Engleza elemente de baza A. Timpurile 1. Prezentul simplu : Structura : -afirmativ : S + vb(iar la a 3 sg.

s sau es Consoana + s Voc +y + s e + s voc o + es cons + y + es(y se transforma in i x, ss, ch,sh, + es -interogativ : Do sau Does(3 sg) + S + vb ? -negativ : S + do sau does+ not +vb Se foloseste : a) Indica o actiune general valabila( He loves football) b) Indica o actiune ce se repeat in mod systematic ca urmare a unei reguli sau obicei(I go to school every day ; I usually make up at 7) c) Indica adevaruri stiintifice( the Sun rises from the East) 2. Prezentul continuu Structura : - afirm : S + am ,are ,is + vb + ing - interog : am, are, is + S + vb + ing - neg : S + am, are, is, + not +vb + ing Se foloseste : a) Indica o actiune care are loc in momentul vorbirii(now, right now, at the moment)- my mother is cooking now. b) Indica o exceptie de la o regula sau obicei- I usually go to school by bus, but today Im going by car c) Always, never folosite ca un repros you are never coming on time d) Cu valoare de viitor apropiat cand actiunea este sigura- Im going abroad next week. Atentie !!! verbele to be, to understand, to seem, to start, to finish, to end, to love, to want, to wish, to smell, to see se folosesc doar la aspect simplu

3. Trecut simplu Structura : - afirmativ : S + vb la a 3 sau -ed - interogativ : Did + S + vb la prima forma ? - negative : S + did + not + vb la prima forma Se foloseste : a) Indica o actiune trecuta terminata last(year, month, week, summer) b) Yesterday c) Two days ago d) S + used to + vb 4. Trecutul continuu Strunctra :- afirm : S + was/were + vb + ing - interog : Was/were + S + vb + ing - neg : S + was/were + not + vb +ing Se foloseste : a) Indica o actiune in plina desfasurare la un anumit moment din trecut ce trebuie precizat (when I came home,my brother was sleeping) b) Exceptie de la o regula sau obicei din trecut( I used to wake up at 7, but that day I was waking up at 9.) c) O actiune viitoare fata de un moment trecut( he didnt go to that party because he was waking up early the next day) d) Always/ never cu rol iritativ(you were never doing what you had to do. 5. Prezentul perfect simplu Structura : -afirm : S + have/has + vb la 3 sau ed - interog : have/has + s + vb 3sau ed - neg : S +have /has + not +vb 3 sau ed Se foloseste : a) Se foloseste cu rmatoarele conjunctii : 1) Always :I have always liked football. 2) Never : I have never drunk whisky 3) For(durata) : They have lived here for 10 years. 4) Since(momentul) : They have lived here since 1996. 5) Recently/lately : I havent seen him lately/recently. 6) Just : he has just come home 7) Already : they have already done their homework 8) Yet : They havent come yet 9) So far (pana acum) : I havent visited paris so far 10) How long : how long have you studied English? 11) This(week, year,month) : I have traveled a lot this year

12) For a long tine : we havent seen him for a long tine. b) indica o actiune ce a avut loc deja dar al carei efect inca il mai c) resimtim(i have lost my keys.-dar nu le am gasit inca) o actiune inceputa dar nefinalizata/neincheiata inca(actiune incomplete)-I have read this book dar nu am terminat-o inca d) actiune plasata intr-o peroada de timp ce nu s-a incheiat(this year,month,week,morning,today)-I have visited many countries this year e) indica o actiune care tocmia a avut loc,s-a intamplat(I have just come home) f) indica actiune realizate de personae inca in viata(I have written many books) 6. Prezentul perfect continuu Structura : -afirm : S + have/has + been +vb + ing - interog : have/has + S +been + vb +ing - neg : S + have/has + not + been + vb + ing Se foloseste : a. Indica o actiune ce a inceput in trecut si care continua inca.Este obligatoriu sa precizam de cat timp dureaza actiunea. I have been reading for 2 hours. We have been living here since 1990. 5. Trecut perfect simplu Structura : - afirm : S + had + vb 3 sau ed - interog : had + S + vb 3 sau-ed - neg : S + had + not + vb 3 sau ed Se foloseste : Indica o anterioritate fata de un moment trecut. a) After + perfect simplu ---- trecut simplu After I had finished my homework, I went to bed. b) He had just finished his lunch when I entered the house. c) By (pana cand)- By the time he come back, I had already fallen asleep. d) He had lived in paris for 10 years and then he moved in Bucharest e) Before + trecut simplu-------- pat perfect simplu Before I went to bed, I had finished mi homework. f) No sooner + had + S _vb 3 sau ed..than + trecut simplu No sooner had I arrived at home than the phone rang g) Hardly +had + S + vb3 sau ed..when + trecut simplu

7. Trecutul perfect continuu Structura : - afim : S + had + been + vb +ing -int : had + S + been+ vb + ing -neg : S + had + not + been+ vb + ing Se foloseste : Indica o actiune ce a inceput inainte de un moment trecut si continua si in acel moment trecut(momentul trebuie precizat.) Ex : When you came home, I had been reading for 2 hours. 8. Viitorul simplu Structura : - afirm : S + will/shall + vb la prima forma - interog : Will/shall + S + vb la prima forma - neg : S + will/shall + not + vb Se foloseste : Indica o actiune viitoare : tomorrow, next, in 2050 Alte modalitati de exprimare a viitorului : I. Prezentul simplu The train leaves the station at 5.30 II. Present continuu---viitorul apropiat (aranjament fixat) Im leaving the country in 2 days. III. To be going to/ to be about to = a urma sa, a avea de gand sa Im going to celebrate my birthday party 9. Viitorul continuu Structura : - afirm : S + will + be + vb = ing - interog : Will + S + be + vb + ing - neg : S + will + not + be + vb + ing Se foloseste : Indica o actiune in plina desfasurare intr-un moment viitor precizat. (at this time tomorrow, next week, next Sunday, tomorrow at 2.pm) Ex. Well be visiting the British Museum this time nest Sunday. Important!!! Dupa if si when nu folosim viitorul (in conditionale sau temporale). Pentru a exprima o actiune viitoare folosim prezentul simplu. Ex. If the weather is fine tomorrow, well go for a walk

10. Viitorul perfect simplu Structura : - afir : S +will + have + vb 3 /-ed - interog : will + S + have + vb3 /-ed - neg : S + will + not + have + vb 3/-ed Se foloseste : Indica o actiune viitoare fata de present, dar anterioara (trecuta) fata de un moment viitor precizat. Ex. By tomorrow morning, I ll have finished the homework. At this time tomorrow Ill have left the town for 2 hours. 11. Viitorul Perfect continuu Structura : - afirm : S +will + have + been + vb + ing - interog : Will + S + have + been + vb + ing - neg : S + will + not + have + been +vb + ing Se foloseste : Indica o actiune viitoare fata de present si care incepe inainte de un moment viitor precizat si continua si in acel moment viitor. Ex. In 2010 I ll have been working here for 10 years This time tomorrow , well have been flying to paris for 2 hours. 12. Viitor simplu in trecut Structura : - afirm : S + would + vb la prima forma - interog : Would + S + vb la prima forma - neg : S + would +not + vb la prima forma Se foloseste : Indica o actiune viitoare dupa un verb la trecut. Ex. She said that she would come tomorrow. In subordinate conditionale de tip II se traduce in romana prin conditional present(as, ar ) Alta precizare : viitorul continuu in trecut se formeaza : S + would + be + vb + ing

13. Viitorul perfect in trecut Structura : - afirm: S + would + have + vb 3 /-ed Se foloseste : a. Ea spune ca pana la sfarsitul lui august se va fi mutat in londra. She says that by the end of August she will have moved in London b. In subordonatele conditionale de tip III ( se traduce in romaneste prin conditionalul trecut (as fi fost, ar fi facut) If the weather had been good I would have gone on the trip. B. Concordanta timpurilor Prezent Prezentul perfect Viitor Timp trecut Orice timp 1.trecutul perfect (pt a exprima o anterioritate) 2.trcut simplu(exprima o sinultaneitate) 3.viitor in trecut( posterioritate) Present (pt simultaneitate) Present perfect (anterioriate) C. Adjectivul

Viitor Viitor

1. Adjectivele scurte (1-2 silabe) Pozitiv : big, smart, tall,fat, happy, clever Comparativ : - de superioritate : Adj + er + than Bigger than, smarter, taller, fatter, happier, cleverer - de egalitate : as +adj + as as big as , as taller as - de inferioritate : less + adj +than less big than Superlativ : The + adj + est Happiest, biggest,tallest

2. Adjectivele lungi(2 sau mai multe silabe) Pozitiv : beautiful, wonderful, useful, hard-working Comparativ : -de superioritate : more + adj + than -de egalitate : as + adj + as -de inferioritate : less+ adj + than Superlativ : the + most + adj 3. Adjective cu grade de comparative neregulate Comparativ. Superlativ. better the best worse the worst more the most more the most less the least older the oldest elder the eldest elder si the eldest se foloseste grade de rudenie, adj + subst 7) near( apropiat) nearer the nearest, the nest 8) far(indepartat) farther(in spatiu) the farthest further(in timp) the furthest 9) fore(inaintat) former the foremost, the first 10) late(intarziat) later the latest, the last Cand avem ami multe adjective ordinea plasarii lor inaintea substantivului este urmatoarea : marime, varsta, forma, culoare, origine, material, subst. Many ( multi , multe ) + subst numarabile Few(putin, a) + substantive numarabile Ex. Many books few books Many people , few people Much(mult,a) + sunstantive nenumarabile Little(putin, a ) + substantive nenumarabile Ex. Much sugar, lttle milk, Much money, little progress Este din ce in ce mai cald.It is warmer and warmer. Este din ce in ce mai interesant.it is more and more interesting The movie was boring(cauza) , so I was bored(effect) Pozitiv. Good(bun , a) Bad/ill(rau) Many(=subst num.) much(subst nenum) littlke(putin) old(batran /vechi)

D. 1)

Wish

Wish + past desire -------past perfect Mi-as dori sa fii trait in sec 19.----- I wish I had lived in the 19 th century Mi-as fi dorit sa fi trait.-----------I wished I had lived in the.... 2) Wish + tresent desire ------- Simple past(were) Mi-as dori ca tu sa fii aici.--- I wish you were here. Ea si ar dori sa vina acum.--- she wish she came now 3) Wish + future desire -----would + vb Mi as dori sa devin faimos intr o zi. I wish I would become famous ore day. Subjonctiv mod 1) prezentul subj ------ past tense(were) Mi-as dori sa fii aici.---I wish you were here. 2) Past subj------past perfect I wish you had been here. As if, as though + subjonctiv Even if chiar daca E. Conditionalele(If clauses)

Sunt introduce de : if(daca), unless( daca nu ) + vb afirm Supposing that, providing that( presupunand ca ) In case (in cazul) Tipul 1. P.S. P.P.

If + preze t ----------------------------------------------------future tense (Future prezent) Daca vei invata vei trece examenul. If you learn you will pass the exam. Tipul 2. If + past tense(were)------------------------------future in the past(would + vb) (pres conditional) Daca ai invata, ai trece examenul. If you learnt , you would pass the exam.

Tipul 3. If + past perfect -------- Future perfect in the past( would +have+ vb 3/-ed) Daca ai fi invatat, ai fi trecut examentul. If you had learnt ,you would have pasted the exam. If it werent for your help , I wouldnt succed. But for your help F. The passive voice(diateza pasiva) Passive voice- diateza pasiva S + to be (pres) + vb 3/-ed A cake is eaten by me S + ti be (pres) + being + vb 3/-ed A cake is being eaten by me S+ to be(past) +vb 3/-ed A cake was eaten by me yesterday. S + to be (past) + being + vb 3/-ed A cake was being eaten by. S + to be(future) + vb 3/-ed A cake will be eaten soon by me S + to be(future) + being + vb 3/-ed A cake will be being eaten by me S + to be (pres perf) + vb 3/-ed A cake has just benn eaten by me. S + to be (pres perf) + being + vb 3/-ed A cake has been beign eaten by me S + had +been(past perf) +vb3/-ed A cake had been eaten by me. S + had +been(past perf) +being+vb3/-ed A cake had been being eaten when S + modal + be vb 3/-ed This cake must be eaten by me S + modal + have + been + vb 3/-ed This cake should have been eaten by you Indirect speech(vorbirea indirecta)

Activ voice- diateza active 1. simple pres tense I eat a cake every day. 2. contin. Pres tense Im eating a cake now. 3. S. past tense I ate a cake yesterday. 4.Contin past tense I was eating a cake when you came. 5.S future tense I will eat a cake soon 6.Contin future tense I will be eating a cake when you come 7.S pres perfect I have just eaten a cake. 8. Contin pres perf I have been eating a cake for 3 min. 9.S past perf I had eaten a cake when you came. 10.cont past perf. I had been eating a cake, 11. modals verbs : I must eat this cake. You should have eaten this cake. G.

Verbe declarative : to say, to tell, to ask, to annonce, to declare, to suggest, to inform, to invite Direct speech Persoana I Pers II Indirect speech Persoana III Pers I

Pers III S Pres t C pres T S past T C past T S past Perfect C past perfect S Future T C future T S present perfect C pres perfect Today Yesterday Tomorrow Here Now Ago This/these Can May Must Would rather Had better Conditionala I Conditionala II Conditionala III Adevaruri generale Imperativ

Pers III S past tense C past tense S past perfect C Past Perfect Neschimbat Neschimbat S future in the past C future in the past S past perfect C past perfect That day The day before The day after / the next day There Then before That/those Could Might Neschimbat Neschimbat neschimbat Conditionala II Neschimbat neschimbat neschimbat infinitiv

Ex : I go there todayshe said----She said that she went there that day. The Sun rises fron the eastthe teacher said The teacher said that the Sun rises from the East. Dont come late my mother told me.---mt mother told me not to come late

H. 1) Pronumele personal N. Sg. I. I II. you III. he - she - it Pl. I. we II. you III. they G.

Pronumele

D. me you him her it us you them

Ac. me you him her it us you them

my+ subst/mine your/yours his/his her/hers its/its our/ours your/yours their/theirs 2) Pronumele relative

N. who(persoana), which(lucruri), what(ce_ G. whose D./Ac. Whom That(care) pt persoane si lucruri 3) Pronumele nehotarat A B C Every body Somebody Anybody Nobody Everyone Someone Anyone No one everything something anything nothing

A - se foloseste pt persoane .propozitia este afirmativa si vb este afirmativ Ex. Everybody was present. B - se foloseste pt persoane , propoz. Interrogative si negative cand vb e la negative. Ex. Have you seen anyone ? I didnt say anything. ; nobody said anything C- se foloseste pt lucruri . propozitiile negative si vb afirm. Ex. I said nothing / nobody came here. 4) Pronumele demonstrativ this + sg = acesta , aceasta these + pl = acestea , acestia that + sg = acela , aceea those + pl =acelea, aceia

Alte pronume : the former(primul), the latter(al doilea), the other/others(altul, altii) the first, the last, the same (acelasi) one/ones(unii, unele) 5) Pronumele reflexive, de enfaza sg. I. II. III. myself = eu insami, insumi yourself Himself, herself, itself

Pl. I. ourselves II. yourselves III. Themselve 6) Pronumele reciproc(unul pe celalalt) 2 persoane : each other mai mult de 2 persoane : one another 7) Pronumele negative : neither(dintre 2 persoane) none(dintre mai multe persoane) J. Alte explicatii

In conditionale si temporale nu se foloseste viitorul!!! As soon as After + Pres perf. --------------future simple When Ex. Cand te voi intalni, iti voi spune secretul. When I meet you, lll tell you the secret. Pt apropiere sg : this(aceasta , acela) book , boy, Pl : these)(acestea, acestia) books, boys Pt departare : sg : that(acel,acea)-book, boy Pl : those(acelea, aceia) books, boys

1 the first 2 the second 3 - the third 4 the fourth 5 the fifth 8 the eighth 9 the ninth 10 the tenth 12 the twelfth 20 the twentieth 21- the twenty-first K. Verbele modale

1) Abilitatea fizica : pot sa fac ceva -se exprima la present : CAN, TO BE ABLE TO I can drive the car. , he is able to speak English very well. la trecut : COULD + vb1 , WAS/WERE ABLE TO I could speak when I was in Japan,but I wasnt able to write it. la viitor : WILL BE ABLE TO I will be able to drive my car soon. 2) Permisiunea: am voie sa - se exprima la present : MAY + vb 1; CAN(adresare cuiva f apropiat)WOULD + vb ; COULD(f politicos); TO BE ALLOWED/ TO BE PERMITTED. May I came in , teacher? She is allowed to go out. la trecut : MIGHT + vb 1; COULD; WAS / WERE ALLOWED TO; WAS / WERE PERMITTED TO. She asked me if she might use the computer I was allowed to go to the party. la viitor : WILL BE ALLOWED TO; WILL BE PERMITTED TO. She will be allowed to go there if she finishes her work on time. 3) Obligatie : trebuie sa.. ; e necesar sa La prezent : MUST ; HAVE TO +vb(fortat sa faci ceva) ; SHOULD/ OUGHT + vb (ar trebui sa, arata obligatia morala), SHALL + vb (arata insistenta)

You must go to school every day. You have to give up smoking. You shall come home before midnight La trecut : MUST; HAD TO; SHOULD+ HAVE +vb ; OUGHT TO + HAVE + vb. He told me thatI must go immediately. I had to live the country as soon as possible La viitor : WILL HAVE TO + vb She will have to finish her project tomorrow. 4) Exprimarea unui sfat : La present , trecut si viitor : SHOULD + vb(SHOULD + HAVE +vb 3/-ed; OUGHT TO +vb (trecut OUGHT TO HAVE +vb 3/-ed) You should see this movie. You ought to see this movie He told me that I should see that movie He told me that I ought to have seen that movie You should have seen a doctor, 5) S + USED TO + INF (Numai past tense)-un obicei trecut Ex. I used to play football when I was a schoolboy. S + get/be +used to+ ing(toate timpurile)-a se deprinde , a se obisnui cu) Ex : I will get used to driving my car when my father buys me one. To Dare = a indrazni a) vb notional + to + vb Does he dare to come? No, he doesnt dare to come. b)vb modal + vb Dare, he come? No, he darentt.6) Exprimarea posibilitatii : e posibil sa poate ca Prezent si viitor : a)MAY(poate ca ), MAIGHT(s-ar putea), COULD(dif de nuanta; s-ar putea) He may be at home now. She maight be right. He could be the criminal.

b) expresii : its possible possibly she is at home perhaps maybe trecut : a) MAY, MUGHT, COULD, +HAVE + vb3/-ed poate ca a venit. He may have come. b) aceleasi expresii : it was possible that she. 7) Exprimarea probabilitatii: probabil= certitudine Present si viitor : a) MUST+ vb She must be at home now. b) its probable, probably, its certain, its sure, its likely Trecut : a) MUST + HAVE + vb3/-ed He must have been at home b)aceleasi expresiii its probable, probably that he had some problems. 8) Exprimarea imposibilitatii Present si viitor : CANT(absolute imposibil), COULDNT + vb Expresii : its imposible He cant / couldnt be at home now Trecut : CANT/ COULDN T + HAVE + vb3/-ed You couldnt/ cant have told this. 9) Lipsa necesitatii : nu e necesar, nu e nevoie Present, viitor : expresii : DONT / DOESNT HAVE TO, DONT /DOESNT NEED TO , NEEDNT + VB (nu e nevoi sa) Trecut : didnt need to +vb/ didnt have to +vb (nu a fost nevoie-actiune nerealizata) N-a fost nevoie sa fca totul singura , mama ma ajutat. I didnt have/need to do it everuthing by myself my mother helped me. b) I NEEDNT + HAVE + vb3/-ed(n-ar fi trebuit , n-ar fi fost nevoie sa dar actiunea a fost realizata) n- ar fi trebuit sa spal geamurile,uite ploua. I neednt have cleaned the windows, because it rained.