Buck Boost

1
Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 1]

2.1 Buck converter
2.1.1 Operation modes
2.1.2 Voltage transfer function
2.1.3 Current modes (CCM, DCM)
2.1.4 Capacitor current
2.2 Boost converter
2.2.1 Operation modes
2.2.2 Voltage transfer function
2.3 Buck-Boost converter
2.4 Comparison between topologies
2.5 Simulation of SMPS
2.5.1 The simulations problem
2.5.2 Basics of average model of SMPS
2.5.3 Example: Boost average model simulations
BUCK, BOOST, BUCK-BOOST, DCM
Buck Converter Constant Switching
Frequency
t
ON ON ON
t
ON ON ON
control
switch
t
on
t
off
T
S
s
s
T
1
f =
D or D
T
t
on
s
on
=
D 1 D
T
t
off
s
off
=
Switch frequency:
Duty Cycle:
S
V
in D
L
C
R
control
Operation modes
On
Off
At steady state I
a
=I
b
S
V
in D
L
C
R
S
V
in D
L
C
R
V
L
I
L
t
s
t
V
in
-V
o
-V
o
I
a
I
b
t
Self commutation
V
L
I
L
t
s
t
V
in
-V
o
I
a
t
Commutation
2
In this case
Inductor current waveform at steady state
L
V V
o in

t
on
t
I
L
t
off
L
V
o
I
S
V
in
D
C
R
t
on
t
off
Buck
Voltage transfer function
The I method
Left triangle
on
o in
t
L
V V
I
=
Right triangle
off
o
t
L
V
I =
off
o
on
o in
t
L
V
t
L
V V
=
|
.
|
\
|
on
s
on
off on
on
in
o
D
T
t
t t
t
V
V
= =
+
= Independent of L !
L
V V
o in

t
on
t
I
L
t
off
L
V
o
I
-V
o
V
L
t
off
t
V
in
-V
o
t
on
T
s
+
-
At steady state, over one switching cycle:
; 0 V
L
=
on
in
o
D
V
V
0 S S = = +
+
; t ) V V ( S
on o in
=
+
; t ) V ( S
off o
=
S
V
in
D
C
R
t
on
t
off
V
o
V
L
The average voltage method
3
Load Change with Fixed D
t
on
t
I
L
t
off
T
s
How will I
L
change if R is getting smaller?
S
V
in D
L
C
R
control
V
o
t
on
t
I
L
t
off
T
s
R
2
R
1
R
3
L
V V
o in

L
V
o
CCM - Continues Conductor Current Mode

DCM - Discontinues Conductor Current Mode
3 2 1
R R R < <
Load Change
Discontinuous Inductor Current Mode (DCM)
S
V
in
D
L
C
R
V
x
V
o
control
z Different voltage transfer ratio D
on
z Higher ripple current
t
I
L
T
s
R
4
R
3
t'
off
t
off
t
on
R
4
>R
3
4
t
on
t
I
L
t
'
off
T
s
I
pk
Voltage transfer function (DCM)
The I method
off
o
on
o in
pk
t
L
V
t
L
V V
I =
=
out
on out in
off
V
D ) V V (
D

=
|
.
|
\
|
+
= ) D D ( T T
L
V V
2
1
T
1
I
off on S on
o in
S
AV
R
V
I
o
AV
=
)
V
V V
1 ( D T
L
V V
2
1
I
o
o in
on on
o in
AV

+
=
2
o in S
2
on o in
LV 2 V T D ) V V ( R =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = 1
T D R
L 8
1
L 4
T D R
V
V
s
2
on
s
2
on
in
o
Boundary of CCM and DCM
t
on
t
t
off
Ts
L
V
o
L
V V
o in

I
L
L
2
L
min
I
av
z For CCM L > L
min
z In Buck
av pk off
min
o
I 2 I t
L
V
= =
s
off
s av
off o
min
f 2
D R
f I 2
D V
L = =
Example
A BUCK converter has a following characteristics:
Output voltage: Output current:
Input voltage: Frequency:
Current mode: CCM
Find:
V 5 V
o
= A 10 I I
av out
= =
V 10 V
in
= kHz 100 f
s
=
min
L
H 2 . 1
10 10 2
5 . 0 5
f I 2
D V
L
5 . 0 D 1 D
CCM
5 . 0 D
V
V
5
s av
off o
min
on off on
in
o
=

= =
= = = =
5
I
L
t
I
av
t
I
av
I
R
I
C
t
AC
DC
Capacitor current
Capacitor current
S
V
in
D
L
C
R
I
L
I
C I
R
control
V
o
R L C
I I I =
z Assumption:
V
0
has small ripple
BOOST Step-Up
z V
o
> V
in
Why ??
S V
in
D
L
C
R
V
X
V
o
ON V
L
=V
in
OFF V
L
=V
in
-V
o
V
in
L
C
R
V
o
V
in
L
C
R
V
o
Operation modes
V
L
I
L
t
s
t
V
in
I
a
t
V
L
I
L
t
s
t
V
in
V
in
-V
o
I
a
I
b
t
Boost
6
t
off
T
S
V
o
V
x
t
off in
o
off o in
D
1
V
V
D V V = =
S V
in
D L
C
R
V
X
V
o
The average voltage method
; D V
T
t V
V
; V V
; V V ; 0 V V ; 0 V
off o
s
off o
x
in
in
x in x in L
= =
=
= = =
The I method
t
on
I
L
t
off
T
s
t
L
V V
in o

L
V
in
I
off
in o
on
in
t
L
V V
t
L
V
=
off o off on in
t V ) t t ( V = +
off in
o
D
1
V
V
=
S V
in
D L
C
R
V
X
V
o
BUCK-BOOST
Step-Up Step-Down
z Find V
o
/V
in
Hint: Average of V
x
?
S
V
in
D
L
C R
V
o
V
X
7
Comparison between basic topologies CCM
S
V
in
D L
C
R
V
o
S
V
in
D
L
C
R
V
o
S
V
in
D
L
C
R
V
o
S
D L
Basic Cell
L
a
b
c
Switched inductor
I
in
t
I
in
t
I
in
t
I
o
t
I
o
t
I
o
t
Source current Load current
Buck
Boost
Buck Boost
Continues current -> Low ripple component
Discontinues current -> High ripple component
Input and Output Currents
Modulator Control
e
V
D
in
V
Assembly
Switched
o
V
+
The simulation problem

8
The problematic part : Switched Assembly
Rest of the circuit continuous - SPICE compatible
Only possible simulation :
Time domain (cycle-by-cycle) -Transient
The objective : translate the
Switched Assembly into an equivalent
circuit which is SPICE compatible
Modulator Control
e
V D
in
V
Assembly
Switched
o
V
+
The simulation problem

+
b d c
a
f
C
Load
R
out
V
in
V
L
I
b
I
C
I
out
V
out
V
Load
R
Load
R
f
C
f
C
L
a d c
b
C
I
L
I
b
I
in
V
in
V
b
on
T
L
b
I
L
I
C
I
d
c
L
Buck Boost
Boost Buck
on
T
+
Average Simulation of PWM Converters

T
on
- switch conduction time
T
off
- diode conduction time
T
DCM
- no current time (in DCM)
L
a b
c
b on
T
DCM
T
off
T
L
c
a
The Switched Inductor Model
9
The concept of average signals
t
t
t
a
I
b
I
c
I
b
I
a
I
c
I
b
c
a
L
on
T
off
T
a
I
b
I
c
I
The Switched Inductor Model (SIM) (CCM)
b
c
a
?
a
I
c
I
b
I
b
c
a
L
on
T
off
T
a
I
b
I
c
I
The SIM
Objective : To replace the switched part
by a continuous network
I
b
I
L
I
b
I
ON
T
S
T
on L
S
on L
b
D I
T
T I
I = =
S
ON
on
T
T
D =
off L
S
off L
c
D I
T
T I
I = =
L a
I I =
Similarly :
b
c
a
L
on
T
off
T
a
I
b
I
c
I
Average current
10
b
c
b
I
c
I
a
a
G
b
G
c
G
a
I
b
c
a
L a
I I =
on L b
D I I =
off L c
D I I =
G
a
, G
b
,C
c
- current
dependent sources
off L c
on L b
L a
D I G
D I G
I G

Toward a continuous model

L
I Deriving
L
V
t
L
I
L
I
V
L
V
L
V
L
I
L
I
L
V
dt
I d
L
V
dt
dI
L
L
L L
= =
Average inductor current
b
c
a
L
) b , a ( V
) c , a ( V
L
V
( ) b , a V
( ) c , a V
on
T
off
T
s
T
off on
S
off on
L
D ) c , a ( V D ) b , a ( V
T
T ) c , a ( V T ) b , a ( V
V
+ =
=
+
=
Average inductor current
11
b
c
a
a
G
b
G
c
G
L
L
r
L
I
L
E L V
Topology independent !
off on L
D ) c , a ( V D ) b , a ( V E + =
off L c
D I G =
on L b
D I G =
L a
I G =
b
c
a
L
on
T
off
T
The Generalized Switched Inductor Model
(GSIM)
1. The formal approach
b
c
a
a
G
b
G
c
G
o
R
o
C
in
V
o
V
L
E
L
I
L
) b , a ( V
) c , a ( V
L
r
off 0 on in 0 L
D ] V 0 [ D ] V V [ E + =
off c on b a
D ) L ( I G D ) L ( I G ) L ( I G = = =
Example Implementation in Buck Topology
S
V
in
D
L
V
o
R
o
C
o
b
c
a
2. The intuitive approach - by inspection
L
o
C
o
R in
V
o
V
L
I
in
E
b
G
S
L
o
C o
R
in
V
D
o
V
Polarity: (voltage and current
sources) selected by inspection
L o in
V V E
on in in
D V E =
on L b
D I G =
Implementation in Buck Topology
12
S
L
o
C o
R
in
V
D
o
V
L
o
C
o
R
in
V
o
V
o off
V D
off L
D I
Emulate average voltage on inductor
sources current dependent I Create
L
Boost
L o
C o
R
in
V
D
o
V
L
o
C
o
R in
V
o
V
o off on in
V D D V +
off L
D I
on L
D I
Buck-Boost
L
o
C
o
R
in
V
o
V
L
r
c
r
dson
R
b
c
a
SIM
Partially accounting for parasitics
13
in
V
dson
R
b
c
a
G
b
G
c
G
o
C
o
R
c
r
a
L
L
r
L
I
L
E L V
off c a on b a L
D ) V V ( D ) V V ( E + =
off L c
D I G =
on L b
D I G =
L a
I G =
Modified Average Model
I
L
and D
on
are time dependent variables {I
L
(t), D
on
(t) }
D
on
is not an electrical variable
on
D
L
I
b
G
L L
I
Making the model SPICE compatible
D
on
is coded into voltage
+
Source
on
D
" D " : node of Name
on
) L ( I ) D ( V
on
L
Gvalue
In SPICE environment
14
Running SPICE simulation
DC (steady state points) - as is
TRAN (time domain) - as is
AC ( small signal) - as is
* Linearization is done by simulator !
Simulation
L
I
b
c
a
L
on
T
off
T
on
T
off
T
off
T
s
T
t
pk L
I L
I
on
s
on s
off
D 1
T
T T
' D =
=
on s off
T T ' T =
Discontinuous Model (DCM)
1.The average inductor current in DCM
L
V
) b , a ( V
) c , a ( V
s
T
on
T
off
T
off
' T
t
b
c
a
L
) b , a ( V
) c , a ( V
on
T
CCM in as D ) c , a ( V D ) b , a ( V V
off on L
+ =
Combining CCM / DCM
15
b
c
a
a
G
b
G
c
G
a
I
b
I
c
I
t
on
T
off
T
LS
I
L
I
s
T
L
I
off on
L
off on
s L
Ls
D D
I
T T
T I
I
+
=
+
=
L a
I is I
Ls c b
I sampling are I is I
off c
T during sampled is I
on b
T during sampled is I
Combining CCM / DCM
b
c
a
a
G
b
G
c
G
a
I
b
I
c
I
L a
I G =
off on
on L
b
D D
D I
G
+
=
off on
off L
c
D D
D I
G
+
=
1 ) D D ( : CCM in
off on
= +
t
on
T
off
T
LS
I
L
I
s
T
L
I
Combining CCM / DCM
on
T
off
T
L
I
off
' T
L
V
ab
t
L
V
ac
pk
I
L
I
L
T ) b , a ( V
I
on
pk
=
S
off on on
L
T
) T T (
L
T ) b , a ( V
2
1
I
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
) D D (
Lf 2
D ) b , a ( V
I
off on
s
on
L
+ =
on
on
s L
off
D
D ) b , a ( V
Lf I 2
D =
on off
D 1 D =
on off
D 1 D
Doff in DCM
16
b
c
a
L
b
c
a
a
G
b
G
c
G
L a
I G
off on
on L
b
D D
D I
G
+
off on
off L
c
D D
D I
G
+
off on L
D ) c , a ( V D ) b , a ( V E + =
)
`
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
on
on
s L
on off
D
D ) b , a ( V
Lf I 2
), D 1 ( min D
L
L
r
L
I
L
E L V
The combined DCM / CCM mode
Example: Boost average model simulation
Rsw
{Rsw}
EDoff
min(2*I(Lmain)*Lmain/(Ts*v(a,b)*V(Don))-V(Don),1-V(Don))
etable
OUT+
OUT-
IN+
IN-
Resr
{Resr}
Gc
V(Doff)*I(Lmain)/(V(Don)+V(Doff))
GVALUE
OUT+
OUT-
IN+
IN-
PARAMETERS:
LMAIN = 75u
COUT = 220u
RLOAD = 10
Doff
Gb
V(Don)*I(Lmain)/(V(Don)+V(Doff))
GVALUE
OUT+
OUT-
IN+
IN-
0
Lmain
{Lmain}
RLoad
{RLoad}
Dbreak
Dmain
VDon
{VDon}
+
-
Rinductor
{Rinductor}
EL
(V(Don)*V(a,b)+V(Doff)*V(a,c))
EVALUE
OUT+
OUT-
IN+
IN-
1
0
PARAMETERS:
FS = 100k
TS = {1/fs}
b
Vin_DC
{Vin_DC}
+
-
a
Cout
{Cout}
PARAMETERS:
RESR = 0.07
RINDUCTOR = 0.1
RSW = 0.1
PARAMETERS:
VIN_DC = 10v
VDON = 0.5
out
c
Ga
I(Lmain)
GVALUE
OUT+
OUT-
IN+
IN-
Don
S
L
o
C o
R
in
V
D
o
V
17
S
L
o
C o
R
in
V
D
o
V
S
L
o
C o
R
in
V
D
o
V
Boost: Response to step of input voltage
Ti me
30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
V( out )
18V
19V
20V
21V
SEL>>
V( a )
9V
10V
11V
12V
(average model simulation)
V
in
V
out
18
Boost: Response to step of duty cycle
D
on
V
out
Ti me
30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
V( OUT)
25. 0V
37. 5V
50. 0V
10. 0V
SEL>>
V( Don)
400mV
600mV
800mV
VDon
0V 0. 1V 0. 2 V 0. 3 V 0. 4V 0. 5V 0 . 6V 0 . 7V 0 . 8V 0. 9V 1. 0V
V( OUT) / V( a ) V( i de a l )
0
5
10
15
Boost transfer function (CCM)
on in
o
D 1
1
V
V
=
DC Sweep simulation
ideal case
real case
Parasitic resistances are taken
into account

Buck Boost

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Buck Boost

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1

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 1]

CCM - Continues Conductor Current Mode

The simulation problem

The simulation problem

Average Simulation of PWM Converters

Toward a continuous model

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