AP Chapter 11 Practice Test -38078

1) Use concepts oI chemical bonding and/or intermolecular Iorces to account Ior each oI
the Iollowing observations:
a) The boiling points oI water, ammonia, and methane are 100C, -33C, and -
164C, respectively.
H
2
O and NH
3
have higher boiling points than CH
4
because they have hydrogen
bonding and CH
4
does not. Hydrogen bonds are a strong type of intermolecular force
which need to be overcome for a liquid to become a gas. The hydrogen bondin in H
2
O is
stronger than in NH
3
because oxygen has two nonbonding electron pairs and nitrogen
has only one pair and oxygen has a higher electronegativity than nitrogen.

b) At 25C and 1 atm, chlorine is a gas, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid.
All three are non-polar molecules, so the intermolecular forces will be London dispersion
forces. The molecule with the greatest molar mass will have the strongest dispersion
forces therefore the highest boiling point.

c) Calcium oxide (2615C) melts at a much higher temperature than does
potassium chloride (770C).
To melt a solid the temperature must be high enough to overcome the attractive forces
holding the solid together. Both are ionic solids. Calcium oxide is composed of small
ions with large charges (2 and 2-) so the forces holding them together are strong.
Potassium chloride is composed of larger ions with lower charges.

d) Propane is a gas and ethanol is a liquid, even though they have similar molar
masses.
Propane is a is a non-polar molecule, so it only has London dispersion forces. Ethanol is
an alcohol ( has an OH) and will have hydrogen bonding.

2) Answer the Iollowing questions about water using principles oI solids, liquids, and
gases and intermolecular Iorces.
a) Why does water boil at a lower temperature in Denver, Colorado than in New
York City?
In Denver the atmospheric pressure is lower because of its high elevation. The boiling
point is when atmospheric pressure equals vapor pressure. The vapor pressure of water
will be equal to the atmospheric pressure at a lower temperature in Denver.

b) For substances oI similar molar mass, why does water have unusually high
values Ior boiling point, heat oI vaporization, and surIace tension.
There is hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Hydrogen bonding holds the
molecules together in the liquid phase more strongly than the dipole-dipole or dispersion
forces in other molecules.

c) What structural Ieature oI ice causes it to Iloat on liquid water?
Ice forms a hexagonal structure to maximi:e hydrogen bonding. This structure has more
open space than liquid water making it less dense.

d) Why does calcium chloride dissolve exothermically in water?
Dissolving an ionic substance in water involves breaking ionic bonds and forming ion-
dipole interaction between the ions and water molecules. Separating calcium ions from
chloride ions is endothermic (Breaking a bond always endothermic). Forming the Ion-
Dipole attraction between water and the ions is exothermic (forming bonds is
exothermic). The ion-dipole attraction is stronger than the ionic bond.

3) Which compound Irom each pair has a higher boiling point? Explain your answer.

or H
2
S Hydrogen bonding
Cl
2
or Br

greater London dispersion forces
C
4
H
10
or C
6

14
greater London dispersion forces

or CH
2
CH
2
Hydrogen Bonding

4) Which liquid is more viscous? Explain your answer.
C

or CH
3
OCH
3
Hydrogen Bonding
C
5
H
12
or C
7

16
greater London dispersion forces

5) How much energy is needed to heat 125g oI ice at -55HC to vapor (steam) at 100HC?
SpeciIic heat oI ice 2.09 J/gC SpeciIic heat oI water 4.18 J/gC
SpeciIic heat oI steam 1.84 J/gC
HIus 6.01 kJ/mol Hvap 40.67 kJ/mol

Heat ice 125g * 55C * 2.09 J/gC 14369 J
Melt ice 6.94 mol * 6.01 kJ/mol 41 kJ
Heat water 125g * 100C * 4.18 J/gC 52250 J
Boil water 6.94 mol x 40.67 kJ/mol 282.2 kJ

Total 390.1 kJ

6) The Ireezing point oI ethanol CH
3
OH is -15HC and the boiling point is 83HC. A 162 g
piece oI solid ethanol at -15HC is put in a calorimeter. 345 g oI liquid ethanol at 72HC is
added to the calorimeter. The solid ethanol melts and the liquid reaches an equilibrium
temperature oI 14HC. The speciIic heat oI liquid ethanol is 3.2 J/gHC. Calculate H
Ius
Ior
ethanol in kJ/mol.
(melting ethanol) (heating cool ethanol) - (heat lost by warn ethanol)

(H
fus
* moles) (mass * T * Cp) - (mass * T * Cp)
( H
fus
* 5.06 mol) (162 g * 29C * 3.2 J/gC) -(345 g * -58C * 3.2 J/gC)

H
fus
9.68 kJ/mol


7) II you have ice at 760 torr and -1.9HC, what are two ways to make it a liquid?
Increase Temperature
Increase Pressure