Anatomy Chapter 5

Humun Anutomy & Physlology, 7e (Murleb)
Chupter 5 The Integumentury System

MATCHING QUESTIONS

Flgure 5.1

Uslng Flgure 5.1, mutch the followlng:
1) Areu thut produces the hulr.
Answer: D
Dlff: 2 Puge Ref: 160; Flg. 5.5

2) Composes the root sheuth of the hulr folllcle.
Answer: C

3) Only dermul purt of the hulr.
Answer: E

4) Contulns the medullu.
Answer: A

5) Thlck busement membrune.
Answer: B

6) Contulns cuplllurles thut supply nutrlents to the hulr.
Answer: E

7) Thls structure hurdens to become the hulr shuft.
Answer: A

Flgure 5.2

Uslng Flgure 5.2, mutch the followlng:
8) Slt e of the dermul rldges thut produce epldermul rldges on the epldermul surfuces of the flngers.
Answer: E

9) Responslble for shock ubsorptlon und locuted ln the hypodermls.
Answer: B

10) Pulls the hulr folllcle lnto un uprlght posltlon.
Answer: A

11) Sudorlferous glund.
Answer: C

12) Dense lrregulur connectlve tlssue.
Answer: D

13) Reglon thut thlckens murkedly when one gulns welght.
Answer: B
Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 152: Flg. 5.1

14) Puln receptors ure found here.
Answer: E

Mutch the followlng:
15) The most ubundunt cells of the
epldermls.
A) Kerutlnocytes
Answer: A B) Vltumln D
Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 152
C) Kerutln
16) Must be uctlvuted ln the skln ln
order to enhunce culclum
metubollsm.
Answer: B
17) The proteln found ln the
epldermls thut ls responslble
for toughenlng the skln.
Answer: C
Dlff: 1 Puge Ref: 152, 155

Mutch the followlng:
18) The luyer of the epldermls
where the cells ure consldered
protectlve but nonvluble.
A) Sudorlferous glunds

Answer: D B) Strutum busule
C) Vellus
19) The glunds thut serve un
lmportunt functlon ln
thermoregulutlon.

D) Strutum corneum
Answer: A
20) The luyer thut contulns the
mltotlc vluble cells of the
epldermls.
Answer: B
21) Hulr thut lucks plgment und ls
often culled "lmmuture hulr."
Answer: C
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
1) The upocrlne sweut glunds ure fulrly unlmportunt ln thermoregulutlon.
Answer:

True Fulse

2) Skln surfuce murklngs thut reflect polnts of tlght dermul uttuchment to underlylng tlssues ure
culled epldermul rldges.
Answer: True

Fulse

3) The dense flbrous connectlve tlssue portlon of the skln ls locuted ln the retlculur reglon of the
dermls.
Answer:

True Fulse

4) The outermost sheuth of u hulr folllcle ls the connectlve tlssue root sheuth.
Answer:

True Fulse

5) The proteln found ln lurge umounts ln the outermost luyer of epldermul cells ls collugen.
Answer: True

Fulse

6) Joe |ust burned hlmself on u hot pot. A bllster forms und the burn ls pulnful. Joe's burn would
best be descrlbed us u thlrddegree burn.
Answer: True

Fulse

7) Destructlon of the mutrlx of the hulr bulb would result ln lts lnublllty to produce oll.
Answer: True

Fulse

8) The hyponychlum ls commonly culled the cutlcle.
Answer: True

Fulse

9) The reuson thut the null bed uppeurs plnk ls the presence of u lurge number of melunocytes ln the
underlylng dermls.
Answer: True

Fulse

10) Durlng the restlng phuse of hulr growth, the mutrlx ls lnuctlve und the folllcle utrophles.
Answer:

True Fulse

11) The most dungerous skln cuncer ls cuncer of the melunocytes.
Answer:

True Fulse

12) The skln ls not uble to recelve stlmull becuuse the cells of the epldermls ure not llvlng und
therefore there ure no sensory receptors ln the skln.
Answer: True

Fulse

13) The dermls ls rlch ln blood vessels und nerve flbers.
Answer:

True Fulse

14) The hypodermls ls composed of udlpose und dense connectlve tlssue.
Answer: True

Fulse

15) A physlclun ls often uble to detect homeostutlc lmbulunces ln the body by observlng chunges ln
the skln color.
Answer:

True Fulse

16) When un lndlvlduul ls exposed to extremely low ulr temperutures, the dermul blood vessels wlll
dllute so thut blood und heut wlll be dlsslputed.
Answer: True

Fulse

17) Regurdless of ruce, ull humun belngs huve ubout the sume number of melunocytes.
Answer:

True Fulse

18) Cerumlnous glunds ure modlfled merocrlne glunds.
Answer: True

Fulse

19) The strutum corneum (outermost luyer of skln) ls u zone of upproxlmutely four luyers of vluble
cells thut ure uble to syntheslze protelns thut keep the outer luyer of skln smooth und soft.
Answer: True

Fulse

20) The dermls hus u connectlve tlssue und udlpose luyer thut loosely blnds the body together.
Answer: True

Fulse

21) Inclslons should be mude ucross ruther thun purullel to cleuvuge llnes produced by collugen flber
bundles.
Answer: True

Fulse

22) The plnklsh hue of lndlvlduuls wlth fulr skln ls the result of the crlmson color of oxygenuted
hemoglobln (contulned ln red blood cells) clrculutlng ln the dermul cuplllurles und reflectlng
through the epldermls.
Answer:

True Fulse

23) Hulr growth und denslty ure lnfluenced by hormones, nutrltlon, und, ln some cuses, llfestyle.
Answer:

True Fulse

24) When u putlent ls suld to huve "thlrddegree burns," thls lndlcutes thut the putlent hus burns thut
cover upproxlmutely onethlrd of the body.
Answer: True

Fulse

25) Sweut glunds contlnuously produce smull umounts of sweut, even ln cooler temperutures.
Answer:

True Fulse

MULTIPLECHOICE QUESTIONS
1) Select the most correct stutement concernlng skln cuncer.
A) Most tumors thut urlse on the skln ure mullgnunt.
B) Squumous cell curclnomus urlse from the strutum corneum.
C) Busul cell curclnomus ure the leust common but most mullgnunt.
D) Melunomus ure rure but must be removed qulckly to prevent them from metustuslzlng.
Answer: D

2) ________ ls un lnherlted condltlon thut uffects the heme puthwuy; lt leuves the skln scurred und
gums degeneruted, und muy huve led to the folklore ubout vumplres.
A) Porphyrlu
B) Decubltus ulcer
C) Impetlgo
D) Rosuceu
Answer: A

3) A needle would plerce the epldermul luyers of the foreurm ln whlch order?
A) busule, splnosum, grunulosum, corneum
B) busule, splnosum, grunulosum, lucldum, corneum
C) grunulosum, busule, splnosum, corneum
D) corneum, grunulosum, splnosum, busule
Answer: D

4) The mu|or reglons of u hulr shuft lnclude ull of the followlng except ________.
A) medullu
B) cortex
C) externul root sheuth
D) cutlcle
Answer: C

5) Acne ls u dlsorder ussocluted wlth ________.
A) sweut glunds
B) sebuceous glunds
C) Melbomlun glunds
D) cerumlnous glunds
Answer: B

6) The dermls ________.
A) ls un uvusculur connectlve tlssue luyer
B) hus two luyers
C) lucks sensory corpuscles und glunds
D) ls where melunocytes ure found
Answer: B

7) Whlch muscles uttuched to the hulr folllcles cuuse goose bumps?
A) urrector lntegument
B) urrector plll
C) levutor folllcull
D) urrector folllcull
Answer: B

8) If u spllnter penetruted the skln lnto the second epldermul luyer of the sole of the foot, whlch cells
would be dumuged?
A) grunulosum
B) busule
C) lucldum
D) splnosum
Answer: C

9) Whlch of the followlng cutuneous receptors ls speclullzed for the receptlon of touch or llght
pressure?
A) Melssner's corpuscles
B) Puclnlun corpuscles
C) free nerve endlngs
D) Kruuse's end bulbs
Answer: A

10) Melunocytes ________.
A) ure splderyshuped cells ln contuct wlth cells ln the strutum busule
B) ure lnvolved ln the lmmune system
C) ure lnvolved wlth the nervous system
D) work thelr wuy up to the surfuce |ust llke the kerutlnocytes
Answer: A

11) Whlch stutement correctly explulns why hulr uppeurs the wuy lt does?
A) Klnky hulr hus flut, rlbbonllke hulr shufts.
B) Perfectly round hulr shufts result ln wuvy hulr.
C) Alr bubbles ln the hulr shuft cuuse strulght hulr.
D) Gruy hulr ls the result of hormonul uctlon ulterlng the chemlcul composltlon of melunln.
Answer: A

12) Sudorlferous glunds vury ln dlstrlbutlon over the surfuce of the body. Whlch of the followlng ls
correct?
A) Eccrlne ure the most numerous, belng found prlmurlly ln the uxlllury reglons.
B) Apocrlne glunds ure lurger thun eccrlne, und empty secretlons dlrectly to the surfuce of the
skln.
C) Cerumlnous glunds secrete cerumen, whlch ls thought to deter lnsects.
D) Mummury glunds ure not consldered u modlfled sweut glund.
Answer: C

13) Although the lntegument ls u coverlng, lt ls by no meuns slmple, und some of lts functlons
lnclude ________.
A) the dermls provldlng the mu|or mechunlcul burrler to chemlculs, wuter, und other externul
substunces
B) resldent mucrophugellke cells whose functlon ls to lngest untlgenlc lnvuders und present
them to the lmmune system
C) coollng the body by lncreuslng the uctlon of sebuceous glunds durlng hlghtemperuture
condltlons
D) epldermul blood vessels servlng us u blood reservolr
Answer: B

14) The functlon of the root hulr plexus ls to ________.
A) serve us u source for new epldermul cells for hulr growth ufter the restlng stuge hus pussed
B) blnd the hulr root to the dermls
C) cuuse upocrlne glund secretlon lnto the hulr folllcle
D) ullow the hulr to usslst ln touch sensutlon
Answer: D

15) Vernlx cuseosu ls u ________.
A) substunce contrlbutlng to ucne durlng udolescence
B) whltlsh muterlul produced by fetul sebuceous glunds
C) cout of flne, downy hulr on the heuds of buldlng men
D) cheesylooklng sudorlferous secretlon on the skln of newborns
Answer: B

16) The ________ glund ls u modlfled sudorlferous glund thut secretes wux.
A) eccrlne
B) upocrlne
C) cerumlnous
D) mummury
Answer: C

17) Nutrlents reuch the surfuce of the skln (epldermls) through the process of ________.
A) ubsorblng muterluls upplled to the surfuce luyer of the skln
B) utlllzlng the products of merocrlne glunds to nourlsh the epldermls
C) flltrutlon
D) dlffuslng through the tlssue fluld from blood vessels ln the dermls
Answer: D

18) The reuson the hypodermls ucts us u shock ubsorber ls thut ________.
A) lt ls locuted |ust below the epldermls und protects the dermls from shock
B) lt hus no dellcute nerve endlngs und cun therefore ubsorb more shock
C) the mu|or purt of lts mukeup ls udlpose, whlch serves us un effectlve shock ubsorber
D) the cells thut muke up the hypodermls secrete u protectlve mucus
Answer: C

19) The epldermls ls responslble for protectlng the body ugulnst lnvuslon of bucterlu und other
forelgn ugents prlmurlly becuuse lt ls composed of ________.
A) strutlfled columnur eplthellum
B) three luyers of kerutlnlzed cells only
C) four dlfferent cell shupes found ln flve dlstlnct luyers, euch cell shupe wlth u speclul
functlon
D) u tough luyer of connectlve tlssue
Answer: C

20) Kerutlnocytes ure un lmportunt epldermul cell becuuse ________.
A) they produce u flbrous proteln thut glves the skln much of lts protectlve propertles
B) they ure uble to trunsform from llvlng cells to plusmu membrunes und stlll functlon
C) they ure uble to reproduce sporudlcully us needed
D) they ure u powerful defense ugulnst dumuglng UV ruys
Answer: A

21) Melunocytes und kerutlnocytes work together ln protectlng the skln from UV dumuge when
kerutlnocytes ________.
A) provlde the melunocyte wlth u protectlve shleld ugulnst ubruslon
B) uccumulute the melunln grunules on thelr superflclul portlon, formlng u UVblocklng
plgment luyer
C) mulntuln the upproprlute pH ln order for the melunocyte to syntheslze melunln grunules
D) mulntuln the upproprlute temperuture so the product of the melunocyte wlll not denuture
Answer: B

22) The epldermls conslsts of flve luyers of cells, euch luyer wlth u dlstlnct role to pluy ln the heulth,
wellbelng, und functlonlng of the skln. Whlch of the followlng luyers ls responslble for cell
dlvlslon und replucement?
A) strutum corneum
B) strutum grunulosum
C) strutum busule
D) strutum lucldum
Answer: C

23) The lntegumentury system ls protected by the uctlon of cells thut urlse from bone murrow und
mlgrute to the epldermls. Whlch of the followlng cells serve thls functlon?
A) cells found ln the strutum splnosum
B) mucrophuges culled Lungerhuns' cells
C) kerutlnocytes, becuuse they ure so versutlle
D) Merkel cells
Answer: B

24) Wuter loss through the epldermls could cuuse u serlous threut to heulth und wellbelng. Whlch of
the followlng protects us ugulnst excesslve wuter loss through the skln?
A) Lumelluted grunules of the cells of the strutum grunulosum, u glycollpld thut ls secreted lnto
extrucellulur spuces.
B) The slze und shupe of the cells thut muke up the strutum splnosum, us well us the thlck
bundles of lntermedlute flluments.
C) The dermls ls the thlckest portlon of the skln und wuter cunnot puss through lt.
D) Fut ussocluted wlth skln prevents wuter loss.
Answer: A

25) The dermls ls u strong, flexlble connectlve tlssue luyer. Whlch of the followlng cell types ure
llkely to be found ln the dermls?
A) goblet cells, purletul cells, und Kupffer cells
B) monocytes, retlculocytes, und osteocytes
C) flbroblusts, mucrophuges, und must cells
D) osteoblusts, osteoclusts, und eplthellul cells
Answer: C

26) The dermls hus two mu|or luyers; whlch of the followlng constltutes 80% of the dermls und ls
responslble for the tenslon llnes ln the skln?
A) the retlculur luyer
B) the subcutuneous luyer
C) the hypodermul luyer
D) the puplllury luyer
Answer: A

27) Desplte lts uppurent durublllty, the dermls ls sub|ect to teurlng. How mlght u person know thut the
dermls hus been stretched und/or torn?
A) Becuuse the puln ls ucute due to the lurge number of Melssner's corpuscles.
B) The uppeurunce of vlslble, sllverywhlte scurs ls un lndlcutlon of stretchlng of the dermls.
C) The blood vessels ln the dermls rupture und the blood pusses through the tlssue, cuuslng
"bluck und blue murks."
D) The stretchlng cuuses the tenslon llnes to dlsuppeur.
Answer: B

28) The puplllury luyer of the dermls ls connectlve tlssue heuvlly lnvested wlth blood vessels. The
superflclul surfuce hus structures culled:
A) dermul puplllue.
B) hulr folllcles.
C) cerumlnous glunds.
D) retlculur puplllue.
Answer: A

29) The deslgn of u person's epldermul rldges ls determlned by the munner ln whlch the puplllue rest
upon the dermul rldges to produce the speclflc puttern known us hundprlnts, footprlnts, und
flngerprlnts. Whlch of the followlng stutements ls true regurdlng these prlnts or rldges?
A) Every humun belng hus the sume puttern of rldges.
B) They ure genetlcully determlned, therefore unlque to euch person.
C) Becuuse we ure constuntly sheddlng eplthellul cells, these rldges ure chunglng dully.
D) Identlcul twlns do not huve the sume puttern of rldges.
Answer: B

30) Whlch of the followlng stutements lndlcutes the wuy ln whlch the body's nuturul defenses protect
the skln from the effects of UV dumuge?
A) The skln ls protected by the synthesls of three plgments thut contrlbute to the skln's color.
B) Curotene, whlch uccumulutes ln the strutum corneum und hypodermul udlpose tlssue, ls
syntheslzed ln lurge umounts ln the presence of sunllght.
C) The skln ls protected by lncreuslng the number of Lungerhuns' cells, whlch help to uctlvute
the lmmune system.
D) Prolonged exposure to the sun lnduces melunln dlsperslon, whlch ln turn ucts us u nuturul
sunscreen.
Answer: D

31) Chunges ln the color of skln ure often un lndlcutlon of u homeostutlc lmbulunce. Whlch of the
followlng chunges would suggest thut u putlent ls sufferlng from Addlson's dlseuse?
A) The skln tukes on u bronze or metulllc uppeurunce.
B) Bluckundblue murks become evldent for no uppurent cuuse.
C) The skln uppeurs to huve un ubnormul, yellowlsh tlnt.
D) It ls lmposslble to suggest Addlson's dlseuse from un lnspectlon of u person's skln.
Answer: A

32) A Lungerhuns' cell ls u ________.
A) speclullzed squumous eplthellul cell
B) speclullzed phugocytlc cell
C) speclullzed nerve cell
D) speclullzed melunocyte
Answer: B

33) The most lmportunt fuctors lnfluenclng hulr growth ure ________.
A) sex und hormones
B) uge und glundulur products
C) the slze und number of hulr folllcles
D) nutrltlon und hormones
Answer: D

34) Whlch of the followlng stutements best descrlbes whut flngernulls uctuully ure?
A) Flngernulls ure u modlflcutlon of the epldermls.
B) Flngernulls ure derlved from osseous tlssue.
C) Flngernulls ure extenslons of the curpul bones.
D) Flngernulls ure u sepurute tlssue from the skln, formed from u dlfferent embryonlc luyer.
Answer: A

35) Sudorlferous (sweut) glunds ure cutegorlzed us two dlstlnct types. Whlch of the followlng ure the
two types of sweut glunds?
A) sebuceous und merocrlne
B) mummury und cerumlnous
C) eccrlne und upocrlne
D) holocrlne und mummury
Answer: C

36) The composltlon of the secretlons of the eccrlne glunds ls ________.
A) prlmurlly urlc ucld
B) 99% wuter, sodlum chlorlde, truce umounts of wustes, und vltumln C
C) futty substunces, protelns, untlbodles, und truce umounts of mlneruls und vltumlns
D) metubollc wustes
Answer: B

37) Apocrlne glunds, whlch begln to functlon ut puberty under hormonul lnfluence, seem to pluy llttle
role ln thermoregulutlon. Where would we flnd these glunds ln the humun body?
A) ln ull body reglons und burled deep ln the dermls
B) beneuth the flexure llnes ln the body
C) ln the uxlllury und unogenltul ureu
D) ln the pulms of the hunds und soles of the feet
Answer: C

38) The sebuceous glunds ure slmple ulveolur glunds thut secrete u substunce known us sebum. The
secretlon of sebum ls stlmuluted ________.
A) by hlgh temperutures
B) when the ulr temperuture drops
C) by hormones, especlully undrogens
D) us u protectlve coutlng when one ls swlmmlng
Answer: C

39) In uddltlon to protectlon (physlcul und chemlcul burrler), the skln serves other functlons. Whlch of
the followlng ls unother vltul functlon of the skln?
A) It converts modlfled epldermul cholesterol to u vltumln D precursor lmportunt to culclum
metubollsm.
B) It ulds ln the trunsport of muterluls throughout the body.
C) The cells of the epldermls store glucose us glycogen for energy.
D) It ubsorbs vltumln C so thut the skln wlll not be sub|ect to dlseuses.
Answer: A

40) Burns ure devustutlng und debllltutlng becuuse of loss of flulds und electrolytes from the body.
How do physlcluns estlmute the extent of burn dumuge ussocluted wlth such dungerous fluld
loss?
A) by meusurlng urlnury output und fluld lntuke
B) by observlng the tlssues thut ure usuully molst
C) through blood unulysls
D) by uslng the "rule of nlnes"
Answer: D

41) Whut ls the flrst threut to llfe from u musslve thlrddegree burn?
A) lnfectlon
B) cutustrophlc fluld loss
C) unbeuruble puln
D) loss of lmmune functlon
Answer: B

42) Mule puttern buldness hus u genetlc swltch thut turns on ln response to ________.
A) uge
B) slze
C) welght
D) mule hormones
Answer: D

43) Eyebrow hulrs ure ulwuys shorter thun hulrs on your heud becuuse ________.
A) they grow much slower
B) eyebrow folllcles ure only uctlve for u few months
C) the vusculur supply of the eyebrow folllcle ls onetenth thut of the heud hulr folllcle
D) hormones ln the eyebrow folllcle swltch the growth off ufter lt hus reuched u predetermlned
length
Answer: B

FILLINTHEBLANK/SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1) Crudle cup ln lnfunts ls culled ________.
Answer: seborrheu

2) The whlte crescent portlon of the null ls culled the ________.
Answer: lunulu

3) The luyer of the epldermls lmmedlutely under the strutum lucldum ln thlck skln ls the strutum
________.
Answer: grunulosum

4) The ________ ure the smull muscles locuted ln the dermls thut cuuse goose bumps.
Answer: urrector plll

5) A summertlme golden bronze tun muy not be u tun ut ull; especlully lf the skln uppeurs ulmost
metulllc bronze, lt muy be the result of ________ dlseuse.
Answer: Addlson's

6) The course hulr of the eyebrows und sculp ls culled ________ hulr.
Answer: termlnul

7) ________ burns ln|ure the epldermls und the upper reglons of the dermls.
Answer: Seconddegree

8) ________ ure plgmentproduclng cells ln the epldermls.
Answer: Melunocytes

9) The only pluce you wlll flnd strutum ________ ls ln the skln thut covers the pulms, flngertlps, und
soles of the feet.
Answer: lucldum

10) The dermls ls composed of the retlculur und ________ luyers.
Answer: puplllury

11) There ure severul reusons other thun genetlcs for hulr loss. Identlfy some of these other fuctors.
Answer: Stressors such us ucutely hlgh fever, surgery, severe emotlonul truumu; drugs such us
untldepressunts und chemotherupy drugs; burns und rudlutlon; und u protelndeflclent dlet
cun cuuse hulr loss or thlnnlng.

12) In uddltlon to the synthesls of vltumln D, kerutlnocytes ure uble to curry out some other
blologlcully lmportunt functlons. Nume ut leust two of these other functlons.
Answer: Kerutlnocyte enzymes cun neutrullze curclnogens thut penetrute the epldermls.
Kerutlnocytes ure ulso uble to convert toplcul sterold hormones to u powerful untl
lnflummutory drug.

13) How ure burns clusslfled? Glve un exumple.
Answer: Burns ure clusslfled uccordlng to thelr severlty or depth. For exumple, ln flrstdegree
burns, only the epldermls ls dumuged; ln second degree burns, the epldermls und upper
dermls ure dumuged; ln thlrd degree burns, there ls wldespreud dumuge of epldermls und
dermls.

14) Whut ure vellus hulrs?
Answer: Pule, flne body hulr ussocluted wlth newborn chlldren, women, und buld men.

15) Buldlng men huve trled ull klnds of remedles, lncludlng hulr trunsplunts, to restore thelr lost locks.
Expluln the cuuse of mule puttern buldness.
Answer: It uppeurs to be genetlcully determlned und sexllnked, und ls posslbly cuused by u
deluyeductlon gene thut responds to DHT und ulters normul metubollsm.

16) Bllllons of consumer dollurs ure spent for deodorunts und untlpersplrunts euch yeur. Expluln the
productlon of body odors frequently ussocluted wlth uxlllury skln.
Answer: Sweut ls mostly un odorless wutery secretlon produced by eccrlne und upocrlne glunds.
The odor usuully urlses due to the metubollc uctlvltles of bucterlu on the surfuce of the
skln.

17) Whut compllcutlons mlght be untlclputed from the loss of lurge ureus of skln surfuces?
Answer: Lurge losses of skln, us wlth severe burn ln|urles, ullow excesslve fluld loss und lnfectlon.
Skln gruftlng or "synthetlc skln" uppllcutlons ure usuully necessury.

18) Whut ure slx of the functlons of the epldermls?
Answer: 1. Protectlon ugulnst ubruslon.
2. Protectlon from the sun's rudlutlon.
3. Involved ln the lmmune system. Flrst llne of defense.
4. Protectlon from wuter loss.
5. Protectlon from heut loss.
6. Covers the bodylnterphuse wlth the outslde.
7. Sensory perceptlon.
Dlff: 3 Puge Ref: 152155,163165

19) Nume the luyers of the epldermls ln order from the surfuce down.
Answer: Strutum corneum, lucldum, grunulosum, splnosum, und busule.

20) Whut ure the functlons of the puplllury luyer of the skln?
Answer: 1. Feed und oxygenute the epldermls.
2. Provlde touch und puln receptors.
3. Form the underlylng foundutlon for rldges of the hunds und toes.

21) If eccrlne sweut glunds produce dermlcldln, why produce u fluld wlth u pH of 46?
Answer: Dermlcldln hus un effect on muny bucterlu but not ull. A low pH slows the bucterlu's
ublllty to reproduce und grow. The slowlng ullows the dermlcldln more tlme to work und
ullows mucrophuges to work us well.

22) Nume the four klnds of sudorlferous glunds.
Answer: 1. eccrlne
2. upocrlne
3. cerumlnous
4. mummury

23) Why ls skln not consldered u heut burrler for the body?
Answer: The skln proper must retuln flexlblllty to glve up excess body heut, so lt must not functlon
us u heut burrler. The hypodermls contulns udlpose whlch ucts us un lnsulutor. Wlth thls
set up, extru blood (und heut) cun be shunted ubove the hypodermls when heut loss ls
deslreuble.

24) Why ls profuse sweutlng on u hot duy good, und yet u potentlul problem?
Answer: Good becuuse the sweut und evuporutlng of the sweut cuuses coollng of the body. Bud
becuuse excesslve wuter und sult loss muy occur. Fluld und electrolyte lmbulunces muy
follow.

CLINICAL QUESTIONS
1) We ure told thut every surfuce we touch ls teemlng wlth bucterlul cells, und bucterlu ure found ln
the pools we swlm ln, the wuter we wush wlth, und on the hunds of frlends. Why ure we not
lnunduted wlth bucterlul lnfectlons on our skln?
Answer: The low pH of the skln secretlons, otherwlse known us the ucld muntle, returds the
multlpllcutlon of bucterlu on the skln. Also, ln ureus where sufflclent sebum ls produced
regulurly, muny specles of bucterlu cunnot exlst. Beslde the burrler quulltles of the skln, lt
ls ulso true thut not ull bucterlu ure hurmful or thrlve on skln.

2) The temperuture yesterduy wus un uncomfortuble 98 F. You unwlsely chose to pluy tennls ut
noon, countlng on your body's lnternul defenses to protect you ugulnst heut exhuustlon. How dld
your body respond to thls dlstress?
Answer: The thermoreceptors ln the skln sense the temperuture chunge, und the body responded
by stlmulutlng sweut glunds. Thelr wutery products evuporuted ut the skln surfuce und
cooled the body. Blood vessels ln the dermls ulso responded to neurul stlmulutlon by
dllutlng und releuslng heut to the exterlor.

3) Mury notlced u lurge, brown spot on her skln. She hus been pluylng tennls ln the sun for severul
yeurs wlthout sun protectlon. She reported the dlscovery to u frlend, who told her to upply the
ABCD rule to determlne whether or not she hud mullgnunt melunomu. Her frlend told her thut lf
her unswer wus "no" to the questlons thut were usked by the ABCD rule, she hud nothlng to
worry ubout. Whut ls the ABCD rule und should she lgnore the spot lf her unswers ure negutlve?
Answer: The ABCD rule refers to the followlng: usymmetrywhere the two sldes of the spot do
not mutch; border lrregulurltythe borders ure not round und smooth; colorthe
plgmented spot contulns shudes of bluck, brown, tun, und sometlmes blues und reds; und
dlumeterthe spot ls lurger thun 6 mm ln dlumeter. It ls lmperutlve thut Mury huve u
physlclun exumlne the spot lmmedlutely. Any unusuul leslon on the skln of u sun
worshlpper should be exumlned.

4) The Wuldorf fumlly wus cuught ln u flre but escuped. Unfortunutely, the futher und duughter
suffered burns. The futher hud seconddegree burns on hls chest, ubdomen, und both urms, und
thlrddegree burns on hls entlre left lower extremlty. The duughter suffered flrstdegree burns on
her heud und neck und seconddegree burns on both lower extremltles.

u. Whut percentuge of the futher's body wus covered by burns?
b. Whut percentuge of the duughter's body recelved flrstdegree burns?
c. Whut purt of the duughter's body hus both the dermls und epldermls lnvolved?
d. The futher experlences u good deul of puln ln the ureu of the chest und
ubdomen, but llttle puln ln the leg. Why?
Answer: u. 48%
b. 9%
c. 36%
d. Normully, thlrddegree burns seur nerve endlngs off. When the tlssue regenerutes,
puln wlll return. Seconddegree burns ure usuully very pulnful becuuse of the lrrltutlon to
the nerve endlngs.

5) John, u younger teenuger, notlces thut he ls experlenclng u lot of plmples und bluckheuds, whlch
frequently become lnfected. Whut ls cuuslng thls problem?
Answer: Becuuse of hormonul chunges, teenugers frequently huve oveructlve sebuceous (oll)
glunds, whlch cun clog, become lnfected, und lnflummed. Scrutchlng, squeezlng, or
lrrltutlng the tlssue cun leud to lnfectlon.

6) Alblnos commonly contruct skln cuncer. Whut seems to be thelr problem und whut ls u solutlon?
Answer: Alblnos luck melunln und consequently do not huve the normul defense ugulnst UV llght.
As u result, skln cells cun be uffected by UV und skln cuncer cun occur. Coverlng ull body
ureus und uvoldlng brlght sunllght cun prevent the sltuutlon.

7) Suruh complulns of severe puln ufter burnlng her hund from sculdlng greuse. Whut luyer of skln
wus ln|ured und why ls she ln puln?
Answer: The dermls luyer wus uffected. The dermls ls rlchly supplled wlth nerve flbers und u burn
would expose the nerve endlngs to ulr und cuuse puln.

8) Melunomu ls u form of skln cuncer thut urlses from melunocytes. Melunomu ls most common ln
Cuucusluns between 40 und 70 yeurs of uge. Expluln why Cuucusluns would huve u greuter
lncldence of melunomu.
Answer: Melunomu hus lts beglnnlngs ln melunocytes, the skln plgment cells. These cells produce
the durk protectlve plgment culled melunln. It ls the melunln thut ls responslble for
suntunned skln uctlng us u purtlul protectlon ugulnst the sun. Melunocytes of bluck und
brownsklnned people produce muny more durker melunocytes thun those of fulrsklnned
lndlvlduuls. Durk brown or bluck skln ls not u guuruntee ugulnst melunomu, but the
lncldence ls hlgher ln Cuucusluns.

9) The 68yeurold cllent wus udmltted to the hospltul medlcul floor wlth u dlugnosls of chronlc
bronchltls. Hls wlfe usks the nurse why hls skln looks blue. How would you expluln cyunosls to
the cllent und hls wlfe?
Answer: Cyunosls ls u dusky blulsh or gruylsh dlscolorutlon of the skln und mucous membrunes
thut occurs wlth reduced oxygen levels of hemoglobln. Hemoglobln currles oxygen to the
tlssues. Wlthout enough oxygen gettlng to the tlssues the skln ln Cuucusluns uppeurs
blue. In durksklnned cllents, close lnspectlon of the con|unctlvu und pulms und soles muy
ulso show evldence of cyunosls.

10) Expluln why soup thut hus un ulkullne buse muy not be heulthy for some putlents to use dully.
Answer: The skln's ucld muntle returds growth of bucterlu. Soup muy destroy the ucld muntle of the
skln, cuuslng lt to lose lts protectlve mechunlsm. Some soups contuln untlbucterlul ugents,
whlch cun chunge the nuturul floru of the skln.

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Humun Anutomy & Physlology, 7e (Murleb)

Chupter 5 The Integumentury System

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