NETAJI SUBHASH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPERTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

ENCODER AND DECODER

A Project By:Priyanka Basak year,6th sem roll:32 3rd

Content
Acknowledgement Decoder Implementation of decoder NAND decoder Use Encoder Example Implementation of encoder bibliography

Acknowledgement
I would like to take this opportunity on the completion of this project to express my heartiest gratitude towards a lot of people who have helped and guided me in the process and development of this project. First of all we would like to thank my parents for their blessings and support, my friends and classmates, who have helped us a lot, without whose support and inspiration, this project would have never have been a reality . Again I would like to thank all those important persons involved in the completion of this project from deep inside my heart. Thank you all.

(PRIYANKA BASAK)

3rdyear, 6thsemister Roll no. :32

Decoder
A decoder is similar to demultiplexer but without any data input. Most digital systems require the decoding of data. Decoding is necessary in applications such as a data multiplexing,digital display,digital-to-analog converters and memory addressing. A decoder is a logic circuit that converts an n-bit binary input code (data) into 2 output lines,such that each output line will be activated for only one of the possible combinations of input. In a decoder,the number of output is greater than the number of inputs . here, it is important to note that if the number of inputs and outputs are equal in a digital system then it can be called convertors, eg BCD to Excess-3 code,Binary to Gray and Gray to Binary code convertors. In digital electronics, a decoder can take the form of a multiple-input, multipleoutput logic circuit that converts coded inputs into coded outputs, where the input and output codes are different. e.g. n-to-2n, binary-coded decimal decoders. Enable inputs must be on for the decoder to function, otherwise its outputs assume a single "disabled" output code word. Decoding is necessary in applications such as data multiplexing, 7 segment display and memory address decoding. The example decoder circuit would be an AND gate because the output of an AND gate is "High" (1) only when all its inputs are "High." Such output is called as "active High output". If instead of AND gate, the NAND gate is connected the output will be "Low" (0) only when all its inputs are "High". Such output is called as "active low output".

Example: A 2-to-4 Line Single Bit Decoder

A slightly more complex decoder would be the n-to-2n type binary decoders. These type of decoders are combinational circuits that convert binary information from 'n' coded inputs to a maximum of 2n unique outputs. We say a maximum of 2n outputs because in case the 'n' bit coded information has unused bit combinations, the decoder may have less than 2n outputs. We can have 2-to-4 decoder, 3-to-8 decoder or 4-to-16 decoder. We can form a 3-to-8 decoder from two 2-to-4 decoders (with enable signals).

Similarly, we can also form a 4-to-16 decoder by combining two 3-to-8 decoders. In this type of circuit design, the enable inputs of both 3-to-8 decoders originate from a 4th input, which acts as a selector between the two 3-to-8 decoders. This allows the 4th input to enable either the top or bottom decoder, which produces outputs of D(0) through D(7) for the first decoder, and D(8) through D(15) for the second decoder. A decoder that contains enable inputs is also known as a decoderdemultiplexer. Thus, we have a 4-to-16 decoder produced by adding a 4th input shared among both decoders, producing 16 outputs.

Use
Row select
Most kinds of random-access memory use a n-to-2n decoder to convert the selected address on the address bus to one of the row address select lines. A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode

Instruction decoder
In CPU design, the instruction decoder is the part of the CPU that converts the bits stored in the instruction register -- or, in CPUs that have microcode, the microinstruction -- into the control signals that control the other parts of the CPU. A simple CPU with 8 registers may use 3-to-8 logic decoders inside the instruction decoder to select two source registers of the register file to feed into the ALU as well as the destination register to accept the output of the ALU. A typical CPU instruction decoder also includes several other things.

Encoder
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs the inverse operation of a decoder. Hence, the opposite of the decoding process is called decoding. An encoder is a combinational logic circuit that converts an active input signal into a coded output signal. It has n input lines, only one of which is active at any time and m bits. In an encoder, the number of outputs is less than the number of inputs.

Examples
Media

Software for encoding audio, video, text into standardized formats:

A compressor encodes data (e.g., audio/video/images) into a smaller form (See codec.) An audio encoder may be capable of capturing, compressing and converting audio A video encoder may be capable of capturing, compressing and converting audio/video An email encoder secures online email addresses from email harvesters A PHTML encoder preserves script code logic in a secure format that is transparent to visitors on a web site A multiplexer combines multiple inputs into one output.

Job positions

A Data Entry Encoder may enter data from phone surveys in a coded format into a database. A Data Entry Encoder may enter payment amounts from legal tender documents from financial institutions into a database. A Manual Encoder may manually scan code tags on baggage that were missed by an automated system.

Security

A device or person that encodes or encrypts military messages, such as the ADFGVX Cipher in WWI or the Enigma device in WWII. A Microchip hopping encoder integrated circuit for non-fixed-code secured entry.

Medical encoding software

EncoderPro searches ICD-9-CM, CPT, and HCPCS Level II medical codes, to increase accuracy and allow ease of auditing for compliance.

Transducers

Transducers (such as optical or magnetic encoders) sense position or orientation for use as a reference or active feedback to control position:

A rotary encoder converts rotary position to an analog (e.g., analog quadrature) or digital (e.g., digital quadrature, 32-bit parallel, or USB) electronic signal. A linear encoder similarly converts linear position to an electronic signal.

Such encoders can be either absolute or incremental. The signal from an absolute encoder gives an unambiguous position within the travel range without requiring knowledge of any previous position. The signal from an incremental encoder is cyclical, thus ambiguous, and requires counting of cycles to maintain absolute position within the travel range. Both can provide the same accuracy, but the absolute encoder is more robust to interruptions in transducer signal.
Telecommunications

A device used to change a signal (such as a bitstream) or data into a code.

Electronic circuits

A simple encoder assigns a binary code to an active input line. Priority encoders establish the priority of competing inputs (such as interrupt requests) by outputting a binary code representing the highest-priority active input.

Bibliography
decoder: Definition from Answers.com http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ese171/lab/Lab4bAddDec/Lab4bAddDecF01.ht ml http://www.educypedia.be/favicon.ico http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CCsQFjAD&url= http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openbookproject.net%2Fbooks%2Fsocratic%2Foutput %2Fen_dec.pdf&rct=j&q=encoder%20and%20decoder%20pdf&ei=XSuMTezuJ c7xrQfa553hDQ&usg=AFQjCNFT1pBqSFNwiBQ7HeJrHFj5YqK_tg&sig2=4k1lFZ vRechIU2DSOAKREg