Cell No.

: 0300-9466533 [ENGLISH AT HOME BY ASAD YAQUB]

English at Home

By Asad yaqub 03009466533 asad_2002pk@yahoo.com

Cell No.: 0300-9466533 [ENGLISH AT HOME BY ASAD YAQUB]

Contents
Chapter 1 CD 1 Accent Reduction & English Pronunciation

Page No.
3

Chapter 2

CD 2

Contractions

Chapter 3

CD 2

Modal Verbs

10

Chapter 4

CD 3

Tenses Made Easy

11

Chapter 5

CD 4

The Passive Voice

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Cell No.: 0300-9466533 [ENGLISH AT HOME BY ASAD YAQUB]

Chapter 1 CD 1: Accent Reduction and English Pronunciation

A Nation Station Examination Pat Cat Call Mall Far Car War Wardrobe 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Relation Rat Small

Flat Tall

Mat Fall

The rain in Spain stays mainly in plain. Waiter, wait at the station for the nation. I have no relaxation, no information, no examination, no exaggeration and even no relation. I say, hey! The ray of dismay came late to stay and play in the tray with clay but pray to delay it as you may. They came late, waited at the gate to take a train to Main Lane in the rain. I played all the day, today but if you may stay at the station to wait for the train with the waiter in the waiting room. She came to say sorry to the waiters. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday are working days but Saturday and Sunday is a holiday.

B Book Bribe Bubble C Come Computer Cry Place 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Bat Bird Bluff

But Balcony Brown

Bamboo

Cat Coconut Cook Trace

Cut Cucumber Contain Face

Couple Curtain Race

Can you come to cut the cake in the camp of my cousin? Come on! Catch the cat to catch the mouse. I cant cross the canal with coins and camera, carefully. Call Carl, Carls cousin and Carls companions. Cut the coffee cake cousin in the Car of Canadian Capitals Councilor. Captain, Call the cat to carry the kittens in the corner of the caf. Can you come to the caf to collect cream cold coffee with coffee cake? Come count the coins then cut the cake in the camp of Captains curious cousin. Customer calls coincidentally, to communicate carefully, calmly and continuously. Coins, cameras, cases and containers can come behind the colourful curtain.

CH Change Chocolate Chin Chemistry 1. 2. 3.

Chalk Chamber Challenge Chemical

Charge China Cheat

China with Charles change the choice of chocolate. Challenge the champion to choose the Chinese Chargers. China chooses charcoal to charge the charger in Chinese Chancellors Chamber.

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D Dead Decide Digital E Electronic Envelope Enable

Dog Drive Duration

Design Destroy Direction

Decorate Delay Day

Elephant Echo Equal

Escape Electricity Equality

FGHIJ Fan Gang House Islam Jack K King Karachi Know 1. 2. 3.

Fun Gun Honest Ink Jet

For Ghost Hour Intel Just

Grand Host Insect Journalist

Kind Kabul Knowledge

Kilo Kurd Knight

Kashmir Kilometer

Kind king kills the kind kangaroo keepers. Kindly, come with the key book and key notes. Kin cant kill the kind king at one kilometer from the kingdom of the Kind king.

LMNO Lion Most No Orange 1. 2. 3. 4.

Loyal Must Not Onion

Library Music Nest Oops!

Low Miss Name Oil

Oh no! Go slowly, because the oil is low. No, I know no magic to flow the water slowly. Slow, slow, slow, something is below. You know, no? But, I know what is below the window.

P Pakistan Personal Principal 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Play People Place

Police Pupil Pin

Put Pot Pink

People play ping-pong in the porch of their palace. Please put pen, pencil and packet in your personal purse. Paul and Prince purchase a pistol to prove their power to the poor people. Pick-pocket picks the pocket of a person whose purse is full of pennies. Pink panther picks a packet from the post office in public to please the post man and people. Police put the people in prison to prevent the people from the people. People feel the patients pain in the park with the Patients pals. Please, be punctual, polite, prosperous and pious person.

QRS Question Rabbit Suggestion

Quality Race Stage

Quit Range Say

Quarter Rest Sorry

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1. 2. 3.

Unqualified Quack Questions the Quality of Quilt Quietly. Queue of Qualified doctors Quits the Questions. Equality of quality queues up the quantity quietly.

T Total Toy Touch 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Th Thin There Tooth 1. 2. 3.

Titanic Tonic Taste

Trust Train Table

Tolerate Test Tub

Tell Tom and Ted to take a Ticket from the ticket-window. Me too, will come at two to two.(01:58) Train with transformers turns turtle on the top of the Tower of Tobacco Company. I will try to take the train of two to two (1:58) at the train station. Today, ten trains will turn to Taiwan at 2:00. Tom tries to take the training from the talk trainers in Tokyo. The trained trainers train the talent of new trainers to transform the fate of the trainers in Tibet.

Think The Truth

Nothing Therefore Forth

Thank Then North

I think thin Smith can thank you for telling the truth. Thin people of North and south think of the toothache. Then, their think tank thought to do nothing in north and south themselves.

UVWX Union Volcano Work X-Ray YZ Yellow Cry Zebra

Use Various Waste Xenophobe

United Very West

Unit Vast When

Young Fry Zest

Yell My Zoo

Yes Buy Zurich

Practice Aloud with the Video ENGLISH: THE GLOBAL LANGUAGE Professor McKenzie:
For many years now we have been referring to English as a global language .... as the language of communication and technology. Everybody seems to be learning English and it isnt uncommon to see English being used as a means of communication between .... lets see ... a German scientist .... and an Italian politician. These days ... if you dont know English, you are in danger of being excluded from whats going on ...in education, at work ... and especially in the world of technological advances. Very soon English will be the second language of all the people in the world. This is happening while I am speaking to you. We cant be certain of how long the process will take but there is no doubt that it will happen ... and my bet is that it will happen sooner rather than later.

Cell No.: 0300-9466533 [ENGLISH AT HOME BY ASAD YAQUB]

First of all English will be an obligatory subject on every school curriculum throughout the world. By the year 2010 around two billion people ... thats about a third of the Worlds population ..... will speak English as their second language. This isnt my prediction by the way. This is what the experts say. We can see evidence of these changes all the time. Lets take the Eurovision Song Contest as an example. Whatever we might think of the contest itself .... one thing that has changed recently is that now countries can opt to sing in English. In the last festival fourteen of the twenty five competing countries asked for the rules to be changed to allow them to sing in English. They argued that singing in their own language would put them at a disadvantage. I suspect that in a few years time all twenty-five countries will be singing in English. And what exactly does all of this mean for native speakers of English? Well, we are already in a minority. If the calculations are correct, then in ten years time, majority speakers ... that is non native English speakers ... will outnumber native English speakers by four to one. The two most important Englishes wont be British English and American English. Theyll be Native English and Majority English. So native English speakers will be handicapped. We will be the only people in the world who speak just one language. Because ... lets face it ...there wont be much of a reason for native English speakers to learn a second language. We ... and not the Majority English speakers ... will be the disadvantaged. As more and more people speak English it makes sense that they will become more competent. They will start to control more of the English resources being produced and to have a say in what should or shouldnt be included in dictionaries and language books. This might seem farfetched but it is already starting to happen. Lets use Sweden as an example. Their music exports .... predominantly English ... account for more than thirty per cent of its export income. This exported English is bound to have an effect on English in general. And this is just one small example. So ... all of you native English speakers out there ... get ready to throw away your phrase books ... whether youre planning to visit Eastern Europe or the Himalayas ... one thing you wont have to worry about is the language! Practice Aloud with the Video When we talk about the greenhouse effect we are talking about the world of tomorrow. we need to work together for a greener future. We have to carry the rainbow together. In a world of change we need to be changers and remember, we didnt inherit this planet from our parents, we borrowed it from our children and our childrens children. Thank you. Thats all folks!

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Chapter 2 CD 2: Contractions
Positive Contractions Notes
Be careful. Some contractions can have two or three meanings. For example, he'd can be he had or he would. It depends on the rest of the sentence. Look at these examples: He'd like to go. (He would like to go.) He'd finished when I arrived. (He had finished when I arrived.) The contraction 's (= is or has) is not used only with pronouns. It can also be used with nouns, names, question words and words like "here" and "there", for example: The train's late. John's arrived. Where's the phone? Here's your change. There's a policeman. Short form I'm I've I'll I'd Youre Youve Youll Youd Hes Hell Hed Shes Shell Shed Its Itll Were Weve Well Wed Theyre Theyve Theyll Theyd Long form I am I have I will/I shall I would/I should/I had you are you have you will you had/you would he has/he is he will he had/he would she has/she is she will she had/she would it has/it is it will we are we have we will we had/we would they are they have they will they had/they would Sentences Im in the class room. Ive had my breakfast. Ill talk to you tomorrow. Id like to eat a sandwich. Id reached when he came. Youre the best student. Youve reached Lahore. Youll be very happy. Youd like to eat ice cream, right? Youd slept when it rained. Hes gone back home. Hes going back home. Hell come tomorrow. Hed like to drive my car. Hed gone when teacher came. Shes washing the dishes. Shes washed the dishes. Shell be delighted to see you. Shed like to eat pizza. Shed slept when it rained. Its raining. Its rained. Itll be a very good idea. Were planning to buy a new car. Weve been living in Lahore for ages. Well never disappoint you. Wed like to help you. Wed gone when you came. Theyre playing very well. Theyve tried to cheat us. Theyll be in trouble if they dont follow me. Theyd like to meet me. Theyd had dinner when I reached.

Negative Contractions Notes With the verb "to be", two negative forms are possible - we aren't or we're not etc. In questions, am not is contracted to aren't, for example: I'm late, aren't I? Short form Long form Sentences Arent are not We arent telling the false stories. Cant cannot, can not I cant speak Arabic. Couldnt could not Im so sorry, I couldnt help you. Darent dare not Our enemies darent attack us. Didnt did not She didnt call me. Doesnt does not He doesnt like desserts. Dont do not We dont believe him. Hasnt has not It hasnt rained in Lahore. Havent have not They havent passed this test. Hadnt had not You hadnt told me about that.

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Isnt Maynt Mightnt Mustnt Neednt Oughtnt Shant Shouldnt Wasnt Werent Wont Wouldnt is not may not might not must not need not ought not shall not should not was not were not will not would not It isnt fair. It maynt rain today. The guests mightnt come. We mustnt waste our time. I neednt tell a lie with you. He oughtnt to disobey his father. We shant come tomorrow. (old fashioned) She shouldnt watch television every time. The servant wasnt at home when the theft took place. They werent playing cricket when the power failed. I wont let you down. (Let down means to disappoint) I wouldnt like to have a cup of tea.

Other Contractions Here are some more examples showing some very common contractions. Short form Long form Sentences Heres here is Here's your meal. Therell there will There'll be nobody here tomorrow. Theres there is There's a taxi! Thats that is That's my car! Thatll that will That'll be $10, please. Hows how is? How's your wife? Whatll what will? What'll people think? Whats what is? What's the matter? Whens when is? When's the wedding? Wheres where is? Where's the cinema? Whos who is? Who's your teacher? Whod who would? Who'd like ice-cream? Wholl who will? Who'll be there? Informal Contractions Informal contractions are short forms of other words that people use when speaking casually. They are not exactly slang, but they are a little like slang. For example, "gonna" is a short form of "going to". If you say "going to" very fast, without carefully pronouncing each word, it can sound like "gonna". Please remember that these are informal contractions. That means that we do not use them in "correct" speech, and we almost never use them in writing. (If you see them in writing, for example in a comic strip that is because the written words represent the spoken words or dialogue.) We normally use them only when speaking fast and casually, for example with friends. Some people never use them, even in informal speech. It is probably true to say that informal contractions are more common in American English. Also note that, unlike normal contractions, we do not usually use apostrophes (') with informal contractions when written. On the right are some common informal contractions, with example sentences. Note that the example sentences may be a little artificial because when we use a contraction we may also use other contractions in the same sentence, or even drop some words completely. For example: Wanna coke? What are you going to do? >> Whatcha going to do? >> Ain't = am not/are not/is not Whatcha gonna do? I ain't sure. You ain't my boss. Do you want a coke? Do you wanna coke? Ain't = has not/have not D'you wanna coke? I ain't done it. D'ya wanna coke? She ain't finished yet. Ya wanna coke?

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Gimme = give me Gimme your money. Don't gimme that rubbish. Can you gimme a hand? Gonna = going to Nothing's gonna change my love for you. I'm not gonna tell you. What are you gonna do? Gotta = (have) got a I've gotta gun. I gotta gun. She hasn't gotta penny. Have you gotta car? Gotta = (have) got to I've gotta go now. I gotta go now. We haven't gotta do that. Have they gotta work? Kinda = kind of She's kinda cute. Lemme = let me Lemme go! Wanna = want to I wanna go home. Wanna = want a I wanna coffee. Whatcha = what are you Whatcha going to do?

Whatcha = what have you Whatcha got there? Ya = you Who saw ya?

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Chapter3 CD 2: Modal Verbs Table of Common Modal Verbs

Can Must Will Can 1. I can speak Spanish. 2. They can't speak fluently. 3. Can you play the piano? 4. Cant you come tomorrow? Spoken Practice Talk about your abilities and disabilities with can and cant. Could 1. He could beat the record easily. 2. I couldnt help you. 3. Could you come yesterday? 4. Couldnt Pakistan win the world cup? Spoken Practice Make 5 sentences of this pattern: When I was small I could read and write. Must 1. We must get up early in the morning. 2. You mustnt tell a lie. 3. Must I go to college every day? 4. Mustnt they learn English? Spoken Practice Make 5 sentences with must and 5 with mustnt. Should 1. 2. 3. 4. Could Ought to Would May Shall Might Should

Spoken Practice Make 5 sentences with Might. Have to 1. I have to learn English. 2. We dont have to get up early in the morning. 3. Do you have to go at 9? 4. Dont they have to speak English in the class? Spoken Practice Make 5 sentences with have to. Have got to 1. I have got to go. 2. She has got to work hard. 3. Have you got to catch the train? 4. Have they got to learn French? Spoken Practice Make 5 sentences with have got to. Ought to 1. I ought to obey my elders. 2. We ought not to tell a lie. 3. Ought we to learn English? 4. Ought they to not come late? Spoken Practice Make 5 sentences ought to. Degrees of Possibility 1. He could be upstairs. 2. He might be upstairs. 3. He may be upstairs. Prediction 1. She might win. 2. She will win. 3. She may win. 4. She could win. Polite Requests 1. Can I see you in your office, please? 2. Could I see you in your office, please? 3. May I see you in your office, please? 4. Would you tell me the time, please? 5. Could you tell me the time, please? 6. Can you tell me the time, please? 7. Will you tell me the time, please?

We should help the poor people. You shouldnt smoke cigarettes. Should I learn English? Shouldnt they play cricket in the street? Spoken Practice Make 5 sentences with should and shouldnt. May 1. It may rain today. 2. Pakistan may win the match. 3. May I come in? 4. May we not sit here? Write down 5 sentences with May. Might 1. He might come anytime. 2. She mightnt pass the test. 3. Might they learn English? 4. Mightnt she go to London?

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Chapter 4 CD 3: Tenses Made Easy

Present Simple Tense
Use: 1. 2. 3. 4. Facts and generalization. Habits and routines. Permanent situations. State verbs (be, have, think, know and many others).

In positive sentences: Sharks have sharp teeth (Use 1) The Present Simple is one of the English tenses (Use 1) I learn English twice a week(Use 2) I have two eggs (Use 4) I come from Basil (Use 3) In questions: Questions require the auxiliary verb 'do' or, in the 3rd person, 'does'. Keep in mind that when you ask a question, you don't need 's' anymore. Compare these examples: A:Does she like going to the mountains? B:Yes, she does OR B: Yes, she likes going to the mountains. A:Does John have a dog? B:No, he doesn't (have a dog). Does Mike often play tennis? (Use 2) Do you know what the Present Simple is? (Use 3) Is China in Europe? (Use 1) In negative sentences: He doesn't go to cinema at all (Use 2) I don't like winter (Use 4) They don't live in New York anymore (Use 3) Fish don't smoke cigarettes (Use 1) Note: To express actions that take place regularly, you may use adverbs of frequency such as: always never frequently/often usually seldom/rarely nowadays every week/year sometimes/occasionally from time to time

Here go a few examples of how to use them in sentences: I always go to mosque on Fridays. I never eat anything after 10 p.m. My computer freezes from time to time -- it's quite old.

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Cell No.: 0300-9466533 [ENGLISH AT HOME BY ASAD YAQUB] Spoken & Written Practice
Answer all the questions in Present Simple Tense. 1. Describe your full day routine round the clock. 2. How do you typically spend your Sunday? 3. Describe your five good and five bad habits. 4. Tell me three things you like and three things you dislike. 5. How do you celebrate your birthday? 6. Describe daily routine of any of your family members. 7. How does a farmer spend his life? 8. How do you celebrate Independence Day of Pakistan? 9. Write a note on your hobbies in detail. 10. How do you celebrate Eid festival every year? 11. Complete the following sentences

Complete the following sentences

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. I like learning English because I dislike drinking wine because I love eating chicken because I hate telling lies because I am keen on playing or watching cricket because I cant stand summer because I cant help meeting my friends because I adore my parents because I miss my ______ because

Present Continuous Tense

We use the Present Continuous tense when talking about actions that are happening at the moment (present or temporary activity) or which will be done in the near future (future arrangement). In order to create a sentence it this tense, you have to know the following: How do you create it? write + ing = writing (no 'e') go +ing = going There are some exceptions: swim + ing = swimming (double 'm') run + ing = running I'm going to go to my grandma. I'm going abroad this summer (in both sentences the speaker is speaking about plans) I will go to my grandma (the speaker decided to go there in the moment of speaking) get + ing = getting Use: 1. Present or temporary activity. 2. Future Arrangement

In positive sentences He is getting married this month (Use 2) They are swimming in the sea (Use 1) I'm drinking hot coffee now (Use 1) I'm having a shower now (Use 1) Mike is just preparing to eat his big chicken.

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In questions Is she eating my cake? (Use 1) Are they having the party on Friday or Saturday? (Use 2) Is Mary having breakfast? (Use 1) In negative sentences He is not joking (Use 1) We aren't waiting for my uncle (Use 1) He is not going to school tomorrow (Use 2) Remember that you can also use the Present Continuous to show your irritation over something or somebody in the present. E.g. She is always asking me stupid questions. Spoken & Written Practice Answer the following questions. 1. Describe the things or activities which are happening in front of your eyes. 2. Follow the example sentences and write 5 sentences like them. Dont disturb me, I am studying. Come home, everybody is waiting for you.

Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect is used to express actions that happened at an indefinite time or that began in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used when an activity has an effect on the present moment. Use: 1. Actions which happened at an indefinite (unknown) time before now. 2. Actions in the past which have an effect on the present moment. 3. Actions which began in the past and continues in the present. The difference between the Present Perfect Simple and Continuous The difference is rather subtle; the Present Perfect focuses the attention of a listener on the result of an action and the Present Perfect Continuous -- on the duration of an activity. I've bought a new car (The Present Perfect). I've been buying cars for 10 years (The Present Perfect Continuous). You can earn a nice living doing it. In positive sentences: We have already had breakfast (Use 1) I have bought new shades (Use 2) I have already been to Paris (Use 1) John has been a plumber for 2 years (Use 3) Someone has taken my bag (Use 1,2 ) In questions: Have you ever seen this program? (Use 1) Where has she lived for 21 years? Is it Dublin or London? (Use 3) Have you found the telephone number? (Use 1,2) Have you ever been to France? (Use 1) Note: In sentences with adverbials such as ever, already, yet, Americans tend to use the Past Simple rather than the Present Perfect. So an American would probably say: Did you go to the post office?

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-No, I didnt. And a British man: Have you already gone to the post office? - No, I haven't. In negative sentences: Jane has never been so angry (Use 3) He hasn't taken any drug for two years (Use 3) Warning: You cannot use time expressions like: - two months ago - one year ago - last week - yesterday - when I was five years old Why? Because they specify accurately the time when something happened. You can, however, use time expressions such as: Already Never Ever Spoken & Written Practice 1. 2. 3. Write a note on completed action in the present i.e. I have finished my meal etc. List down the places you have visited in your life so far with the following sentence: I have been to. For example, I have been to Karachi etc. Write down 5 questions with Have you ever been to? Yet Recently Just Before At last Lately

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to express actions that started in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used to talk about actions which began in the past and have recently stopped. Use: 1. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present. 2. Actions that have recently stopped. I've bought a new car (The Present Perfect). I've been buying cars for 10 years (The Present Perfect Continuous). N.B The difference between present perfect and present perfect continuous is rather subtle; the Present Perfect focuses the attention of a listener on the result of an action and the Present Perfect Continuous -- on the duration of an activity In positive sentences My friend has been sleeping for 3 hours (Use 2) (she is still sleeping or she has just woken up). She's (=she HAS) been crying in her room for half an hour now (Use 1) We've been waiting for a good offer to buy a car since March (Use 1) In questions Have you been running? (Use 2)

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Has Tom been walking the dog? (Use 2) How long have you been learning English? (Use 1) What have you been doing there? I've been eating (Use 1 or Use 2) In negative sentences I haven't been sleeping very well recently (Use 1) I haven't been waiting for 50 minutes (Use 2) John hasn't been using his A drive for a long time (Use 1) Spoken & Written Practice Write a note on the activities you started in the past but you are still doing, for example, I have been studying English for 5 years, I have been living in Lahore for 20 years etc.

Past Simple Tense

We use the Past Simple to talk about actions that happened at a specific time in the past. The actions can be short or long. There can also be a few actions happening one after another. Use: 1. Short actions in the past (e.g. I went to school) 2. Long action in the past. 3. A series of actions in the past. Infinitive eat fly see swim 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Past (irregular or +ED) ate flew saw swam Past Participle (+have) eaten flown seen swum

I saw two colorful fish in the lake yesterday. (Use 1) He entered a room, lit a cigarette and smiled at the guests. (Use 3 ) Mary tried the soup but it was too hot to eat. (Use 1) I lived in New York for 10 years. (I don't live there anymore)(Use 2) They saw us playing football. (Use 1)

In questions: How long did he work there? (Use 2) Did the telephone ring? (Use 1) Did you see that? (Use 1) Remember! Common time expressions (time adverbials) in the Past Simple: yesterday, the other day, just now, the day before yesterday, ago, before. In negative sentences: He didn't learn any Italian when he was in Italy two year ago (Use 2) wasn't at my grandma's when you came (Use 1) Spoken & Written Practice 1. What did you do yesterday? 2. How did you spend your last Sunday or Friday? 3. Write a note on the funniest incident of your life? 4. Write a note on the saddest incident of your life? 5. How did you celebrate your last birthday?

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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. What did you do on last Eid Festival or Christmas (for Christian students)? Describe a memorable or unforgettable incident of your life. Describe a memorable trip to any place. Describe a wedding you once attended. Describe any traveling experience. When did you go for shopping last time and what did you buy?

Past Continuous Tense

We use the Past Continuous to talk about past actions in progress. The actions can also be interrupted by something (I was eating my breakfast when the telephone rang). Use: 1. Actions in progress. 2. Interrupted actions in progress. 3. Irritation. 4. Timid /polite question (read more below). I was wondering if you could carry my bag. I was wondering if... I was thinking you might... Although these sentences have the Past Continuous form, they apply to the present moment. Their meaning is similar to the "could you" sentences but they are more polite. In positive sentences: At 3 p.m., I was having lunch (Use 1) (the lunch started earlier than 3 p.m.) Yesterday at this time Steven Seagal was riding a horse. John was smoking a cigarette when he saw a spider (Use 2) In questions: Was she going to the theatre when it started raining? In negative sentences: He asked me why I wasn't having dinner at the hotel. Remember that you can also use the Past Continuous to show your irritation over something or somebody in the past. E.g. She was always asking me stupid questions. Spoken & Written Practice 1. Make 10 combined sentences of Simple Past and Past Continuous for example: I was sleeping when you called me. When I met her she was sleeping.

Past Perfect Tense

The Past Perfect is quite simple and useful, we use it to show that one action in the past occurred before another action in the past. Use: 1. A completed action before another activity in the past. The Past Perfect is also used in a number of expressions like these: I wish, I'd rather, as if/though and if only I wish I hadn't gone there. I'd (=I had) rather see it for myself. John looked as if he had done something terrible.

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In positive sentences: Mr. Jonson had read the document carefully before he signed it. Before I was born, my grandfather had gone to war. You may find that people (especially native speakers) sometimes don't use the Past Perfect in sentences like: After I walked my dog, I went to the cinema. This is because 'after' or 'before' tell the listener which action happened first. Still, keep in mind that such sentences are usually used in conversations rather than other situations, thus try to avoid them -- especially in tests where you can lose points. In questions: Had he known some words before he started learning English? Had they had any pet before they bought the giraffe? Common time expressions (time adverbials) in the Past Perfect: after, before, already, as soon as, just, yet, until, till, by the time that. In negative sentences I hadn't seen Berlin before I flew there in the summer. Brenda didn't call me before her plane had landed. Of course, the Past Perfect is used in reported speech (=saying someone else said): Ann: I was in the US 12 months ago. George: Ann said she had been in the US 12 months earlier. OR Ann: I have searched all the rooms. George: Ann said she had been searched all the rooms. So what we basically do is replace the Past Simple and the Present Perfect with the Past Perfect. Spoken & Written Practice Answer the following questions. 1. Make 10 combined sentences of Past Simple and Past Perfect, for example: When I reached home my family members had slept. The train had left before I reached the railway station, etc.

CD 4: Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The Past Perfect Continuous is very similar to the Past Perfect . The difference between them is we use the Past Perfect Continuous to express longer actions than in the Past Perfect. In addition, while using this tense we focus on the duration of an activity rather than the result of it. Use: 1. Duration of a past action up to a certain point in the past. In positive sentences: He had been running for an hour when it started raining. When I saw him I knew that he had been training. In questions: For how many hours had Fred been painting the house when the ladder fell? In negative sentences: It had not been raining since morning.

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Spoken and Written Practice Answer the following questions. Make10 combine sentences of Past Simple and Past Perfect Continuous, for example: When I reached home my brother had been watching T.V for 2 hours, etc.

Simple Future Tense

There are two different forms in English to express future in the Simple Future: ' be going to' and 'will '. 'Will' is used to express promises and things we decide to do in the moment of speaking, 'going to' is used to express our plans. Both of those forms can be used to express our predictions. Use (Will): 1. Promises (Use 1) 2. Unplanned actions (Use 2) 3. Predictions (Use 3) Use (Going to): 1. Planned actions (Use 4) (like in the Present Continuous) 2. Prediction (Use 3) In Positive Sentences You will regret it (Use 2) When I'm 60 years old, I will have a long beard (Use 2) I will go to Mary (Use 1) (the speaker decided to go to Mary in the moment of speaking.) In Question Will he be angry when he sees me? (Use 2). What do you think - will Mark arrive at 10 or 9? (Use 4) I won't take any equipment with me (Use 1). Mmmm... you know what? I won't be able to help you with your English today (Use 2) This team is definitely going to win the competition. (Use 3) I'm going to visit my grandma next week (Use 4). Is The Government is not going to lower the taxes (Use 4 or Use 3). He is going to apologize to Mary for his behavior? (Use 4) Spoken and Written Practice Answer the following questions. 1. What will you do tomorrow? 2. How will you spend your coming Sunday or Friday? 3. What will you do on your coming birthday? 4. What will you do in the future? 5. Write a note on a trip you will take in future. 6. What will you do after learning English? 7. How will you celebrate the next Independence Day? 8. How will you help your parents in their old age? 9. What will you do in your old age? 10. How will you help the poor people in the future?

Future Continuous Tense

We use the Future Continuous to indicate that we will be in the middle of doing something in a specified time in the future.

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Use: Incomplete actions in the future. Tomorrow at nine I will be hosing off (=washing with a hose) my car. I am going to (=will) be watching TV when my mother arrives. Tomorrow at this time, I will be getting bored at school! Will she be cooking when we knock at the door? Will Mark be playing football at 6 pm? We won't be having supper tomorrow before 8 o'clock. Written and Spoken Practice 1. Write a note about the things you will be doing by a certain point of time in the future. 2. Guess what will be going on at the railway station or the airport.

Future Perfect Tense

We use this tense to express an action that will be finished before some point in the future. Use: 1. Actions that will be finished before some point in the future Common time expressions used in the Future Perfect: Before By tomorrow/7 o'clock/next month Until/till They will have graduated from Cambridge by July 2009. They won't (will + not) have graduated from Cambridge by July 2009. I won't have retired by the end of the year. Ill have retired by the end of the year. Will they have graduated from Cambridge by July 2009? Will I have retired by the end of the year? Written and Spoken Practice Talk about the things you hope to complete in the future.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Use: Actions that will start in future and continue for a period of time Actions that will start at a point of time in future To guess about continuous actions in present with point or period of time I think it will have been raining in Karachi since morning. She will have been sleeping for two hours. Written and Spoken Practice Follow the example sentences and make 5 sentences. I guess it will have been snowing in Murree. I am sure she will have been studying for an hour.

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Cell No.: 0300-9466533 [ENGLISH AT HOME BY ASAD YAQUB] Chapter 5 CD 4 : The Passive Voice
Active: S+V+O

Passive: S + Be + PP(V3ed) + by + O EX: My father planted this tree last year. This tree was planted by my father last year. The Simple Present Tense Active: S + V(s/es) + O Passive: S + am/is/are + PP + by + O EX: He reads books every day. Books are read (by him) every day. The Present Continuous Tense Active: S + am/is/are + V-ing + O Passive: S + am/is/are + being +PP + by + O EX: He is writing a novel at the moment. A novel is being written (by him) at the moment. The Present Perfect Tense Active: S + Has/Have + V3ed + O Passive: S + has/have + been +PP + by + O EX: He has just finished a novel. A novel has just been finished (by him). The Simple Past Tense Active: S + V2ed + O Passive: S + was/were + PP + by + O EX: He gave Tom a book. A book was given to Tom (by him). Tom was given a book (by him). The Past Continuous Tense Active: S + was/were + V-ing + O Passive: S + was/were + being + PP + by + O EX: He was writing a letter at 8.00 yesterday. A letter was being written (by him). The Past Perfect Tense Active: S + had + V3ed + O Passive: S + had + been + PP + by + O EX: He had finished his homework before 8.00 yesterday. His homework had been finished (by him) before 8.00 yesterday. The Simple Future Tense Active: S + will/shall + V + O Passive: S + will/shall + be + PP + by + O EX: He will finish the homework. The homework will be finished. The Future Continuous Tense Active: S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O Passive: S + will/shall + be + being + PP + by + O EX: Tom will be cooking lunch at 10.00 tomorrow.

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Lunch will be being cooked by Tom at 10.00 tomorrow. The Future Perfect Tense Active: S + will/shall + have + V3ed + O Passive: S + will/shall + have + been + PP + by + O EX: By the end of next week, he will have written 10 letters to her. By the end of next week, 10 letters will have been written to her. MODAL VERBS IN PASSIVE VOICE Modal Verbs can be used in either the present or past forms. Active: S + MV (not) + V + O Passive: S + MV (not) + Be + PP + by + O EX: We cant solve this problem. This problem cant be solved. PASSIVE VOICE WITH CAUSATIVE FORM Active: S + Has/Have + O1 + V (BI)+ O2 S + Get + O1 + V (to-infinitive) + O2 Passive: S + Has/Have/Get + O2 + PP EX: My father had Tom wash his car. My father had his car washed by Tom OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE Verbs of liking/loving/wanting/wishing + Object + infinitive form their passive with the passive infinitive. Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2 Passive: S + V + O + To Be + PP EX: He wants someone to take photographs. He wants photographs to be taken. Such verbs as have/let/make/hear/see/watch/feel/ observe are used in the following passive structure: Active: S + V + O + V (BI) Passive: S + To Be + PP + to-Infinitive EX: The gravity makes things drop down. Things are made to drop down by the gravity. Note: The verb following let does not bear to in the passive sentence. OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE With advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + Indirect Object + Infinitive + Object, we have two ways of making the passive voice. Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2 Passive: S + To Be + PP + to-infinitive + O2 EX: He urged the Council to reduce the tax. The Council was urged to reduce the tax. OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE With advise/beg/order/recommend/urge + Indirect Object + infinitive + Object, we have two ways of making the passive voice. Active: S + V + O1 + to-infinitive + O2 Passive: S1 + V + that + S2 + should be + PP EX: He urged the Council to reduce the tax. He urged that the tax should be reduced. OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS AFTER THE PASSIVE VERB After acknowledge/assume/believe/claim/ consider /estimate/feel/find/know/report/ say/think /understand , we use the infinitive construction.

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Simple Infinitive: if the time in the infinitive passive is the same as that of the main active verb. Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O) Passive: It + To Be + PP + that + S2 + V2 + (O) EX: People said that he was jealous of her. It was said that he was jealous of her.

Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O) Passive: S+ To Be + PP + to + V+ (O) EX: People said that he was jealous of her. He was said to be jealous of her. Perfect Infinitive: if the time in the infinitive passive is earlier than that of the main active verb. Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O) Passive: It + To Be + PP + that + S2 + V2 + (O) EX: People say that he was jealous of her. It is said that he was jealous of her. Active: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + (O) Passive: S+ To Be + PP + to have + PP + (O) EX: People say that he was jealous of her. He is said to have been jealous of her. OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE With advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest + Gerund + Object Active: S + V + V-ing + O Passive: S + V + that + S + should be + PP EX: He recommended using bullet-proof glass. He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used. OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE Active: S + V + O + V-ing Passive: S + V + Being + PP + by + O EX: I remembered my father taking me to the zoo. I remember being taken to the zoo by my father. Active: S + V + To-ing+ O Passive: S + V + To Be + PP + by + O EX: She started to learn English 5 years ago. English started to be learnt 5 years ago. Active: S + V + V-ing + O Passive: S + V + Being + PP + by + O EX: She started learning English 5 years ago. English started being learnt 5 years ago.

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