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1.7 Delta-Star Transformation

Fig. 1.11(a) shows three resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected in a closed delta to three terminals A, B and C, their numerical subscripts 1, 2, and 3, being opposite to the terminals A, B, and C respectively. It is possible to replace these delta-connected resistors by three star-connected resistors Ra, Rb, and Rc in Fig. 1.11(b) If the star-connected network is said to be equivalent to the delta-connected network, the resistance between any two terminals in Fig. 1.11(b) must be the same as that between the same two terminals in Fig. 1.11(a).
B R1 R3 R2 Ra A A C B Rb Rc C

Fig. 1.11(a)

Fig. 1.11(b)

Consider terminals A and B in Fig. 1.11(a), we have a circuit having a resistance R3 in parallel with a circuit having resistances R1 and R2 in series; hence R AB = For Fig. 1.11(b), we have R AB = Ra + Rb Equating (1.7.1) and (1.7.2) Ra + Rb = R1 R3 + R2 R3 R1 + R2 + R3 (1.7.2) (1.7.3) R3 ( R1 + R2 ) R1 + R2 + R3 (1.7.1)

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Similarly, Rb + Rc = Ra + Rc = R1 R2 + R1 R3 R1 + R2 + R3 R1 R2 + R2 R3 R1 + R2 + R3 (1.7.4)

(1.7.5)

Rearrange (1.7.3), (1.7.4) and (1.7.5) to give Ra = Rb = Rc = R2 R3 R1 + R2 + R3 R1 R3 R1 + R2 + R3 R1 R2 R1 + R2 + R3 (1.7.6)

(1.7.7)

(1.7.8)

1.8 Star-Delta Transformation

Conversely, the star-connected network can be replaced with an equivalent delta-connected network. Dividing (1.7.6) by (1.7.7), R2 = R1 Ra Rb Similarly, dividing (1.7.6) by (1.7.8), R3 = R1 Ra Rc Substituting for R2 and R3 into (1.7.6), R1 = Rb + Rc + Rb Rc Ra Similarly, (1.7.11) (1.7.12) (1.7.13) (1.7.10) (1.7.9)

R2 = Ra + Rc + Ra Rc Rb
R3 = Ra + Rb + Ra Rb Rc

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1.9 Maximum Power Transfer

Considering Fig. 1.12, a voltage source E with an internal resistance r is connected in series with an external resistance RL.
Energy source I r E RL

Fig. 1.12 The load current I= E r + RL E2 RL ( r + RL ) 2 (1.8.1)

The power delivered to the load is PL = I 2 RL = (1.8.2)

To achieve maximum power transfer, differentiating (1.8.2) with respect to RL and setting the result equal to zero. dPL (r + RL ) 2 2 RL (r + RL ) 2 = E =0 dRL ( r + RL ) 4 (1.8.3)

To find the value of RL to satisfy (1.8.3), setting the numerator of (1.8.3) equal to zero to obtain

RL = r

(1.8.4)

For maximum power transfer, the load resistance is chosen to be equal to the internal resistance of the source.

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Additional examples
(1) Find the magnitude and direction of the current flowing through 7 resistor in the following network.
A 3 B 12 C 3 D

8V

4V

Approach 1 Kirchhoffs Law Approach Using KCL, the currents are assigned as in the following diagram.
A I1 3 B I2 12 I1-I2 8V 4 7 C I3 I2-I3 4V 3 D

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Approach 2 Mesh Current Analysis

A 3 B 12 C 3 D

8V

I1

I2

I3

4V

Approach 3 Superposition Theorem

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(2) Obtain the Thevenins equivalent circuit for the following active network.
A B 3 3 6 a

20V D C

10V b

By KVL, the current flowing through the 6 resistor is I 6 = 20 + 10 10 = A (circulate in clockwise direction) 3+6 3 VBC = 10 + 10 6 = 10V 3

So, VBC is equal to

The Thevenin equivalent resistance RT is RT = 3 + 3 6 = 5 3+6

The Thevenins equivalent circuit is obtained as

5 10V b a

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(3) Using Thevenins Theorem, find the current in the 10 resistor of the following network.
A A 12V 4 6V 4

6 3

10

6V

Applying Thevenins Theorem, simplify the networks across A-B and A-C.
A I1 6 3 I1 6V I1 B B 2V 2 12V I2 4 I2 C C A I2 I2 4 2 A

6V

The equivalent circuit is shown as follows.

A

6V

2V B 10 6V

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(4) A network is arranged as shown in the following figure. Calculate the equivalent resistance between (a) A and C, and (b) A and N. (a) By using Star-delta transformation,
15 B 15 C B R1 N 4 6 3 2 10 6 R2 R3 10 C

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(b) By using Delta-star transformation,

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(5) Calculate the voltage across A-B in the network by using delta-star transformation.
A 6 2 2 10V B 6 2 5

(a) Network is rearranged as follows.

A 6 2 I1 5 I2 Req 2 B 2 10V 2 6 2 B 10V I 2 10V Rb B Rc 6 A Ra Rc

(1) Transform the 2-5-6 delta connection into Ra-Rb-Rc star connection.

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(2) Calculate the equivalent resistance Req and compute the current I.

(3) Using current division principle, compute the currents I1 and I2.

(4) Calculate the voltage drop across the 2 and 6 resistors which on the LHS in the middle figure. Compute the voltage difference between A and B.