrons to stay out of Cameron Highlands (c) Sungai Dua Canal, Pulau Pinang the water [11].
FEATURE
In Malaysia, disinfection is usually done via chlorination, though there are also other methods, like membrane ltration, reverse osmosis and ozonation.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Besides the above physical and bacteriological considerations, there are a wide variety of other chemical constituents which should also be considered in potable water usage; this includes nitrate (typically measured as NO3 or NO3-N). Nitrate contamination in surface water bodies originate from fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate, similar processing facilities or waste dumps [12]. If the contaminated water is consumed (above 10 mg/l of NO3-N) by an infant, expecting or breastfeeding mother, a condition known as blue baby syndrome may arise as a consequence of decreased oxygen carrying capacity in the infants blood. Although elevated levels of nitrate are more commonly anticipated in groundwater sources [13], there have been cases in Malaysia where severely high nitrate levels in rivers have been observed. One such river is Sg. Bongkok (Figure 2), in Gurun, Kedah where NO3-N levels were observed to be between 27 to 210 mg/l [14]; correspondingly, NO3-N levels were also elevated here, between 2.59 to 27.51 mg/l. Fortunately the water is not used for domestic supply though local potable consumption cannot be entirely ruled out. Typical metal constituents that come under scrutiny in water quality assessment include arsenic (As), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni). Exposure to these
Figure 2 : Sungai Bongkok (Gurun, Kedah)
FEATURE
heavy metals (such as through consumption) over a long-period of time, will propogate tissue build-up and potentially incur long-term health effects including stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, partial paralysis, numbness in hands and feet, blindness, thickening and discoloration of the skin, cancer, renal failure, liver cirrhosis and hair loss [10]. Landlls and metal industries are the usual suspects for heavy metal contribution, particularly those located upstream of a water intake. An infamous heavy metal contamination case involved the small town of Hinkley, in the Mojave Desert of California, USA. Hexavalent chromium, otherwise known in chromium (VI), percolated into the aquifer layer of the area, apparently due to wastewater discharge from Pacic Gas and Electric (PG&E) [16]. The current average chromium (VI) levels in Hinkley average around 1.19 ppb with a peak of 3.09 ppb, compared to the California health goal of 0.06 ppb [16]. Interestingly, since then, further studies have shown that chromium (VI) contamination in US cities is quite widespread as 89% of tap water samples in 35 cities, showed the constituent to be above the targeted health goal [17]. Pesticide is a composite term used to describe a collection of chemical constituents used to kill pests, largely in an agricultural setting that can enter the water column, either through runoff or irrigation [12]. Herbicides and insecticides are two types of pesticides most widely used in agriculture. Chemical classes of pesticides include organochlorine, carbamate, organophosphorus and chlorophenoxy compounds [18]. Organochlorine pesticides such as aldrin or dieldrin, chlordane, DDT, heptachlor and hexachlorobenzene are persistent and have high potential for bioaccumulation that can incur carcinogenic effects, disturbance of the reproductive system, disruption of the immune system and even cause damage to DNA structure [10]. As Malaysia is the second largest palm oil producer in the world, the usage of these pesticides have long been assumed to be rampant, though not many comprehensive studies pertaining to their presence and transformation (metabolites) in the water column have been done. More worrying, encroachment of riparian zones (river reserves) in palm oil plantations removes vegetation which help natural phytoremediation [2]. Pesticide usage in vegetable farms in Cameron Highlands is also assumed to be widespread, though not much is known about their levels and distribution in the watercourses. This is quite critical as there are several potable water intake points located in that area, not to mention the water is also used by the local Orang Asli. The NWQS lists a wide array of tolerable pesticide levels that should not be exceeded for potable supply and consumption.
TRACE CONTAMINANTS
Recent research developments have revealed that other contaminants at trace levels also need to be given consideration in potable water usage. These contaminants extend beyond the conventional part per million (ppm) range and requires measurement at either the part per billion (ppb) or part per trillion scale. Examples of such contaminants include trihalomethanes (THMs) and peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Trihalomethanes are a by-product of chlorination in the water treatment disinfection process where chlorine reacts with organic matter to produce THMs such as chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane [19]. Long term exposure to THMs, may result in adverse health effects towards the central nervous system, liver, kidneys and heart [10]. In fact, chloroform is regarded as a probable human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). In view of this, the agency recommends no more than 80 ppb of THMs to be present in treated water [20].
FEATURE
PFOS is a global pollutant commonly found in the metal plating, textile, paper and paint industries [21]. The contaminant is thought to incur a wide range of health effects, such as being an endocrine disruptor and induce hypertension in pregnant women. Some studies have also indicated that the constituent increases risk of attention decit disorder (ADHD) [21]. The US EPA recommends no more than 0.2 g/l of PFOS [21] to be present in water intended for consumption. PFOS is also commonly associated with peruorooctanoic acid (PFOA), as they typically originate from the same source and incur similar health effects. In 2009, the US EPA set a provisional health advisory for limiting PFOA at 0.4 g/l [22].
CONCLUSION
The above are only a select few of constituents and parameters that affect drinking water quality. There are a myriad of other contaminants which also need to be controlled and assessed before a water source can be deemed as safe and t for human consumption. As we progress towards becoming a developed nation, the amount of pollution and spectrum of constituents will also increase, potentially compromising on the quality of our drinking water. The relevant authorities and service providers must be up to the mark in facing these challenges, to ensure that our raw water sources are of good quality for potable use. I
REFERENCES:
[1] [2] BBC Health. h p://www.bbc.co.uk/health/treatments/healthy_ living/nutri on/index.shtml. Retrived on 5 September 2011. A. R. A. Baginda and Z. Zainudin. Keynote Paper : Moving Towards Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) in Malaysia. Ins tuon of Engineers Malaysia (IEM), Proceedings, 11th Annual IEM Water Resources Colloquium, ISBN 978-967-5048-46-3., 2009. H. Abu Hasan, S. R. Sheikh Abdullah, S. K. Kamarudin and N. T. Koi. Problems of Ammonia and Manganese in Malaysian Drinking Water Treatments. World Applied Sciences Journal 12 (10): 1890-1896, 2011 ISSN 1818-4952. Department of Environment Malaysia, Development of Water Quality Criteria and Standards for Malaysia, 1985. D. Singh and C. Fernandez. The Star Online : Semenyih plant closed due to high levels of ammonia. Date of ar cle : 8 September 2010. h p://thestar.com.my/news/story. asp?sec=na on&le=/2010/9/8/na on/6999878. Retrieved on : 5 September 2011. L. F. Yee, M. P. Abdullah, S. Ata, A. Abdullah, B. Ishak and K. Nidzham. Chlorina on and Chloroamines Forma on. The Malaysian Journal of Analy cal Sciences, Vol 12, No 3 (2008): 528 535. J. W. Stephens. Simultaneous Removal Of Waterborne Bacteria And Total Suspended Solids Using An An microbial Media In A Crossow Filter System. CTI Journal, Vol. 31, No. 2. M. L. Davis and D. A. Cornwell. Introduc on to Environmental Engineering. (3rd ed.). New York : McGraw Hill Press, 1998. H. Karch, P. Tarr and M. Bielaszewska. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in human medicine. Interna onal Journal of Medical Microbiology 295 (6-7): 40518. [14] UKM Pakarunding. Environmental Impact Assessment and Quanta ve Risk Assessment for Plant Debo lenecking in Gurun, Kedah. Submi ed to Department of Environment Malaysia. [15] O. Kaplan, N. C. Yildirim, N. Yildirim and N. Tayhan. Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Samples of Tunceli, Turkey. E-Journal of Chemistry h p://www.e-journals.net 2011, 8(1), 276280, ISSN: 0973-4945. [16] Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board. PG&E Hinkley Chromium Cleanup. h p://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb6/water_issues/projects/pge/index.shtml. California Environmental Protecon Agency. Retrieved on 7th September 2011. [17] Environmental Working Group. Chromium-6 Is Widespread in US Tap Water. h p://www.ewg.org/chromium6-in-tap-water. EWG webpage, retrived on 7 September 2011. [18] New Jersey Department of Health. Pes cides in Drinking Water. Division of Environmental and Occupa onal Health Consumer and Environmental Health Services, August 1998. [19] A. B. Lindstrom, J. D. Pleil and D. C. Berko. Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposures during compe ve swimming training. Environ. Health Perspec ve, 105 (6), 636-642, 1997. [20] United States Environmental Protec on Agency (US EPA). Na onal Primary Drinking Water Regula ons: Disinfectants and Disinfecon Byproducts No ce of Data Availability. Fed. Reg. 40 CFR Parts 141 and 142. [21] J. Alexander, G. A. Auunsson, D. Benford, A. Cockburn, J. P. Cravedi, E. Doglio , A. Di Domenico, M. L. Fernndez-Cruz, J. Fink-Gremmels, P. Frst, C. Galli, P. Grandjean, J. Gzyl, G. Heinemeyer, N. Johansson, A. Mu , J. Schla er, R. van Leeuwen, C. van Peteghem and P. Verger. Peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), peruorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts : Scien c Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain. The EFSA Journal (2008) 653, 1-13. [22] S. Finn. Bush EPA sets so-called safe level of C8 in drinking water. West Virginia Public Broadcas ng. h p://www.wvpubcast.org/ newsar cle.aspx?id=7516. Ar cle retrieved on : 7 September 2011.
[3]
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[6]
[7]
[8] [9]
[10] Oxford textbook of Medicine, Fourth Edi on, Volume 1. Oxford University Press pp.759-760 ISBN 0192629220, 2003. [11] Clean Water Branch. Hawaii State Department of Health. Retrieved 7 September 2011. [12] Z. Zainudin, Z. A. Rashid and J. Jaapar. Agricultural Non-Point Source Modeling in Sg. Bertam, Cameron Highlands using QUAL2E. Malaysian Journal of Analy cal Sciences. 13(2), 170-184, 2009. [13] B. T. Crolla and C.R. Hayes. Nitrate and water supplies in the United Kingdom. Environmental Pollu on Volume 50, Issues 1-2, 1988, Pages 163-187.
FEATURE
Crafting Leaders of Tomorrow through Young Engineers ASEAN Federation of Engineering Organizations (YEAFEO)
by Engr. Mah Way Sheng and Engr. Shuhairy Norhisham
Note: Young Engineers ASEAN Federa on of Engineering Organiza ons (YEAFEO) represent the Young Engineers of the na onal engineering organisa ons under the umbrella of the ASEAN Federa on of Engineering Organiza ons (AFEO), and comprise members engaged in the common professional pursuit of engineering who are aware of the important role of engineering in the advancement of the social, economic, and industrial development in the ASEAN Region. In December 2010, in Hanoi, Vietnam, YEAFEO had their 17th mee ng where leaders of YEAFEO shared their views on cra ing the leaders of tomorrow.
HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERS AS LEADERS IN YOUR COUNTRY? A1- Engr. Shuhairy: In terms of leadership development of young engineers, IEM has provided a platform with many opportunities for all young engineers in Malaysia. The IEM Young Engineers Section (YES) has eight IEM branches, namely, YES Kedah/Perlis, YES Penang, YES Perak, YES Southern, YES Sarawak, YES Miri, YES Sabah as well as YES Terengganu, which was formed last year. The branches have provided ample opportunities for young engineers to develop their leadership skills. Committee members of YES are also invited to become part of the working team of the IEM committee. This creates the opportunity for young engineers to learn from senior engineers in terms of organising projects and activities. A2- Guzman: Engineering professionals in the Philippines have grown tremendously in the past decade, especially in the elds of mechanical and electronics and communications engineering. This clearly provides support for the countrys drive for development - building new structures, expanding major structural investments catering mostly to residential and commercial progress, and the construction of transportation linkages to various
areas from central Metropolitan Manila. The engineering curriculum in universities have adapted signicantly well with the changing times and developments globally and within the region which enables and promotes a strong engineering pool of talent for the country and abroad. There are also a number of homegrown, strong, technical leaders from various elds who have become widely recognised across the globe. A3- Toyama: In my eld, there are no special developments to distinguish a leader from any other engineers. With that in mind, an active engineer should attend seminars which are organised by the discipline of IPEJ (The Institution of Professional Engineers, Japan) or any other associations. IPEJ provides a platform to develop ones leadership skills. A4- Ir. Razali: A leader should have the aspiration to organise activities that are needed by the organisation. In FAM-PII, leading the young engineers organisation is quite different. In this case, the young engineers are still in the process of becoming professional engineers. So leadership development in this organisation should include activities that contribute to the development of young engineers to the professional level.
Engr. Shuhairy Norhisham

Chairman Graduate and StudentsYoung Engineers Section
Rina Marie Guzman

Past Executive Secretary and External Affairs Director of the Young Engineers of the Philippines (YEP)
Atsushi Toyama
Young Engineer, The institution of Professional Engineers, Japan
Ir. Razali Astaman Sigit

Head of Construction Service Department Forum Anggota Muda Persatuan Insinyur Indonesia (FAM-PII)
FEATURE
ARE THERE ANY SPECIAL PROGRAMMES FOR YOUNG ENGINEERS IN THE YOUNG ENGINEERS ORGANISATION IN YOUR COUNTRY? A1- Engr. Shuhairy: In Malaysia, specically IEM YES, we have organised a series of talks on the Route to Professional Engineers. Besides this, we also try to promote the Route to PE Club, which meets once a month for updates and to have a question and answer session with the professional interview committee. IEM has also introduced a logbook scheme to support young engineers with specic mentors. A2- Guzman: We have many conferences, conventions, symposia and technical sharings that are held throughout the whole year and organised by 12 Accredited Professional Organizations (APO) in the Philippines, which are member organisations of the Young Engineers of the Philippines (YEP). The most recent event is the IECEP 60th National Convention from 7 to 10 December 2010 at the SMX Convention Center, Pasay City, which was attended by senior engineers, young engineers, students and businessmen of the industry. An upcoming event is being organised by the Young Geodetic Engineers of the Philippines to celebrate their rst yGEP-NCR Seminar entitled, Breaking Grounds. We are also working on beeng up our membership through these APOs from the results of the Licensure Examinations which is held annually, or sometimes bi-annually, for each eld of engineering. Of course, we do not want to take the fun out of being young engineers. We also organise social events such as the Bowling Tournament of the Society of Metallurgical Engineers, and other similar activities. A3- Toyama: I am now an engineer in training, and studying to be a Professional Engineer (PE). There is an executive committee within IPEJ which monitors the growth and development of an engineer in training and associate PEs. There is also a portfolio within IPEJ that develops and implements a programme for young or associate professional engineers. A4- Ir. Razali: In Indonesia, especially in FAM-PII, we work as closely as we can with the industry in order to familiarise more young engineers with knowledge of the industrys technology. We believe that all young engineers should have two elements of knowledge; one in the form of a university education and the other from the industry. These two elements should combine in FAM PII.
DO YOU FORESEE A BRIGHT FUTURE FOR YOUNG ENGINEERS IN YOUR COUNTRY WITHIN THE NEXT 10 YEARS?
A1- Engr. Shuhairy: The challenges that young engineers face today will be different from those in the future. The competition among engineers in the world has created a new era for future young engineers leaders. With the rise of new challenges and focus areas such as green technology and nuclear energy, there is clearly a need for a different style of management in engineering. With the globalisation of engineers in Malaysia, we shall rise to meet these challenges. A2- Guzman: I am enthusiastic about the technical and leadership preparations that are being carried out for the younger generation of engineers in the Philippines. I am very condent that the technical skills that young engineers acquire are adequate in addressing the current concerns and global issues. The bigger challenge is in having the right leadership to drive these developments forward and towards the path for progress. I am a rm believer of this adage, Engineering, like poetry, is an attempt to approach perfection. And engineers, like poets, are seldom completely satised with their creations. So, in my mind, engineers will naturally lead the world to embrace progress as they are wellequipped to do so with the right skills and talent. We also have the right attitude embedded in our leaders to make this happen.
FEATURE
Young engineers leaders from ASEAN, Japan and Hong Kong
A3- Toyama: In Japan, many senior engineers retire when they reach the stipulated age limit. Unfortunately, many young engineers are not yet prepared to take over the reigns. Thus young engineers must come together to address this problem. A solution to this problem will be expected from a leader of engineers. In 10 years time, I believe young engineers will become inuenced to take up more responsibilities and challenges from senior engineers. A4- Ir. Razali: Ten years into the future, I hope FAM-PII can produce more capable leaders that can provide substantial input to knowledge building and contribute to society and community. Having achieved success, it is hoped that these capable leaders will remember that FAM-PII was the place where they developed their leadership.
This opportunity has provided me with a regional and global perspective, and networking opportunities that are benecial to both my professional and personal development. I am greatly satised with the current developments that the organisation is pushing for. For example, the approval of the ASEAN Engineer Register Young Engineer (AERYE) which, although it took a couple of years to realise, is a milestone for all of us in YEAFEO. This, for me, is another key milestone representing the Philippines and ASEAN in moving up the professional ladder, especially since my line of work with Intel has a global reach as well. Hopefully, we can promote more engagement with European-based as well as other global organisations in the future. A3- Toyama: It is a great opportunity to meet and understand the present condition of engineers from within ASEAN, and to provide feedback about them to engineers in my country. A4- Ir. Razali: As a young engineer leading this organisation, I have gained a sense of self-condence and developed a network with other engineers from among ASEAN countries.
WHAT IS YOUR DREAM FOR YOUNG ASEAN ENGINEERING LEADERS?

A1- Engr. Shuhairy: My dream is for all 10 ASEAN countries, including Japan and Hong Kong, to think and act together to meet the future challenges of globalisation in the engineering sector. Of course, the focus should be on engineering for a better living. My dream is that, one day, all young ASEAN engineers can inuence the world and to ensure that the voice of engineers is heard everywhere. A2- Guzman: I only have a single thought in my mind when it comes to the ASEAN engineer; simply put, to be a world class, competitive and respectable professional in any eld, any country and any job one is currently engaged in. That is how I would like the Young ASEAN Engineering Leaders to be distinguished anywhere in the world. A3- Toyama: I hope young ASEAN engineering leaders can clarify the elds in which we can cooperate together, and which elds in which we can compete against, and call for the participation of more international exchange activities. The challenge is certainly there for future engineers. A4- Ir. Razali: I really hope we can become a united group of young engineers and serve other young engineers who need a guide in their own country. With support from other ASEAN countries, we hope that our suggestions and opinions can be accepted by all ASEAN governments in order to build a better standard of living for the world community. I
HOW HAS YOUR APPOINTMENT AS THE CHAIRPERSON AND YOUR COUNTRY'S OFFICIAL REPRESENTATIVE INFLUENCED YOUR PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT?
A1- Engr. Shuhairy: As chairman of IEM YES, I have represented Malaysia in the Young Engineers ASEAN Federation of Engineering Organization (YEAFEO) gathering that was held in Thailand in 2008, Singapore in 2009 and Vietnam in 2010. My involvement in YEAFEO has given me the chance to get to know other countries. By keeping abreast with the engineering development among ASEAN countries, I can become a better engineer. A2- Guzman: I have been actively involved in YEP since 2006, and my rst YEAFEO representation for the Philippines was at the 24th CAFEO held in Malaysia. Since then, I have regularly attended and represented my country at the annual board meeting serving as the Executive Secretary until 2008. I was compelled to become an adHoc/honorary member in 2009 due to my relocation to Malaysia, China and Vietnam, but that did not prevent me from continuing to engage with the ASEAN organisation until today. I have actually built a closer bond with this community of ASEAN engineer members and their activities during the time when I temporarily resided in their respective countries.
ENGINEERING DIGEST
Strand to Develop Malaysia into an Engineering Hub

Under the Economic Transforma on Programme (ETP), Strand Aerospace Malaysia Sdn Bhd, a pure play engineering services provider for Airbus planes, aims to develop Malaysia as a hub for high-value engineering services by 2020. Its co-founder and chief opera ng ocer Naguib Mohd Nor said that the market for engineering design services is forecasted to be worth US$1 trillion in 2020. To create high-value jobs in the Malaysian engineering sector, the company plans to invest RM177 million in training and development. Its mandate is two-fold; in a bid to a ract the business of other global original equipment manufacturers and poten al investors in the rst phase, it has to reach a cri cal mass of 350 engineers by 2013 from 40 currently. In the second phase, it is envisaged that foreign direct investment will follow once the talent pool is in place. Strand will also work closely with Talent Corp to source for poten al graduates. The project is targeted to achieve a gross na onal income impact of RM3.5 billion and create 6,000 jobs by 2020.
(Sourced from The Star)
improved with Turkey doubling its Malaysian imports to about RM24 million since two decades ago, he noted that most of the trade between the two countries was conned to Malaysian palm oil and Turkish tex les. He also said that Scomi Engineering Bhd has been inden ed as a poten al partner for Mass Rapid Transit projects in Istanbul, Izmir and Ankara. The consul urged for Malaysians to par cipate in more Turkish trade fairs and showcase the products and services they have to oer.
Scientic Collaboration in Research Between Malaysia and UK

A joint statement issued by Prof. John Beddington, the Chief Scien c Adviser to the United Kingdom, and Prof. Emeritus Datuk Dr Zakri Abdul Hamid, Science Adviser to the Prime Minister of Malaysia announced that Malaysia and the UK have agreed to forge close coopera on in research on science, technology and engineering for con nuing economic development and improving the quality of life. The two countries will cooperate in the elds of civilian nuclear technology for energy security, biotechnology, food security and gene cs, life sciences and healthcare, nanotechnology, mari me and marine engineering, environment and renewable energy technology. Scien sts from the UK and Malaysia would also seek to encourage scien c collabora on and new research networks to develop greater awareness of the scien c strengths in their respec ve countries and s mulate further innova on.
(Sourced from BERNAMA)
Suitable Rail Link Between Johor Bahru and Singapore to be Identied

A six-month study will be undertaken shortly to iden fy the most suitable rapid transit system link between Johor Baru and Singapore. According to Transport Minister Datuk Seri Kong Cho Ha, this was in line with the agreement made between the governments of Malaysia and Singapore when Keretapi Tanah Melayu moved out of Tanjung Pagar in Singapore. On the Malaysian side, he said that the sta on would be located at Johor Baru Sentral as the Customs, Immigra on and Quaran ne facili es were available there. He added that the rail transit system would reduce conges on on the road as thousands of Malaysians travel to Singapore each day by bus, taxi, motorcycle and car. The Straits Times also reported that Malaysia and Singapore were seeking a consultant to undertake an engineering study for a rapid transit system linking the two countries. Singapores Transport Minister Lui Tuck Yew said both countries would invite tenders at the same me and a joint Malaysian-Singapore team would evaluate and pick a company.
Local Makers of Semiconductor Equipment Impacted by Global Slowdown

Due to a projected drop in global spending on semiconductor equipment, Malaysia-made automated semiconductor equipment are likely to be priced lower next year. This will likely aect Penang, a renowned manufacturing centre for automated equipment used in the semiconductor, electronics, medical and motor vehicle sectors. Worldwide semiconductor capital equipment spending is expected to decline from a projected US$43.5 billion (RM137.3 billion) in 2011 to US$35.2 billion (RM111.1 billion) next year, due to excess inventory and poor demand as a result of the slowing macro economy. According to a Gartner research house report, this represented a decline of 19.2%. Selling prices of locallymade automated semiconductor equipment are expected to fall further next year to a ract buyers amid a weakening market. The slowdown in semiconductor spending globally is expected to last for the remainder of 2011 and into the rst half of 2012. The report also stated that, by mid-2012, Gartner expects the supply and demand to be more in balance.
Encouraging Malaysian Firms to Explore Trade Potential in Turkey

According to Datuk Husame n Sinlak, the Consul-General of Malaysia in Turkey, Malaysian companies should explore the trade poten al in Turkey's sectors such as technology, transporta on, telecommunica on and energy. While trade rela onship has
SAFE TEA TIME
Establishing the Line

by Ir. Shum Keng Yan
NOW that the person-in-charge is in place, and the Safety and Health Policy and Safety Management System framework has been set up by the management, there is a need to establish the safety and health related business risks and determine how to deal with it. I have taken the liberty to add Environmental and Reputational into the concept. In order to arrive at our business strategies, we will need to take into account the following:
1) Business Risk Assessment (Reputational, Environmental, Health and Safety Risks) 2) Corporate Values, Vision and Policies 3) Legislation This can be represented graphically as indicated below:
The next step is to then look at what the local regulations stipulate. Frequently, there are differences in, for example, the Corporate Safety and Health Programme Requirements versus what the local regulations state. The process is to then take the stricter of the whole equation and taking into account Practicability (refer to the October 2010 issue of JURUTERA) to arrive at an informed decision. This way, we are able to make a balanced decision during the planning of our business. We can also take the appropriate control measures to match the analysis that we have done. Next, let us have a quick look at our own readiness. (a) Corporate values, vision and policies are usually in place for multinational companies and large corporations. If we have yet to put this in place, we need to do it in order to set the guiding principles. The Safety and Health Policy is one such instrument. (b) We have already discussed EHS Risk Management principles in the articles that were published in the May 2010 to August 2010 issues of JURUTERA. This is the foundation that needs to be established. (c) The third part is the legal requirements. We need to understand the legal requirements and how it impacts our business (and the respective functions within the business). One such tool is the Legal Register. I will discuss this in the next article. So let us get started in determining if we have actually looked at our Safety and Health business risks properly. Share your risky moves at pub@iem. org.my. I
In addressing business issues pertaining to safety and health, the management needs to run a risk assessment on the business processes. Using the analysis from the risk assessment, we then need to consider what are the corporate requirements on the actions that we need to take.
Far too often, Senior Managers tend to take the least stringent of the above 3 to arrive at the control measures. Is it then a case of shortsightedness in addressing safety and health issues? Perhaps the concept is too deep for those who are too close to it.
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Highlights of the IEM-IET Energy Conference 2011 (IIEC 2011)

IEM ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL DIVISION AND IET MALAYSIA NETWORK
by Ir. Kok Yen Kwan (IEM-EETD) and Dr Nadia Tan Mei Lin (IET, Malaysia Network)
THE Electrical Engineering Technical Division (EETD) of IEM marked another milestone in its long history by successfully co-organising the IEM-IET Energy Conference (IIEC 2011) recently from 10 to 12 October 2011, together with The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), Malaysia Network. The Conference was held at the Palace of the Golden Horses, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA; and attended by more than 300 local and overseas participants. Aptly themed Sustainable Solutions for Energy Utilisation, the Conference provided the perfect forum for all participants to share their experiences, research, studies and views on wide-ranging issues, such as Energy Efciency and Conservation, Power Quality, Green Technologies, Sustainable Energy, Renewable Energy, Alternative Energy, Energy Policies, Best Practices and Case Studies. A technical exhibition was also held concurrently with the Conference to highlight on the latest design solutions and application of sustainable solutions for energy utilisation. IIEC 2011, which consisted of a one-day Tutorial Session (on 10 October 2011), and two-day Conference (on 11 and 12 October 2011), brought together both international and national experts and policy makers to discuss on the relevance and importance of energy in the context of a sustainable future. 10 OCTOBER 2011 TUTORIAL SESSION
On the morning of the Tutorial, Dr Douglas Henderson (Edinburgh Napier University, UK) shared his knowledge on Renewable-Based Distributed Generation System, with the session divided into 6 sections, as follow: (a) Introduction to Distributed Generation Systems, (b) Renewable Plant for Distributed Generation Systems, (c) Generators for Distributed Generation, (d) Power Conversion Equipment, (e) Power System Calculations, (f) Impact of Renewable-Based Generation on an Existing System. Dr Henderson began his tutorial by investigating the common renewable energy generation types, such as: (i) Hydroelectric; Wind Power and Turbines (basic wind turbine types were discussed, e.g. Darrieus, H-Darrieus, Cup-Type, Savonius, Upwind and Downwind), (ii) Solar PV (various PV technologies such as Polycrystalline, Mono-crystalline, Thin Film and their respective efciencies were highlighted) and Solar Thermal Electric,
(iii) Biomass (which, according to Dr Henderson, offers opportunities for storage that some other renewable technologies did not). The session then continued with the introduction and comparison of Synchronous Generators and Induction Generators. Among some of the salient points discussed were on the Basic Construction, Equivalent Circuits, Basic Operation and Excitation Requirements of both types of generators.
Dr Douglas Henderson delivering his tutorial on "Renewable-based distributed genera on systems"
After a short tea break, the tutorial continued with discussion on Power Conversion Equipment, or more specically the rectiers and inverters used for connection of renewable energy sources to the grid. Dr Henderson focused his discussion on PV and Wind Generators, explaining that the fundamental component of the rectiers and inverters was the Power Electronic Switching Device. Dr Henderson also discussed on Power System Calculations (with an introduction of the Per Unit System and relevant examples, the need for Power System Analysis with specic mention on the control of Reactive Power and Voltage, Load Flow Analysis and Calculation with examples, and the denition of Fault Levels and the impact of generation on it). He concluded his session by speaking on the ultimate aim of achieving technical integration of renewable energy generation into the existing systems (which are largely fossilfuelled based). Dr Volker Pickert (Newcastle University, UK) took over the afternoon session of the Tutorial and shared his experience
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on Green Technologies for the Automotive Industry. He started by bringing the audience through a brief history of Alternative Powered Vehicles, which started way back in Year 1769 with N.J. Cugnot constructing the rst self-propelled road vehicle a military tractor with a top speed of 2.5mph driven by a steam engine. He also briey discussed on other important compoDr Volker Pickert delivering his Tutorial on Green Technologies for nents of Electric Vehicles, the Automo ve Industry such as the Power Train Drive; the pros and cons of a pure Electric Vehicle; researches being conducted on both Pure and Hybrid Electric Vehicles; Engine Improvements and Light-Weight, etc. Dr Pickert then showed a video of a high-performance electric car to the audience before continuing his lecture with the following area of discussions: i) current oil and gas scenario around the world, ii) global CO2 emission and the impact cars have on it, iii) power demands in vehicles, iv) rise of renewable energy generation and consumption. He then introduced some of todays most technologically advanced Electric Vehicles and their characteristics, such as the Ford Focus Electric, Tesla Roadster, Chevrolet Volt, Toyota Plug-in Prius, Honda Insight, etc. Dr Pickert concluded his Tutorial session by discussing on some of the future technologies that can be expected in the Automotive Industries, citing relevant examples.
At 9.25 a.m., Y. B. Senator Dato Ir. Donald Lim ofciated the opening of IIEC 2011. The opening ceremony continued with a simple ceremony of thanking all major sponsors of IIEC, which have all contributed signicantly to the success of this Conference. Y. B. Senator Dato Ir. Donald Lim was invited to present tokens of appreciation to the following sponsors: i) Malakoff Corporation Berhad Platinum Sponsor, ii) Ajiya Berhad Silver Sponsor, iii) Tenaga Nasional Berhad Bronze Sponsor, iv) Powertek Berhad Bronze Sponsor. Y. B. Senator Dato Ir. Donald Lim also showed his strong support for IIEC 2011 by staying on for the rst Keynote Address of the Conference before launching and touring the Technical Exhibition Booths. Prof. John Loughhead (IET Past President and Executive Director) presented the rst Keynote Address, which was on Sustainable Energy Use: A European Perspective. He presented the European and United Kingdom targets for reduction in CO2 emission and increase in renewable energy generation. He also challenged all engineers to conduct research to exploit thermodynamic potentials because by doing so, he believes the energy consumption can be reduced by 30% of the existing consumption level. He further showed that 45% of the present CO2 emissions are from existing buildings, whereby 27% of that is emitted from residential houses. He therefore emphasized on constraining energy demands by persuading people to use more efcient devices and promoting efciency labels on devices. As consumer habits are not easy to change, Prof. Loughhead commented that the methodology for change to happen should be targeted on consumers pride and regulation, and he believes that fuel-cell and electric vehicles are the future transportation for low carbon emission. After a short tea break, the Conference continued with the 1st Plenary Session of the day, which was chaired by Ir. Chen Thiam Leong (Managing Director, Primetech Engineers Sdn Bhd) with the sub-theme Energy Efciency in Buildings.
11TH OCTOBER 2011 CONFERENCE DAY 1

The day began with the ofcial Opening Ceremony of IIEC 2011, with the IEM President; Ir. Vincent Chen Kim Kieong delivering his Welcoming Address to all delegates of the Conference. In his speech, Ir. Chen reminded all that IIEC 2011 is part of IEM and IETs joint-efforts to promote a sustainable society as we face the challenges of limited supply of oil and gas fuels. He also took the opportunity to express his appreciation to all who has strongly supported IEM and assisted in raising funds for Wisma IEM the Institutions newly purchased building to serve all members. The Conference continued with the Guest-of-Honor; Y. B. Senator Dato Ir. Donald Lim Siang Chai delivering his Opening Address. He shared several methods that the Malaysian government is currently undertaking in facing the limited oil and gas supply in the country, i.e. the ve fuel diversication and the exemption of import and excise duty for hybrid electric and electric vehicles. He also praised IEM and IET for organising such a conference which is both appropriate and timely. In addition, he welcomed feedbacks from the three-day of discussions between all participants.
IEM President, Ir. Vincent Chen Kim Kieong (2nd from right) presen ng a token souvenir to Y. B. Senator Dato Ir. Donald Lim Siang Chai for ocia ng IIEC 2011; and accompanied by IIEC 2011 Organising Chairmen Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Vigna Kumaran (le ) and Ir. Lee Kok Chong (right), and IET Past President Prof. John Loughhead (2nd from le )
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Ir. Francis Xavier Jacob began the session by delivering the second Keynote Address of the day, entitled Towards Energy Efciency in Buildings. In his address, he outlined the methodologies to achieve an energy efcient building; some of these methods included: a) conduct an energy audit, b) minimise air conditioning load by considering the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) of a building, c) improve lighting efciency through usage of efcient lamps such as the T5, CFL, and LED with longer life spans, d) use roof insulation, and e) use smart meters for energy management. Ir. Francis also informed that Malaysia plans to phase out all incandescent lamps in the near future, and as such, more efcient lamps will be sold at subsidised prices to initiate the switching over process. The Malaysian government initiatives for promoting energy efciency has also been established, i.e. the ve fuel policy, scal incentives (e.g. exemption of tax on green projects), R & D, regulations on energy ratings and labelling, and introduction of EE courses in universities. All Plenary Speakers (PS) were allocated 20 minutes of presentation time and at the end of each Plenary Session, was conducted a brief Question and Answer (Q & A) session. The rst PS was Dr Paul Carey (Co-Founder, Zero Energy Design), who shared with the audience on the usability of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool in Building Energy Modelling. According to Dr Carey, this tool can be used for both commercial and residential buildings in building energy models as it allows for efciency and air ow analysis, and also troubleshooting. The increase in cost and time in using CFD analysis could be offsetted by the benets derived as the study helps to save a considerable amount of energy in the building in the long run. Next, Dr Eric Roberts (Co-Founder, Zero Energy Design) presented on Building Information Modelling (BIM). BIM is a repository for design information and a means of improving an end product. The third speaker of the session was Mr. Bikash Kumar Sinha (Director, C2C Project Management), who spoke on the topic of Understanding Carbon. He gave a detailed explanation of the changing climate around us and the ever-increasing level of Green House Gases (GHGs), before speaking on the Carbon Market. This was followed by Ar. Sarly Adre Sarkums presentation on Low-Tech Ideas: A Green Designers Best Friend. Ar. Sarly (Director, BDA Architects) is passionate about employing simple methods to achieve a green impact. According to him, several examples of the low-tech green ideas that have been implemented are bicycle library, solar tree that produces 20 to 50% more efciency than present solar arrays, and interstitial urban parks. The nal speaker of the session was Mr. Daniel Wang (Division Senior Accounts Manager, Schneider Electric Taiwan), who talked about Leading Techniques for Energy Saving in Commercial Ofce Buildings. He proposed an integrated control system consisting of Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs); card access that triggers HVAC and lighting, reporting and billing; smart circuit breaker; 3rd party equipment; and central monitoring and control in commercial buildings. The second Plenary Session continued after lunch break, chaired by Ir. Mah Soo with the sub-theme of Energy Policy. The session started with the third Keynote Address of the day, delivered by Tuan Haji Badaruddin bin Mahyudin (Deputy Secretary General, KeTTHA), entitled Sustainable Energy Policies in Malaysia. His speech encompassed the various programs initiated by KeTTHA with regards to energy efciency, which included: a) rebate given for energy efcient appliances, e.g. 5-star refrigerator and airconditioning units, b) all government buildings are to set the air-conditioner temperature control to a level not less than 24C,
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c) introduction of Small Renewable Energy Program (SREP) to promote renewable energy programs in Malaysia, d) introduction of both the Renewable Energy (RE) Act 2011 and Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) Act 2011, which have been passed in April 2011, and, e) re-structuring of electricity tariffs in Malaysia, whereby all subsidies will be reduced by year 2015 because cheap electricity results in wastage. Tuan Haji concluded by expressing his hope that IIEC will be a platform for further debate on sustainable solutions for energy utilisation that can then be forwarded to KeTTHA. The rst PS was Ir. Dr Herman Darnel Ibrahim (Committee Member, National Energy Council of Indonesia), who explained about the Low Carbon Energy Development in Indonesia. He opined that the subsidy of oil and electricity is a major barrier for RE and low carbon development due to lack of competitiveness. Presently, Indonesias renewable energy policy is to maximise renewable share and to remove subsidy of electricity. Other initiatives on low carbon development included appliance labelling for televisions, airconditioners, refrigerators, fans, and washing machines. In line with industry and building energy efciency practices, green building council, green airport, and green cities have also been proposed. Next, Mr. Su Jin-Sheng (Director of Energy Technology Division, Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan) shared Taiwans perspective on developing green energy industry, which included the implementation of Green Energy Industry Program based on the following ve pillars: a) Key Industries for Development, b) Taiwans Competitive Advantages in Developing a Green Energy Industry, c) Five Driving Forces in Green Energy Industry Development, d) Vision and Current Status, e) Projected Benets. Dr Tilak Siyambalapitiya (Visiting Lecturer, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka) was the last speaker of the session and he presented a paper on Policy Initiatives in Sri Lanka to enhance Energy Security and Energy Economy. He highlighted the energy scenario in Sri Lanka, where its energy sources are mostly petroleum and hydro, with 90% of households having active grid connections and 3% of households with off-grid services. Dr Tilak also informed that Sri Lanka has no indigenous fossil fuels, and the Sri Lanka Energy Policy in 2008 is targeted at shifting from a two-fuel energy policy (hydro and oil) to four-fuel energy policy (i.e. to include coal and nonconventional renewable energy). He also mentioned that electricity customers are normally the forgotten stakeholder at all energy seminars and hopes that discussions would continue with them in mind. After a short tea break for refreshment, the third and nal Plenary Session for the day started with Ir. Francis Xavier Jacob (Director, Energy Management and Industry
Development Department, Energy Commission of Malaysia) as the Session Chairman and sub-theme of Energy and Resource Management. There were four PS in this session and the rst speaker was Dr Douglas Henderson, who spoke on UK/Scottish Energy Policies. He articulated that the UKs energy policy is driven by carbon reduction due to the diminishing fossil fuel and it is adopting sustainable technologies to keep the lights on. Speaking next was En. Hishamudin Ibrahim (Country Expert and Local Trainer for Malaysia, AEMAS), sharing his views on Energy Management Gold Standard for Sustainability in Energy Management: Malaysia Experience. He opined that in order to establish a gold standard in energy management, certication of energy managers and professional energy managers are required to empower the industries. There is also a need for continuous improvement to achieve Sustainable Energy Management (SEM), and the ASEAN Energy Management Accreditation Scheme (AEMAS) is a good certication scheme. Mr. Tzueen-Liang Kuo (Sales Director, TATUNG) was the third PS of the session, and he demonstrated that using a hot water heat pump system can be an efcient way of heating as it results in 70% savings. He also discussed on the requirement for consideration in the heating of water, such as usage, number of persons, and open schedule facility, and also showed some case studies. The nal PS of the day was Prof. Dr Gary Chang (Professor, National Chung Cheng University), who discussed about Development and Application of Advanced Power Quality Measurement Techniques. He afrmed that power quality of supply is important to ensure no loss or malfunction of sensitive loads that will cost billions of dollars. In order to ensure power quality of supply, power quality monitoring, advanced communication system, and data acquisition are essential elements.
12 OCTOBER 2011 CONFERENCE DAY 2

The day opened with the 4th Plenary Session of the Conference, with the sub-theme Green Development and was chaired by Ir. Looi Hip Peu (Vice President, MGBC). Ir. Looi started the session by introducing the Keynote Speaker for the session Ar. Von Kok Leong, the current President of the Malaysia Green Building Confederation (MGBC). Ar. Von addressed the audience by giving a short introduction of MGBC and the importance role it plays in pushing for a more sustainable built environment in the country. He continued by discussing on the Green Building Index (GBI) Malaysias own green building rating tool, and the two key elements that should be considered carefully in all projects OTTV and Passive Mr. Ma hias Gelber delivering his green agenda Design.
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The rst speaker of the session was Mr. Matthias Gelber (Greenest Person on the Planet, 2008), who shared some of his thought-provoking stories and insights from a sustainability practitioners point-of-view. A champion of green causes and rm believer in preserving the planets natural environment, Matthias delivered an inspirational talk with practical examples of going green and urged everyone in the audience to walk-the-talk and not hide behind a green-mask in our efforts to create a green energy and sustainability revolution. The session continued with Ir. Thirukumaran Jallendran (Project Manager, Lend Lease), sharing his thoughts on the global environmental impacts on the property sector and discussing on some key examples from his rm (e.g. The Gauge in Melbourne, Setia Alam Mall and Menara Public Mutual). The session concluded with Mr. Richard Tu (Senior Vice President, CTCI Corporation) speaking on Build-In Power Efciency Improvement. Among the concepts that he shared on Built-in Efciency included lighting system design; power factor adjustment; hi-efciency motors; amorphous metal transformers; and conductors. After a short tea-break, the day continued with the 5th Plenary Session of the Conference, with Ir. Lam Sing Yew chairing the session with the sub-theme of Energy Efciency in Industries. The session began with Mr. Chih-Chien Liang (Taiwan) speaking on Power Quality (PQ) Control of Taipower System, a Taiwan Power Utility Company. According to Mr. Liang, PQ problems are complex and often require a thorough understanding before a suitable, cost effective solution can be provided. He also stressed that comprehensive monitoring and analysis shall be a pre-requisite of any PQ mitigation plans. Next, Ir. Thomas K.C. Chan (Chairman, IET Hong Kong Network) shared his thoughts on the need for high level of PQ for buildings in a world-class city (e.g. Hong Kong), where reliable operations are essential. In his speech, Ir. Chan focuses on the issues of PQ in the design of modern power distribution systems and rising mains for a world class city, taking into account all adverse effects caused by harmonics and voltage dips. The relating energy issues and standards/ requirements of PQ as set out in the Electrical Energy Code were also discussed. The third speaker, Mr. Bernard Lee of EATON Singapore spoke on the importance of Energy Advantage Architecture in UPS design. He further explained on the Variable Module Management System (VMMS) and how the system maximizes efciency with lighter loads. The session next had Mr. Roger Chia of Honeywell Singapore the fourth speaker, who presented on Energy Performance Contract and the 5W2H (5W Who, What, Why, When, Where and 2H How, How Much) of Energy Efciency. Er. Lee Keh Sai (Principal, K.S. Lee and Associates) was the last speaker of the session and shared his vast experience in energy savings through rational and efcient
use of electrical energy. His lecture focused on Motor Driven System Efciency which according to Er. Lee depended on many factors such as: (a) motor efciency and motor speed control, (b) proper selection and sizing, (c) power supply quality and distribution losses, (d) maintenance, etc. The Conference continued after lunch break with the 6th Plenary Session, which was chaired by Ir. G. Lalchand with the sub-theme Renewable Energy. The session opened with Dato Ir. Azman bin Mohd. (Chief OpDato Ir. Azman bin Mohd. delivering his Keynote Address at IIEC 2011 erating Ofcer, Tenaga Nasional Berhad) delivering his Keynote Address titled TNBs Vision for Renewable Energy. In his speech, Dato Ir. Azman discussed shortly on a wide variety of issues, such as the Background of Energy Utilization globally; National Policy on Green Technology; Incentive Packages offered by the Government of Malaysia and TNBs own initiatives in supporting sustainable clean power options. In summarising his Address, Dato Ir. Azman reiterated TNBs rm commitment towards sustainable clean power and its aim of becoming a primary driver of Green Energy in Malaysia by the Year 2015. After the presentation of a small token of appreciation by the Session Chairman to Dato Ir. Azman, the Conference continued with the rst speaker of the session Mr. Hing Wai Toong (District Sales Manager, National Instruments Malaysia) presenting his topic on Digitising the Power Grid. He presented a case example of Distribution Grid Automation, introduced Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) and explained on the ever evolving challenges of the power grid. One of the key points mentioned was on the bottom line of the power grid being smart sensors will be the building blocks for monitoring, controlling and automating all existing and future transmission and distribution power systems. The session continued with Mr. Anthony J. Jude (Director of Energy Division SEA Department, Asian Development Bank) presenting on Financing of Energy Efciency Projects. Apart from sharing of the many case studies of EE projects in the Asian region, Mr. Jude also discussed on some of the key issues and challenges facing the Malaysia energy sector, e.g. the ever-increasing urban population, forecast of being net energy importer by 2015 and highest per capita energy consumption among all ASEAN countries. Ir. Ali Askar bin Sher Mohamad (UNITEN Lecturer and IEM EETD Honorary Secretary) was the last speaker of the session and gave an interesting overview of the possible alternative energy options and availability to Malaysia (e.g.
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Small Hydro, Biomass, Biogas, Solar PV, Geothermal, Wind Energy, Ocean Technology, and Nuclear). He envisaged that the Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) (which will be launched on 1st December 2011) shall kick-start the RE Power Development in the country, and by the Year 2050 more than 70% of the Maximum Demand require in the country will be met by RE sources. After a short tea break, Datuk Ir. Prof. Dr Ow Chee Sheng (Past President, IEM) chaired the last Plenary Session of the Conference by introducing the rst speaker, Dr Volkert Pickert. Dr Pickert spoke on the topic of Latest Development in Green Technologies for Transportation Systems and began by introducing the Greener Transportation Roadmap, followed by examples of Solar-Powered Planes and Electric Bikes. Some of the latest technologies were also discussed, including Batteries fuelled by air; Lithium-ion capacitor technology system; Electrication of Ancillaries; Phase Change Materials, etc. Ir. Thomas Chan was the next speaker and he presented his second paper on The Present and Potential Future Sustainability and Renewable Energy Solutions in the Building Environment. As an introduction, he discussed shortly on the global human population, temperature and sea level scenarios before zooming on Hong Kongs position. Ir. Chan also stressed on the importance of designing sustainable solutions into buildings and introduced on the various green building assessment system available, i.e. LEED, HK-BEAM, BREEAM, Green Star Australia, CASBEE Japan and Malaysias very own Green Building Index (GBI). The third speaker of the session was Mr. Baptiste Kervyn (CEO, Biotec International Asia Sdn Bhd), who shared his experience on Biogas Capture and Electricity Generation. After briey introducing his company and giving a general overview of the biogas industry, he proceeded to show the many case studies of Biogas-to-Electricity projects that have been or currently undertaken in Malaysia and the rest of the world. Mr. Terence Lee (Chief Engineering Technical Specialist, FM Global Asia Operations) has the privilege of being the last speaker of the session and the IIEC 2011, and enlightened the crowd with his subject on Risks and Hazards of Wind Power, From An Insurers Perspective. He started his
Prof. John Loughhead and Ir. Thomas Chan in a group photo with members of IIEC 2011 Organising Commi ee and IEM Secretariat sta
presentation by explaining some of the key components in Wind Farm (WF) design, before moving on to the key risk and hazard areas in insuring WF. Terence then concluded his presentation by pointing out on the potential impacts of high wind power penetration.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The IIEC 2011 concluded with the MC inviting Prof. John Loughhead to ofcially close the Conference with his closing remarks. Besides thanking all the speakers for sharing their expert knowledge throughout the 3-day conference, Prof. Loughhead also expressed his gratitude towards members of the Organising Committee, the Conference Secretariat staff and all participants for contributing towards the success of IIEC 2011. He also urged the audience to reect on the wealth of information presented during the 3-day IIEC, and review on the lessons learned especially on the urgent need to utilise the worlds energy sustainably. Prof. Loughhead also commented on the growing important role that engineers played in the energy and sustainable development sectors, and encouraged them to continue leading the decision-making processes in the future. He then declared IIEC 2011 ofcially closed and look forward to meeting all delegates again in the next IEMIET Energy Conference. I
On behalf of the IIEC 2011 Organising Commi ee, the authors would like to record their sincere apprecia on to everyone who has contributed to the success of this Conference. For further informa on, please visit the conference website at www.iiec2011.com.
ANNOUNCEMENT
Please note that, at the 466th Excomm Meeting held on 19 September 2011, the Sub-Committee on Membership Drive and Career Guidance has been renamed as the Sub-Committee on Membership Drive and Promotions (MDP) with immediate effect.
CONDOLENCE
With deep regret, we wish to inform that Allahyarham Ir. Mohamad Aris bin Ramlan (M 20573), has passed away on 26 August 2011. On behalf of the IEM Council and management, we wish to convey our condolence to his family. Regards, IEM Editorial Board
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Gathering of Views and Opinions on Seismic Investigations in Peninsular Malaysia Report on the IEM Workshop on Earthquake (Part 2)
IEM TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON EARTHQUAKE
by Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Chiang Choong Luin, Jeffrey in collaboration with Ir. Mun Kwai Peng
Note: This is Part 2 of a two-part ar cle. Part 1 was published on pages 44 to 51 in the October 2011 issue.
DAY 2 PROCEEDINGS
For the proceedings of the second day of the workshop, the following discussion relied on the notes graciously provided by Ir. Mun Kwai Peng.
Effect of ground conditions

On the rst day of the workshop during the discussion on the Bukit Tinggi fault in Bentong, it was predicted that the fault could generate a M6.5 earthquake or an earthquake with a lower magnitude of 5, where a lower peak ground acceleration of 80 gals (0.08g) could happen and which will be close to the effect of low and moderate earthquake scenarios. There was also another important aspect, which is related to ground effect, that needs to be investigated; that is the ground material (or soil) magnication (or amplication) effect. The contributions of geologists and geotechnical engineers in the study of local ground conditions will have to be sought.
need to consider seismic in structural design) or low (i.e. Eurocode 8 recommends, reduced or simplied seismic design procedures for certain types or categories of structures may be used). The workshop participants were advised to read and understand the provisions stated in Eurocode 8 so as to comprehend the requirement of the code.
Performance requirement and return periods for seismic design consideration

In the event of an earthquake, in order for the continued operation of a critical facility such as hospitals, it is necessary to design for a minimum return period of 500 years. Within the 1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC) in the United States, this requirement is stated very clearly, however, in this country, a less elaborate requirement may be considered. A return period of 2500 years is required for a no collapse design condition. Clearly, the return period is important as an indication of the life expectancy of structures, and the need to design to resist collapse as well as to provide for adequate ductility. In Australia, the building code has a different return period for important structures and used to be 500 years in the past. However, this consideration now applies for important buildings in the Building Code and not in the Earthquake Code of Australia. The choice of return period is not an engineering decision, but is up to the client or the local housing board to decide (as specied in the Australian practice) as follows: 500 years 2000 years - with a factor of 1.0 - with a factor of 1.8
Provisions in Eurocode 8
An observation was made on the provisions in Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-1), which states that the dening line of 40 gals (0.04g) in peak ground acceleration (PGA) is used to determine if there is a need to carry out structural design for seismic (for PGA above 0.04g) or if it is not necessary to do so (for PGA below 0.04g). The range for seismicity design in Eurocode 8 is as follows:
Range of peak ground acceleration (PGA) PGA < 0.04 Level of seismicity for design consideration
Very low seismicity, hence no necessity for seismic design consideration for structures Low seismicity, a need for a simplied approach for seismic design consideration for structures Medium to high seismicity level, requires a detailed seismic design consideration for structures
0.04g PGA 0.08g
PGA > 0.08g
In the case for Malaysia (especially Peninsular Malaysia), the seismicity may be considered as either very low (i.e. no
Each country treats the return period differently. However, an elastic analysis can be based on a 500-year return period. For the collapse and ductility requirement of a building, a higher return period is used. Generally, if a building can withstand a 500-year return period elastically, then there would be no problem for the building to withstand a return period of 2500 years. In Hong Kong, even though the design for seismic loads are not required for low rise structures, structural engineers need to design for very high wind load (due to its annual typhoon).
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Ductility of building structures and soil amplication due to earthquakes

In Hong Kong, the buildings would generally have a combined factor of ductility of 2.0, which would be acceptable in a low-seismic risk region similar to that of Malaysia. It was said that buildings previously not designed for seismicity, such as those in Malaysia, can still survive earthquakes, and this may be due to the way they were designed and detailed that gave a certain amount of ductility in the joints. It may not be required to consider seismic design for buildings for low and moderate earthquakes in the case of far eld effect. Prof. Nelson Lam from Melbourne University, Australia, agreed on this assessment. A soil amplication factor of 4 was suggested, particularly for soft soil conditions, which was realistic. With this suggested amplication factor, it would give a lateral load of (1.5%)g x 4 = (6%)g (or 0.06g). This would be in the low seismicity range under Eurocode 8, requiring a simplied seismic design approach for certain types of buildings deemed to be sensitive dynamically and national-purpose. A question was asked on why, during the recent earthquake in Chile, buildings with shear wall design had collapsed. It was explained by one of the panellists that the displacement demand of the building and the behaviour of the shear walls with respect to the displacement in response to the earthquake did not match favourably in that instance hence the collapse of the building. Research into this aspect was still ongoing and the quantiable results have yet to be nalised, hence the panellist did not wish to jump to any conclusion at that stage. He asked that the participants be patient pending the release of the research ndings. Participants were also advised to make an in-depth study of building design where seismic considerations are required. With good quality concrete and a properly engineered building, it can withstand a certain amount of seismic effect. Shear walls tend to provide very good ductility to high-rise buildings in cases of seismic loads.
Concept of drift ductility in relation to displacement

One of the panellists had suggested a drift ductility of more than 2% of the buildings height. For example, in Hong Kong, with a seismic hazard of a 2500-year return period, the drift demand would be less than 0.5% of the building height. By that criterion, should the buildings be designed in accordance to the 10%g (100 gals) for a 500-year return period and 20%g (200 gals) for a 2500-year return period then the drift demand shall be less than 0.2%. In addition, for a 4%g PGA on a 10-storey building, the horizontal drift is less than 10mm with a natural period of 1.0 second, which is based on prior research. In using the M8.8 earthquake in Sumatra as a guide, and using that data for a typical building of 15 storeys in height under soft soil condition, the expected building drift should not be more than 10mm.
Geotechnical aspects in seismic and liquefaction effect

A series of questions relating to geotechnical engineering and ground conditions were raised by some of the participants: What happens to the soil during an earthquake? Does this need to be investigated? What about liquefaction? How to treat the fundamental aspects of geotechnical design in an earthquake scenario? Is it true that liquefaction tends to occur only in clean sand? The rules and criteria for seismic design have changed quite frequently is that helpful for designers? On the issue of liquefaction, is it related to the crushability of soil grain as assumed? Is it fair to say that the uncertainty of the occurrence of liquefaction makes the problem very empirical in nature?
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In response to the aforementioned questions, the participants attention were drawn to the seismic events between 2004 and 2005, during which the earthquakes occurring in Sumatra were the worst in severity, yet, there was no evidence of liquefaction failure. This was a good indication that such a phenomenon would not occur in this region. On whether reclaimed lands such as in Singapore could pose a problem, one of the panellists related the Hong Kong experience. For a return period of 2500 years at a PGA of 0.03g (3%), the probability for liquefaction is quite low. Nevertheless, should liquefaction happen to occur there, it would only strike a few meters below ground level. In fact, the risk of liquefaction in Singapore is also very low. Short distance earthquakes of between 20 to 50 gals (0.02g to 0.05g) may not cause liquefaction. So what is liquefaction? It is the rise of groundwater through upward seepage due to the shifting of sandy ground soil during earthquake tremors of a certain intensity. In most modern building design and construction, the pilecaps, beams and foundations are all tied up as a rigid body, hence reducing the likelihood of uneven settlement due to such a phenomena. What is the liquefaction potential in the Malaysian context? Is there such a concern here? If the answer is yes, then we may need to look at the problem seriously. It was pointed out that a desk study would be a good starting point. The panellist proposed for local researchers to consult their counterparts in neighbouring countries, and to enquire about their experiences and measures taken when facing similar effects. Making references to past experiences faced by others is a good and practical starting point. Another suggestion put forth was for local researchers to select the worst case, i.e. the worst earthquake scenario, and make an assessment of the problem at a particular site.
on Earthquakes initiatives, with support from Melbourne University. This was an opportunity not to be missed. It was stated that the use of bore hole information of rock for seismic analysis is common in Hong Kong. From this, SPT and SWV correlation can then be obtained. There should be many correlations around the world. A set of formulas were presented by the panellist, which helps to determine the shear modulus of soil: G = 14 Nspt 0.68 G = 7 Nspt whichever is smaller, and from there, the SVW can be determined from Vs = (G/ ) where is the soil density, and then Ts = (4H)/ Vs where Ts is the site natural period (i.e. four quarter-cycles will make up the site period).
Microtremor measurement technique

One of the panellists presented the microtremor measurement that was carried out in Singapore. Crosshole SWV measurement can be compared to microtremor measurement, and it can obtain good agreement in measured results to recorded readings. It was also suggested that SPT be used to correlate the formulae to arrive at the results for the SWV. The microtremor technique can record wave data up to a soil depth of 1km. It is the basis of any geophone seismic survey. There was a suggestion for local researchers to make use of the Sumatras earthquake data to study the earth crust wave propagation. The result can also be used to study the CAM model in determining the soil prole and also the SWV in the soil. Eventually, it is hoped that the result can also be used to study the application of the CAM model for Malaysian soil conditions in the crustal seismic wave propagation from both the near and far eld effect of earthquakes. Dr Kusno Megawati from Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, offered the use of his set of geophone survey equipment to measure the site periods in Malaysia. If an array of measurement is carried out, the information obtained can create a good CAM model for use in Malaysia. The set of equipment uses GPS for its positioning accuracy. The antennas can be positioned 5m apart or up to a distance of 1km. There is a need to build a database of SPT, and once microtremor measurement is performed, it can produce good information for CAM application. Dr Kusno also offered to perform the tests in collaboration with any local research institution for a basic fee. No cable will be used; the GPS antennas will synchronise the measurement. A question was asked of local research institutions; could local universities such as UTAR and UiTM take up Dr Kusnos challenge and pursue this research which could
Shear wave velocity in seismic ground propagation

In order to ascertain the shear wave velocity in local ground conditions, the panellist referred to work done in Singapore, in which many bored holes data were collected and followed by a correlation with the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) to obtain the shear wave velocity (SWV). It was highlighted that the sites natural period is important for seismic characteristic study. In Australias experience, researchers use geophones to measure SWV, and there are benets of using automatic averaging. Many such site survey work has been done in Melbourne. This was presumably part of the ongoing or past research work by Prof. Lam and his research team. There was a suggestion for local universities to undertake similar research work to measure for SWV in critical areas in the Peninsular, such as in the Klang Valley, especially in Kuala Lumpur. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) and Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) were touted to take the lead by proposing research/Masters students to take up this project, as part of the Technical Committee
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then be built upon? If suitable postgraduate students could identied, they would need to be sent for intensive training on the basic fundamentals, knowledge and knowhow in equipment usage, etc most likely at NTU for a period of time, e.g. three to six months, as part of the Masters programme in earthquake engineering studies.
Suggested tasks ahead for local researchers

There is a need to carry out a more detailed study and formulate a policy on the approach needed to tackle this issue, to full our need to make some progress in earthquake design in this country. In the opinion of the panellists, the following are important topics that need to be tackled by serious researchers of seismic engineering in Malaysia: 1) Features of fault to magnitude problem (return period and M values) 2) CAM Level 1 for Kuala Lumpur (Response Spectrum Mode) 3) Microzonation and site classication principles He pointed out Dr Kusnos work in his published papers to the participants. Although there are some more issues, this outline will be useful to begin with. The aforementioned issues need to be further divided and would require recommendations. Elaborating further on the detailed study on the Bukit Tinggi fault line, the following are suggested issues that need to be addressed: 1) The need for trenching to study the soil prole. 2) A historical search on the age of the fault, and also the actual total length of the fault line. 3) The use of GPS is very important in coordinating the geological and topographic study. A substantial input from the government would be required to study the geological aspect of the fault. From the geological map or rock type, the fault can then be
analysed. The Malaysian Geological Society should have a geological map covering that particular area. In parallel, there is a need to look at the historical archives on earthquake information. Local earthquakes occur when ground stresses build up due to movement and eventually rupture. The occurrence of a M3.5 earthquake is an indication that the fault is active. Although the quake may occur at one location, the stress may have build up at some other location. The concern here is the occurrence of a major earthquake with the epicentre located very near to Kuala Lumpur, and the problem will be magnied many folds because of the increasing number of high-rise buildings in the vicinity. It was commented that earthquakes usually occurred at faults that were considered inactive. The return period to fault length relationship and fault link/magnitude combination are also important considerations. There is a need to develop a sense of response of PGV for an expected earthquake occurring in a nearby fault. Besides PGA, a study of the geological composition in this country in more detail is required to consider the response spectra for acceleration (RSA), velocity (RSV) and also displacement (RSD) for Kuala Lumpur soil conditions and its geological prole. The whole study will likely be time consuming, hence it will have to be a long-term research effort. Since one of the panellists has offered the use of his equipment and the assistance of his research students in 5 carrying out a microzonation exercise using the microtremor measurement technique, then IEM should take the lead with nancial support sought from various governmental agencies. In addition to that, the creation of a suitable attenuation model would be the experts contribution. There was also a need to look at the seismic data recorded and kept by the MMD, which is requested to assist wherever needed. Their participation in this work is vital to ensure success in getting the necessary data to corroborate the ndings made or models proposed. Figure 1 showed the map of the Bukit Tinggi region where the fault is located, while the recorded seismic activity readings at the Bukit Tinggi fault are presented in Table 1, courtesy of the MMD.
Other matters
The technique to predict future earthquakes is not dependent on human perception and the research data produced, but from looking at the information from the signatures off the ground by trenching and data obtained from the ground survey. Historical information is important. There may be records and description of the damage intensity which can be correlated to the seismic magnitude. If the archives have on record even one earthquake event, we can estimate from the recent M3.5 earthquake if there is potential for a big earthquake in the same area. Other earthquake
Figure 1: Map showing the loca on of recent earthquake events in the Bukit Tinggi area
(Con nued on page 51) November 2011 JURUTERA 49
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Table 1: Characteris cs of earthquakes around Bukit Tinggi (Source: MMD, 2008)
No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Date
30/11/2007 30/11/2007 30/11/2007 4/12/2007 5/12/2007 6/12/2007 9/12/2007 12/12/2007 31/12/2007 10/01/2008 10/01/2008 13/01/2008 13/01/2008 13/01/2008 14/01/2008 15/01/2008 15/01/2008 15/03/2008 15/03/2008 15/03/2008 27/03/2008 25/05/2008
Time (MST)
10.13am 10.42am 8.42pm 6.12pm 3.57am 11.23pm 8.55pm 6.01pm 5.19pm 9.26pm 11.38pm 10.24am 6.18pm 11.59pm 11.45pm 6.24am 12.41pm 8.50am 7.35am 7.16pm 9.46am 9.36am
Lat.
3.36N 3.34N 3.31N 3.40N 3.37N 3.36N 3.33N 3.48N 3.32N 3.17N 3.39N 3.30N 3.30N 3.40N 3.42N 3.63N 3.35N 3.30N 3.30N 3.30N 3.80N 3.31N
Long.
101.80E 101.80E 101.84E 101.80E 101.81E 101.81E 101.82E 101.76E 101.81E 101.61E 101.80E 101.90E 101.80E 101.86E 101.79E 101.24E 101.77E 101.70E 101.80E 101.70E 102.40E 101.65E
Mag. (Mw)
3.5 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.3 2.7 3.5 3.2 2.5 1.7 2.5 2.9 2.5 1.9 3.4 2.9 2.5 3.3 1.8 2.8 3.0 3.0
Depth (km)
2.3 <10 6.7 <10 <10 <10 4.9 <10 <10 1.2 3.0 <10 <10 3.0 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10
scenarios at the Bukit Tinggi fault can be used to determine whether the fault length itself lends to a higher potential for future earthquakes. It is recommended that the Technical Committee on Earthquake would require geological input on the study of the fault.
Conclusion to Day 2 proceedings

The chairman of the workshop, Ir. MC Hee, expressed special thanks to the three international panellists for their invaluable contribution. He also expressed his gratitude on the positive response from the members. The ndings in the circulated technical papers at the workshop gave a reasonably accurate prediction of earthquake intensity in far eld effect in Singapore. The two days of dialogue during the workshop was interesting with some useful design gures and simple equations provided which are good for applications. The relevant technical committee will do its level best in drafting MS EN1998 based on Eurocode 8. The next workshop on earthquake engineering will be held on 7 December 2011 a joint collaborative effort by the IEM and UTAR. More details will be available in due course. I
IEM LOG BOOK SCHEME FOR GRADUATE ENGINEERS

The Log Book Training Scheme (LBTS) implemented by The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM) aims to provide guided and proper training to IEM Graduate Engineers entering the profession of engineering so as to facilitate conformance of such training programmes to the IEM's Rules on admission of Corporate Members. By it, a Graduate Engineer will undergo a formal training scheme whilst being monitored and/or mentored by a Corporate Member of the IEM and a Professional Engineer registered with the Board of Engineers Malaysia. The LBTS is implemented to facilitate the Graduate Engineers preparation for the Professional Interview (PI) en route to qualifying as a Corporate Member of the IEM. The LBTS requires a training and experience exposure duration for a minimum period of three (3) continuous years; this requirement complies to the Professional Interview Regulations which state that a Candidate shall have at least three (3) years (after graduation with an accredited engineering degree) of approved experience in planning, design, execution or management of works as stipulated and relevant to the profession of an engineer. Such exposure can be acquired through gainful modes of progress learning activities including and particularly through on-the-job experiential learning. Progress will be mutually and continually monitored and/or mentored at least once every quarterly by both the mentee Graduate Engineer and the mentor. A report on the learning progress completed in an IEM-prescribed standard format (IEM Log Book) and which has been certied by the mentor(s) will need to be submitted annually to the IEM for endorsement. Participation in the Log Book Training Scheme is not obligatory. However participation is encouraged and recommended particularly for Graduate Engineers who are starting or are already pursuing their on-the-job and or other modes of training experience but under a supervision of an IEM Corporate Member or a Professional Engineer who may not be from the same engineering discipline or not a PE at all. Graduate Engineers who are interested in participating in the LBTS may contact the IEM Secretariat, Puan Halimah or Puan Norimah at 03-79684007/4023 respectively for further information.
www.pqe.com.my
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FORUM
Application of Eurocode 7 to a Pile Foundation Design: Solution to Example 2.3 Pile Foundation in Stiff Clay and Discussion
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL DIVISION
by Ir. Tan Yang Kheng, Ir. Dr Chan Sin Fatt and Ir. Dr Ting Wen Hui
Our Apologies
In the ar cle en tled "Road Show on Malaysia Na onal Annex to Eurocode 7" published in the October 2011 issue of JURUTERA, the diameter of the bored pile shown in Figure 3 should be 450mm instead of 450m. The error is regre ed.
INTRODUCTION
During the 1-Day Workshop on Malaysia National Annex to Eurocode 7 held in July 2011, the participants were given an example, namely Example 2.3 Pile foundation in stiff clay, and guided to carry out the design in accordance to Eurocode 7 (EC7). Information and data of the design example was published in the last issue of JURUTERA. In this article which is contributed by the same authors, the answer to the example is presented. The original aim of writing this article is to illustrate a solution to the design example. Then it was viewed as an opportunity to compare the EC7 design with the present Working Stress design. Moreover, as the values of the partial resistance factors (for pile design) set in the Malaysia National Annex to EC7 are different from those in the UK National Annex, the design was repeated using the UK values and the three outcomes compared. This article consists of 2 parts, i.e. Part 1: A Solution to the Example and Part 2: Design Comparison and Discussion.
1.2 Characteristic Soil Parameters The clay is an over-consolidated marine clay of Miocene age, containing ssures and occasional claystones. Bedding is essentially horizontal. Therefore it is viewed that soil parameter variation from one point to another would be insignicant. Results of the 6 percussion bored boreholes were studied, including the eld test results (SPTs) and laboratory test results (UU triaxial test results). As a check, results of other eld tests, i.e. cone penetration tests and pressuremeter tests, were also examined. Characteristic strength proles from the above study were plotted and studied to derive characteristic soil parameters for the pile design.
for IEM BULLETIN Readers! Please quote MPIEMAD to receive this offer.
PART 1 A SOLUTION TO THE EXAMPLE

1.1 Calculation Model Meyerhof's Method described below is used to calculate the pile resistances. Rt = Rs + Rb in kN Rs = Ks Navg As in kN Rb = Kb Nb Ab in kN where Rt , Rs , Rb = Resistances for Total, Shaft and Base respectively Navg = Average SPT value along the pile shaft Nb = Average SPT value in the soil zone, 4D above and D below pile tip. D = Pile lateral dimension As = Surface area of shaft (m2) Ab = Area of pile base (m2) Ks = 2 and max. unit shaft resistance = 200 kPa Kb = 50 and max. unit base resistance = 5000 kPa
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FORUM
Finally characteristic SPTs versus depth prole is derived. Normally the proles from different engineers are not identical and the values will vary over a certain range. For the purpose of this exercise, one of the SPT plots was used for subsequent design and described in Figure 1.
1.3.2 Model Factor and Partial Resistance Factors for pile resistance calculation Pile characteristic resistances will be derived based on Equation 7.9 described under Item 7.6.2.3(8) of Eurocode 7 Part 1. The piles in this example are bored piles. Since no pile load test is carried out, model factor is taken as 1.4 and the partial resistance factors under the set R4 without explicit verication of SLS in Table A.NA.7 (for bored piles) apply. Table 2 is reproduced below for ease of reference:
Table 2: Par al resistance factors (R ) for bored piles for the STR and GEO limit states.
REDUCED LEVEL mOD
Set Resistance
5
Symbol
R1
R4 without explicit verication of SLSA 2.20 1.76 2.20 2.20
R4 with explicit verication of SLSA 1.87 1.84 1.87 1.87
Base Shaft (compression) Total/combined (compression) Shaft in tension

Figure 1: A selected SPT prole for the pile design
b s
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
s;t
1.3 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Design (ULS Combination 2) Design Approach 1 is used in the calculation. Only calculations for ULS Combination 2 are described here as this governs the pile design for this example. 1.3.1 Design Load Characteristic vertical permanent load, Wk = 300 kN Characteristic vertical variable load, Qk = 150 kN From Table 1 of the Malaysia National Annex to EC7, reproduced below:
Table 1: Par al factors on ac ons (F ) or the eects of ac ons (E ) for the structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO) limit states.
Model Factor = 1.4 Partial Resistance Factor for shaft, Partial Resistance Factor for base,
s b
= 1.76 = 2.20
1.3.3 Design Pile Length The cut-off level of the pile is +17.00. Pile diameter = 0.45 m. If pile length is 16.0 m, Navg (for shaft resistance) = 22 Nb (for base resistance) = 36.65 Characteristic shaft resistance, Rs;k = (2 x 22) x ( 0.45) x16 / (Model Factor) = 995 / 1.4 = 710 kN Characteristic base resistance, Rb;k = (50 x 36.65) x ( 0.452 / 4) / (Model Factor) = 291 / 1.4 = 208 kN Applying the partial resistance factors to the above characteristic pile resistances, the design resistances are: Design Shaft resistance, Rs;d = Rs;k / s = 710 / 1.76 = 403 kN Design Base resistance, Rb;d = Rb;k / b = 208 / 2.2 = 94 kN Design Compression Resistance, Rc;d = Rs;d + Rb;d = 403 + 94 = 497 kN Since Rc;d (= 497 kN) > Fc;d (= 495 kN), design pile length can be taken as 16.0 m.
Action
Symbol A1
Set A2 1.0 1.0 1.3 0
Permanent
Unfavourable Favourable
G Q
1.35 1.0 1.5 0
Variable
Unfavourable Favourable
= 1.0 and
= 1.3
Design vertical permanent load, Wd = G Wk = 1.0 x 300 = 300 kN Design vertical variable load, Qd = Q Qk = 1.3 x 150 = 195 kN Design axial compression load, Fc;d = Wd + Qd = 300 + 195 = 495 kN
FORUM
1.4 Final Design Estimation of the pile settlement in service is also carried out but not described here. It is found that the criterion of limiting the settlement to a maximum of 20mm is not critical. Therefore SLS verication will not govern the design in this case. Therefore the design pile length is 16.0 m.
PART 2 DESIGN COMPARISON AND DISCUSSION

For the purpose of design comparison, the original design situation is modied to create other design situations. These are described as follows: CASE A No pile load test at all (Original design situation) Working Stress design Factor of Safety = 3.0*1 EC7 design Table A.NA.7 R (R4 without SLS verication) Model factor = 1.4 CASE B No trial pile but > = 1% piles loaded tested to 1.5 x Representative Load minimum Working Stress design Factor of Safety = 2.5*1 EC7 design Table A.NA.7 R (R4 with SLS verication) Model factor = 1.4 CASE C Trial pile and > = 1% piles load tested to 1.5 x Representative Load minimum Working Stress design Factor of Safety = 2.0*1 EC7 design Table A.NA.7 R (R4 with SLS verication) Model factor = 1.2
*1 Selection of the Factor of Safety for present Working Stress method is guided by the following table taken from LDSA Guide No. 1 which is issued by the local building control unit in London City. (The table is taken from Prof. Simpson lecture notes delivered in the IEM 1-Day Workshop on EC7 held in July 2011)
The design procedure is repeated for the above 3 different design situations (i.e. Cases A, B and C) using different design methodology as described below: Present design using Working Stress method and appropriate Factor of Safety per LDSA Table 1 given above. (Present Design) Design to EC7 using the partial resistance factor values given in the Malaysia National Annex to EC7. (Malaysia EC7 Design) Design to EC7 using the partial resistance factor values given in the UK National Annex to EC7. (UK EC7 Design) The results are summarised in Table 4 below.
Table 4: Design Pile Length
Present Design Case A Case B Case C 16.5 m 14.9 m 12.7 m
Malaysia EC7 Design 16.0 m 14.7 m 13.2 m
UK EC7 Design 15.0 m 13.7 m 12.4 m
The following are noted from the results below: I) The Malaysia EC7 designs are about the same as the present designs using Working Stress method. This means that the criterion*2 set in the code calibration exercise for the Malaysia National Annex is satised.
( *2 To establish the values of partial factors and model factors in the Malaysia National Annex, calibration exercises were carried out. The values of these factors are set in such a way the design applying EC7 essentially matches the values obtained in the present design procedure.)
Table 3: LDSA Guide No.1
II) The UK EC7 designs are always less safe compared with the present designs using Working Stress method. This implies that UK has adopted a different criterion for pile design in their code calibration exercises. III) Results from the Present Design and Malaysia EC7 Design show that the partial resistance factor values set in the Malaysia National Annex to EC7 are reasonable and acceptable. I
CONGRATULATION
The IEM Council wishes to congratulate Emeritus Ir. Prof. Dr Zainal Abidin bin Ahmad (F12758), Chairman of the Accreditation Board and Committee Member of the Standing Committee on Qualication and Admission of The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia, on receiving the title of "Emeritus" in conjunction with the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) Convocation held on 29 October 2011.
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GLOBE TREKKING
CCTV Headquarters from an Architectural Dream to Reality

BEIJINGS rst time visitors are usually drawn to the timeless and traditional classic tourist attractions such as the Great Wall, the Forbidden City or Imperial Palace, the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven and Hutong. Arising from increasing urbanisation and growing economic development, this capital city of China is now dotted with modern skyscrapers of various designs. Massive new construction in the last two decades has provided increased opportunities for architects, engineers and planners to indulge in realising their dreams and fantasies with creative building congurations that are not only iconic but often test the limits of structural engineering design and construction. One such building that has been very much talked about is the Bird's Nest stadium built for the 2008 Olympic Games. Another iconic structure perhaps is the China Central Television (CCTV) Headquarters, a 44-storey skyscraper of 234m height (I thought Chinese abhor the number 4) built near the 3rd Ring Road of Beijings Central Business District (Beijing has 6 Ring Roads). The building shape was selected by an International Jury from among ten prominent worldwide consortium teams bidding in the design competition. On my third visit to Beijing, I decided to have a better look at this radically shaped structure nicknamed d kuch or big boxer shorts. I wondered if this was architectural madness or creative ingenuity. Certainly, this architectural dream has presented numerous complex challenges to the structural engineers in design and construction scheduling. The building consists of two 6 leaning towers bent at 90 at the top and bottom, meeting to form a continuous loop which was also described as a Z crisscross or twisted doughnut. The engineers certainly have had to wrestle with the issues of building instability and bracing requirements at each phase of the tower construction before a semblance of stability could be achieved upon linking of the towers at 162m height. This challenge was compounded by the need to consider seismic forces. Structural steel framing system was the obvious choice of structural components. Construction started on 1 June 2004 and the ofcial opening was held on 1 June 2008. A re in February 2010 in a connected adjacent CCTV Cultural Centre had, however, affected the full operation of the CCTV Headquarters.
by Ir. Tham Kum Weng
The building as photographed at the end August 2011 was shrouded in a melancholic haze affecting the city. As I admired the building from afar, I reected and pondered on the increasing human penchant for outstanding achievement and relevance. In our human pursuit of creativity and uniqueness, are we striving to match the opulence and grandeur of the many great monuments of the by-gone era? Perhaps, but Beijing being full of historical landmarks and cultural relics could leave this pursuit to Shanghai where many such iconic buildings continue to mushroom. To my mind, the passion for greatness should also be accompanied by the common need to create value through the optimal utilisation of the world's resources; only then will the burst of creativity justify itself in our quest for excellence and posterity. I
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PROFESSIONAL INTERVIEW
To All Members, Date: 10 October 2011
CANDIDATES APPROVED TO SIT FOR YEAR 2011 PROFESSIONAL INTERVIEW

The following candidates have been approved to sit for the Professional Interview for 2011. In accordance with Bylaws 3.9, the undermen oned names are published as having applied for membership of the Ins tu on, subject to passing the year 2011 Professional Interview. If any Corporate Member of the Ins tu on has any reason as to why any of the candidates is not a t and proper person for elec on, he should communicate in wri ng to the Honorary Secretary. Such communica on should be lodged within a month from the date of this publica on. Thank you. Ir. Prof. Dr Lee Teang Shui Honorary Secretary, The Ins tu on of Engineers, Malaysia
NEW APPLICANTS
Name CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
SURENDRAN A/L RAMASAMY BE HONS (USM) (CHEMICAL, 1998)
TRANSFER APPLICANTS
Mem No. Name MATERIAL ENGINEERING
NIK AMIRUDDIN SIRU BIN CHE MUSTAFFA BE HONS (UM) (MATERIAL, 2006) 18981 30661 25489 36818
TRANSFER APPLICANTS
Mem No. Name
38902 MOHD. KHIZAM BIN MD ALI SAW SAY KEE TAI WAI YAU VONG KEE SIN WAN ARMATAHWIN BIN ABDUL RAHMAN
Qualications
Qualications
Qualications
BE HONS (UTM) (CIVIL-CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT, 2007) BE HONS (UTM) (CIVIL, 2000) BE HONS (UTM) (CIVIL, 2006) BE HONS (UPM) (CIVIL, 2002) BE HONS (UTM) (CIVIL, 2007)
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ABDUL RAHIM BIN OSMAN KU MING FEN MOHD. AZWAN BIN MOHD NOR REZAN SRI KANTHAN A/L VEERAMUTHU BE HONS (UPM) (CIVIL, 2001) BE HONS (UTM) (CIVIL, 2002) BE HONS (UiTM) (CIVIL, 2003) BE HONS (UTHM) (CIVIL, 2001)
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ROSLAN BIN ABDUL RAHMAN BSc (SUNDERLAND POLYTECH, CNAA) (MECHANICAL, 1980)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

JAMALLUDIN BIN IDRIS NOR MOHD. SOFIAN BIN SOID NOR SALINA BINTI JALIL SUBBARAO A/L RAMULU WAN ISHAK BIN SOED ADV DIP (UiTM) (ELECTRICAL, 1994) BE HONS (UiTM) (ELECTRICAL, 2002) BE HONS (UTM) (ELECTRICAL, 2004) BE HONS (UM) (ELECTRICAL, 2000) BSc (ARIZONA) (ELECTRICAL, 1996)
TRANSFER APPLICANTS
Mem No. Name CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
24997 MOHAMAD ANWAR BIN AHMAD BE HONS (UM) (CHEMICAL, 2005)
25858 25177 38007
Qualications
ASYMAL WAJDI BIN MUHD AKHIR BE HONS (UTM) (ELECTRICAL, 2004) @ MOKHTAR MASNOREEN BINTI BE HONS (UTM) (ELECTRICAL, 2001) MOHAMED YUSOF TEE KIEN HING BE HONS (UKM) (ELECTRICAL, 2006)
CIVIL ENGINEERING ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

MOHD. HASZUAN BIN SUKAIRI BE HONS (UKM) (ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM, 2001) 32643 23120 36282 25161 26388 25189 ABU HANIFAH BIN YUSOF CHONG KEAN YEE CHOY WAI KENT KWAN YONG KHANG LAI LIH YING LEE KIANG YEN BE HONS (USM) (CIVIL, 2000) BE HONS (UTM) (CIVIL, 2005) BE HONS (USM) (CIVIL, 2004) BE HONS (UNITEN) (CIVIL, 2006) BE HONS (UTM) (CIVIL, 1999) BE HONS (UTM) (CIVIL-CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT, 2002)
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
20133 37066 AMIN SYAKIR BIN ABD. LATIB TEOH CHEE PINP BE HONS (UPM) (ELECTRONIC/COMPUTER, 1999) BE HONS (UKM) (MICROELETRONICAL, 2007)
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

LEONG KAM FATT BE HONS (QUEEN'S, BELFAST) (ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC, 1997)
Answer for 1Sudoku published on page 16 of this issue.
IEM DIARY OF EVENTS

Kindly note that the scheduled events below are subject to change. Please visit the IEM website at www.myiem.org.my for more informa on on the upcoming events.
23
Project Management Technical Division

7 - 8 December 2011 2 DAY COURSE ON 'CONTRACT MANAGEMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS' Time: 9.00 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Venue: TUS Lecture Room, 2nd Floor, Wisma IEM, Petaling Jaya Speaker: Ir. Dr Lai Sze Ching 20 December 2011 TALK ON MANAGEMENT AND KNOWLEDGE IN PROJECT ENVIRONMENTS Time: 5.30 p.m. to 7.30 p.m. Venue: TUS Lecture Room, 2nd Floor, Wisma IEM, Petaling Jaya Speaker: Dr Tan Hai Chen
IEM MAJOR EVENTS

12 13 JUNE 2012 11TH CONCET INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE ENGINEEING AND TECHNOLOGY
Venue: Putrajaya Email: concet2012@gmail.com Website: www.concet2012.um.edu.my (Call for papers)
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COUNCIL ELECTION FOR SESSION 2012/2013

4th Nomination papers for the Election of Announcement Council Members for Session 2012/2013 will be posted on the IEM website (http//www. myiem.org.my) and made available at the IEM Secretariat ofce by 23 November 2011. The closing date for nominations is on 21 December 2011.
Thank you. Dato Pang Leong Hoon Election Ofcer, IEM
14 16 JUNE 2012 WOMEN IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE WIETC2012 : Stepping Out of the Shadow
Organised by: Sub-Commi ee on Women Engineers Email: jac@iem.org.my (Call for papers)
PRESS STATEMENT
26,500 ENGINEERING MEMBERS WILL BENEFIT FROM TRANSFORMATION BUDGET STRATEGIES

2012 Budget Excellent for Engineers
Note: For the benet of readers of JURUTERA, we reproduce below a press statement issued by IEM on 7 October 2011 in response to the 2012 Na onal Budget.
Petaling Jaya, Friday 7 October 2011 The Ins tu on of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM) welcomes the 2012 Budget which is innova ve with focus on the well-being of the Rakyat. Many areas targeted in the budget strategies have inputs related to the eld of engineering and benet the 26,500-strong membership of the Ins tu on. We duly note that the 2012 Budget is focused on achieving the Economic Transforma on Programme, essen ally bene ng key economic sectors such as engineering, construc on and property, with the private sector taking a substan al role, opera ng based on an inclusive and sustainable development approach and framework. The Budget has given due focus on engineering given its important role in suppor ng na onal development. IEMs views are as follows: We welcome the RM100 million SME Revitalisa on Fund for entrepreneurs as this would directly benet our Members in the engineering business (either as owners or service providers) most of whom fall under the SME category,
We urge that all service providers of the relevant sectors should be given some form of incen ve or boost. In par cular, we urge the Government to consider allowing the engineering sector to enjoy lower corporate and personal tax given their crucial role in na on building. We believe that the service tax for professional services such as medical, engineering, architecture, etc. should be removed. This provision would move to mo vate the sectors to perform be er. If the burden is passed on to the Rakyat, it would go against the spirit of this Budget (i.e. to increase the well-being of the Rakyat). The Budgets proposal to implement an exit plan for employees is commendable.
The Governments plan to have 30% of decision-makers in the corporate sectors to be women is commendable. IEM has many talented and capable women engineers within its fraternity who can full these corporate roles. IEM will give its full support to the Government for the successful implementa on of the Transforma on Budget ini a ves. I
CONTRIBUTIONS TO WISMA IEM BUILDING FUND

RM1,767,193.70 from IEM Members and Committees RM571,502.00 from Private Organisations
TOTAL RM2,338,695.70
(ANOTHER RM9,811,304.30 IS NEEDED)
The Ins tu on would like to thank all contributors for dona ng generously towards the IEM Building Fund
HELP US TO PROVIDE BETTER SERVICES TO YOU AND TO THE FUTURE GENERATION
DONATION LIST TO THE WISMA IEM BUILDING FUND
41st
Announcement
The Institution would like to thank all contributors for donating towards the Wisma IEM Building Fund. Members and readers who wish to donate can do so by downloading the form from the IEM website at http://www.MyIEM.org my or contact the IEM Secretariat at +603-7968 4001/5518 for more information. The list of the contributors as at 30 September 2011 are shown as in table below.
NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 MEMBERSHIP NO. DETAILS 10930 08592 15207 26616 20091 10449 ASRI BIN OTHMAN CHIEW HUEY SHENG CHUA CHEONG PEYU EGU PHOOI MEI LEE TIAN SIN LIEW KIM MING, JUSTIN NO. 7 8 9 10 11 MEMBERSHIP NO. DETAILS 14077 29646 09787 10387 16349 LIM TEE LIM XIN YI LOI KIM SHUNG LOW GUAN TUI MOHAMAD HASSAN BIN ZAKARIA NO. 12 13 14 MEMBERSHIP NO. DETAILS 11777 18862 38577 MOHD HISHAM BIN HASHIM SANMUGAM A/L SINAHSAMY SITI NUR RABIAH BINTI HARON NO. 15 16 17 18 19 20 MEMBERSHIP NO. DETAILS 07604 17565 06172 03845 13096 18148 TAN AH HOCK TAN GIIN LING TAN HOON KEONG TAN HUI KUAN YEOW POW KWEI ZAINUDIN BIN A. KADIR

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XYP-2009 GECA 08-2007 Environmentally Innovative Products

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JURUTERA MONTHLY CIRCULATION: 25,000 COPIES

Professional Interview Press Statement / Building Fund

PROPOSED FUTURE THEMES

November 2011 JURUTERA 3

Sustainability Through EE&C and RE Easier Said Than Done?

TIMBALAN YANG DIPERTUA / DEPUTY PRESIDENT:

NAIB YANG DIPERTUA / VICE PRESIDENTS:

SETIAUSAHA KEHORMAT / HONORARY SECRETARY:

BENDAHARI KEHORMAT / HONORARY TREASURER:

WAKIL AWAM / CIVIL REPRESENTATIVE:

WAKIL MEKANIKAL / MECHANICAL REPRESENTATIVE:

WAKIL ELEKTRIK / ELECTRICAL REPRESENTATIVE:

WAKIL STRUKTUR / STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIVE:

WAKIL KIMIA DAN DISIPLIN LAIN / CHEMICAL AND OTHERS REPRESENTATIVE:

WAKIL LAIN LAIN DISPLIN / REPRESENTATIVE TO OTHER DISCIPLINES:

WAKIL MULTIMEDIA / MULTIMEDIA REPRESENTATIVE:

AHLI MAJLIS / COUNCIL MEMBERS:

AHLI MAJLIS / COUNCIL MEMBERS BY APPOINTMENT :

BEKAS YANG DIPERTUA TERAKHIR / IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT:

BEKAS YANG DIPERTUA / PAST PRESIDENTS:

PENGERUSI CAWANGAN / BRANCH CHAIRMAN:

THE INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS, MALAYSIA

November 2011 JURUTERA 5

Making Efforts In Sustainability Count

(Con nued on page 9)

ECAST ideas we build on PR

November 2011 JURUTERA 9

Understanding Energy Efciency and Energy Saving Devices

1. WHAT IS ELECTRICAL ENERGY?

2. UNDERSTANDING ENERGY COST

3. UNDERSTANDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Figure 1: A TNB substa on

Figure 2: An example of an energy meter

12 JURUTERA November 2011

Figure 3: Incandescent lamp

Figure 4: Fluorescent lamp

4. DISCUSSION ON ENERGY SAVING DEVICES

Figure 5: Energy eciency labels for household products

Figure 7: Example of a misleading adver sement on an energy saving device

a) Brand X Figure 8: Two brands of ESDs

November 2011 JURUTERA 13

4.1 ESD Type A (application of a capacitor unit)

PROVIDE STEAM SOLUTION FOR TOMORROWS INDUSTRY ENERGY NEEDS

4.2 ESD Type B (based on voltage minimisation technique)

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14 JURUTERA November 2011

a) Capacitance test for 3-phase ESD

b) Current injec on test

5. A PRACTICAL GUIDE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY

c) Energy saving test Figure 11: Sample tests for ESDs

d) Capacitance test for 1-phase ESD

November 2011 JURUTERA 15

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16 JURUTERA November 2011

Microbial Fuel Cell: Transformation of Wastewater to Green Energy

NATIONAL DEPLETION POLICY, 1980

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RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY 10TH MALAYSIA PLAN (2011 - 2015)