Chapter 5 Selected Solutions

97
CHAPTER 5

INTRODUCTION TO REACTIONS
IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

PRACTICE EXAMPLES

1A In determining total Cl
, we recall the definition of molarity: moles of solute per liter of solution.

from NaCl Cl
mol NaCl
L soln
mol Cl
mol NaCl
M Cl , =
0.438
1
1
1
= 0.438

2
2
2
0.0512 mol MgCl 2 mol Cl
from MgCl , Cl = = 0.102 M Cl
1 L soln 1 mol MgCl

(

2
Cl total = Cl from NaCl + Cl from MgCl = 0.438 M+0.102 M= 0.540 M Cl

( ( (

1B (a)
-
1.5 mg F
L

1 g F
1000 mg F

1 mol F
18.998 g F
= 7.9 10
-5
M F
-

(b) 1.00 10
6
L
5 -
7.9 10 mol F
1L

2
1 mol CaF
2 mol F

2
2
78.075 g CaF
1 mol CaF

1 kg
1000 g
= 3.1 kg CaF
2

2A In each case, we use the solubility rules to determine whether either product is insoluble.
The ions in each product compound are determined by simply switching the partners of the
reactant compounds. The designation (aq) on each reactant indicates that it is soluble.

(a) Possible products are potassium chloride, KCl, which is soluble, and aluminum hydroxide,
( )
3
Al OH , which is not. Net ionic equation: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3+
3
Al aq + 3 OH aq Al OH s

(b) Possible products are iron(III) sulfate, ( )
2 4
3
Fe SO , and potassium bromide, KBr, both
of which are soluble. No reaction occurs.

(c) Possible products are calcium nitrate, Ca(NO
3
)
2
, which is soluble, and lead(II) iodide,
PbI
2
, which is insoluble. The net ionic equation is: ( ) ( ) ( )
2+
2
Pb aq + 2 I aq PbI s

2B (a) Possible products are sodium chloride, NaCl, which is soluble, and aluminum phosphate,
AlPO
4
, which is insoluble. Net ionic equation: ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3+
4 4
Al aq + PO aq AlPO s

(b) Possible products are aluminum chloride, AlCl
3
, which is soluble, and barium sulfate,
BaSO
4
2 2+
4 4
Ba aq + SO aq BaSO s

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
98
(c) Possible products are ammonium nitrate, NH NO
4 3
, which is soluble, and lead (II) carbonate,
PbCO
3
2 2+
3 3
Pb aq + CO aq PbCO s

3A Propionic acid is a weak acid, not dissociated completely in aqueous solution. Ammonia similarly
is a weak base. The acid and base react to form a salt solution of ammonium propionate.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 5 2 4 3 5 2
NH aq + HC H O aq NH aq + C H O aq
+

3B Since acetic acid is a weak acid, it is not dissociated completely in aqueous solution (except
at infinite dilution); it is misleading to write it in ionic form. The products of this reaction
are the gas carbon dioxide, the covalent compound water, and the ionic solute calcium
acetate. Only the latter exists as ions in aqueous solution.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2+
3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2
CaCO s + 2 HC H O aq CO g + H O l + Ca aq + 2 C H O aq

4A (a) This is a metathesis or double displacement reaction. Elements do not change oxidation
states during this reaction. It is not an oxidationreduction reaction.

(b) The presence of O
2
(g) as a product indicates that this is an oxidationreduction reaction.
Oxygen is oxidized from O.S. = -2 in NO
3
-
to O.S. = 0 in O
2
(g). Nitrogen is reduced
from O.S. = +5 in NO
3
-
to O.S. = +4 in NO
2
.

4B Vanadium is oxidized from O.S. = +4 in VO
2+
to an O.S. = +5 in VO
2
+
while manganese is
reduced from O.S. = +7 in MnO
4
-
to O.S. = +2 in Mn
2+
.

5A Aluminum is oxidized (from an O.S. of 0 to an O.S. of +3), while hydrogen is reduced
(from an O.S. of +1 to an O.S. of 0).
( ) ( ) { }
3+
: Al s Al aq + 3 e 2 Oxidation

Reduction: ( ) ( ) { }
+
2
2 H aq + 2 e H g 3

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 3+
2
: 2 Al s + 6 H aq 2 Al aq + 3 H g Net equation

5B Bromide is oxidized (from 1 to 0), while chlorine is reduced (from 0 to 1).
( ) ( )
2
: 2 Br aq Br l + 2 e Oxidation

Reduction: ( ) ( )
2
Cl g + 2 e 2 Cl aq

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
: 2 Br aq + Cl g Br l + 2 Cl aq Net equation

6A Step 1: Write the two skeleton half reactions.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2+ 2+ 3+
4
MnO aq Mn aq Fe aq Fe aq and

Step 2: Balance each skeleton half reaction for O (with H O
2
) and for H atoms (with H
+
).
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+ 2+ 3+
4 2
MnO aq 8H aq Mn aq 4H O(l) Fe aq Fe aq and
+ +

99
Step 3: Balance electric charge by adding electrons.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+ 2+ 3+
4 2
MnO aq 8H aq 5e Mn aq 4H O(l) Fe aq Fe aq e and

+ + + +
Step 4: Combine the two half reactions
( ) ( ) { }
2+ 3+
Fe aq Fe aq + e 5

( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+
4 2
MnO aq +8 H aq +5 e Mn aq + 4 H O(l)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+ 2+ 3+
4 2
MnO aq +8 H aq +5 Fe aq Mn aq + 4 H O(l) +5 Fe aq

6B Step 1: Uranium is oxidized and chromium is reduced in this reaction. The skeleton
half-equations are: ( ) ( )
2+ 2 2+ 3
2 2 7
UO aq UO aq Cr O (aq) Cr (aq) and
+

Step 2: First, balance the chromium skeleton half-equation for chromium atoms:
( ) ( )
2 3+
2 7
Cr O aq 2 Cr aq

Next, balance oxygen atoms with water molecules in each half-equation:
( ) ( )
2 2 2+ 3
2 2 2 7 2
UO aq + H O(l) UO aq Cr O (aq) 2Cr (aq) 7H O(l) and
+ +
+
Then, balance hydrogen atoms with hydrogen ions in each half-equation:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2+ +
2 2
2 3
2 7 2
UO aq + H O(l) UO aq + 2 H aq
Cr O (aq) 14H (aq) 2Cr (aq) 7H O(l)
+
+ +
+ +

Step 3: Balance the charge of each half-equation with electrons.
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2+ +
2 2
UO aq + H O(l) UO aq + 2 H aq + 2 e
+

( ) ( ) ( )
2 + 3+
2 7 2
Cr O aq +14 H aq +6 e 2 Cr aq +7 H O(l)

Step 4: Multiply the uranium half-equation by 3 and add the chromium half-equation to it.
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
2 2+ +
2 2
UO aq + H O(l) UO aq + 2 H aq + 2 e 3
+

( ) ( ) ( )
2 + 3+
2 7 2
Cr O aq +14 H aq +6 e 2 Cr aq +7 H O(l)

2+ 2- + 2+ 3+ +
2 7 2 2 2
3 UO (aq)+Cr O (aq)+14 H (aq)+3 H O(l) 3 UO (aq)+2 Cr (aq)+7 H O(l)+6 H (aq)
Step 5: Simplify. Subtract 3 H O
2
(l) and 6 H
+
(aq) from each side of the equation.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2+ + 3+
2 7 2 2
3 UO aq + Cr O aq +8 H aq 3 UO aq + 2 Cr aq + 4 H O(l)
+

7A Step 1: Write the two skeleton half-equations.
S(s) SO aq OCl aq Cl aq
3

2
( ) ( ) ( ) and
Step 2: Balance each skeleton half-equation for O (with H O
2
+
).

( ) ( )
2 +
2 3
2
3 H O(l) + S s SO aq +6 H
OCl (aq) 2H Cl (aq) H O(l)
+ +


( ) ( )
2 +
2 3
2
3 H O(l) + S s SO aq + 6 H (aq) + 4 e
OCl (aq) 2H (aq) 2e Cl (aq) H O(l)

+
+ + +

100
Step 4: Change from an acidic medium to a basic one by adding OH
to eliminate H
+
.
( ) ( )
2 +
2 3
3H O(l) + S s + 6 OH (aq) SO aq + 6 H (aq) + 6 OH (aq) + 4 e

( ) ( )
+
2
OCl aq + 2 H (aq) + 2 OH (aq) + 2 e Cl aq + H O(l) + 2 OH (aq)

Step 5: Simplify by removing the items present on both sides of each half-equation, and
combine the half-equations to obtain the net redox equation.
( ) ( )
2
3 2
{S s +6 OH (aq) SO aq +3 H O(l) + 4 e } 1

( ) ( )
2
{OCl aq + H O(l) + 2 e Cl aq + 2 OH (aq)} 2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 -
2 3 2
S s + 6 OH (aq) + 2 OCl aq 2H O(l) SO aq +3 H O(l) + 2 Cl aq + 4OH

+
Simplify by removing the species present on both sides.
Net ionic equation: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 2
S s + 2 OH aq + 2 OCl aq SO aq + H O(l) + 2 Cl aq

7B Step 1: Write the two skeleton half-equations.
( ) ( )
2 2
4 2 3 4
MnO aq MnO s SO (aq) SO (aq)

and
Step 2: Balance each skeleton half-equation for O (with H O
2
+
).

( ) ( ) ( )
+
4 2 2
2 2
3 2 4
MnO aq + 4 H aq MnO s +2 H O(l)
SO (aq) H O(l) SO (aq) 2H (aq)
+ +

( ) ( ) ( )
+
4 2 2
MnO aq +4 H aq +3 e MnO s +2 H O(l)

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 +
3 2 4
SO aq + H O(l) SO aq + 2 H aq + 2 e

Step 4: Change from an acidic medium to a basic one by adding OH
to eliminate
+
H .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
4 2 2
MnO aq + 4 H aq + 4 OH aq +3 e MnO s + H O(l) + 4 OH aq

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 +
3 2 4
SO aq + H O(l) + 2 OH aq SO aq + 2 H aq + 2OH aq + 2 e

Step 5: Simplify by removing species present on both sides of each half-equation, and
combine the half-equations to obtain the net redox equation.
( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 2
{MnO aq + 2 H O(l) +3 e MnO s + 4 OH aq } 2

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 4 2
{SO aq + 2 OH aq SO aq + H O(l) + 2 e } 3

( ) ( )
2 -
4 3 2
2MnO aq + 3SO aq + 6 OH (aq) + 4 H O(l)

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 4 2
2 MnO s + 3SO aq + 3H O(l) +8 OH aq

Simplify by removing species present on both sides.

Net ionic equation:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 3 2 2 4
2MnO aq +3SO aq + H O(l) 2 MnO s +3SO aq + 2 OH aq

101
8A Since the oxidation state of H is 0 in H
2
(g) and is +1 in both NH
3
(g) and H
2
O(g), hydrogen
is oxidized. A substance that is oxidized is called a reducing agent. In addition, the
oxidation state of N in NO
2
(g) is +4 , while it is 3 in NH
3
; the oxidation state of the
element N decreases during this reaction, meaning that NO
2
(g) is reduced. The substance
that is reduced is called the oxidizing agent.

8B In ( ) ( )
2
Au CN aq
(

, gold has an oxidation state of +1; Au has been oxidized and, thus,
Au(s) (oxidization state = 0), is the reducing agent. In OH
-
(aq), oxygen has an oxidation
state of -2; O has been reduced and thus, O
2
(g) (oxidation state = 0) is the oxidizing agent.

9A We first determine the amount of NaOH that reacts with 0.500 g KHP.
NaOH
1 mol KHP 1 mol OH 1 mol NaOH
n = 0.5000 g KHP = 0.002448 mol NaOH
204.22 g KHP 1 mol KHP 1 mol OH

0.002448 mol NaOH 1000 mL
[NaOH] = = 0.1019 M
24.03 mL soln 1 L

9B The net ionic equation when solid hydroxides react with a strong acid is OH
-
+ H
+
H
2
O.
There are two sources of OH
-
: NaOH and Ca(OH)
2
. We compute the amount of OH
-
from
each source and add the results.
moles of OH from NaOH:
92.5 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH 1 mol OH
= 0.235 g sample = 0.00543 mol OH
100.0 g sample 39.997 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2
moles of OH from Ca OH
7.5 g Ca OH 1 mol Ca OH
2 mol OH
= 0.235 g sample = 0.00048 mol OH
100.0 g sample 74.093 g Ba OH 1 mol Ca OH
:

( )
-
2
total amount OH = 0.00543 mol from NaOH+ 0.00048 mol from Ca OH = 0.00591 mol OH

+
+
0.00591 mol OH 1 mol H 1 mol HCl 1000 mL soln
[HCl] = = 0.130 M
45.6 mL HCl soln 1 mol OH 1 mol H 1 L soln

10A First, determine the mass of iron that has reacted as Fe
2+
with the titrant. The balanced
chemical equation provides the essential conversion factor to answer this question.
Namely: 5 Fe aq MnO aq 8 H aq 5 Fe aq Mn aq 4 H O l
2+
4
3+ 2+
2
( ) + ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( ) + ( )
+

2+
4
2+
4
0.02140 mol MnO 5 mol Fe 55.847 g Fe
mass Fe = 0.04125 L titrant = 0.246 g Fe
1 L titrant 1 mol Fe 1 mol MnO

Then determine the % Fe in the ore. % Fe
g Fe
g ore
= 65.4% Fe =
0.246
0.376
100 %

10B The balanced equation provides us with the stoichiometric coefficients needed for the solution.
Namely:
2- 2+
2 4 4 2 2
5 C O aq 2 MnO aq 16 H aq 10 CO g 2 Mn aq 8 H O l
+
( ) + ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( ) + ( )
102
2
2 2 4 2 4 4
4 2 2 4 2
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4
4
1 mol Na C O 1 mol C O 2 mol MnO
amount MnO = 0.2482 g Na C O
134.00 g Na C O 1 mol Na C O 5 mol C O
= 0.0007409 mol MnO

4 4
4
4
0.0007409 mol MnO 1000 mL 1 mol KMnO
[KMnO ] = = 0.03129 M
23.68 mL soln 1 L 1 mol MnO
KMnO
4

INTEGRATIVE EXAMPLE

A. First, balance the equation. Break down the reaction of chlorate and ferrous ion as follows:

( )
3
3 2
2 3
2 3
2
ClO +6H +6e Cl +3H O
6 Fe Fe
Net reaction: ClO 6Fe 6H Cl 6Fe 3H O
e
+
+ +
+ + +
+
+ + + +

The reaction between Fe
2+
and Ce
4+
is already balanced. To calculate the moles of Fe
2+
that
remains after the reaction with ClO
3
-
, determine the moles of Ce
4+
that react with Fe
2+
:

mol Ce
4+
= 0.01259 L 0.08362 M = 1.052710
-3
mol = mol of excess Fe
2+

total mol of Fe
2+
= 0.0500 L 0.09101 = 4.55110
-3
mol

Therefore, the moles of Fe
2+
reacted = 4.55110
-3
- 1.052710
-3
= 3.49810
-3
mol. To
determine the mass of KClO
3
, use the mole ratios in the balanced equation in conjunction
with the molar mass of KClO
3
.
3 2 3 3 3
2
3 3
3
3
1 mol ClO 1 mol KClO 122.54 g KClO
3.498 10 mol Fe
6 mol Fe 1 mol ClO 1 mol KClO
= 0.07144 g KClO
0.07144 g
%KClO = 100% = 49.89%
0.1432 g
+
+

B. First, balance the equation. Break down the reaction of arsenous acid and permanganate as
follows:

( )
( )
- +
3 3 2 3 4
+ - 2+
4 2
5 H AsO + H O H AsO + 2e + 2H
2 MnO + 8H 5e Mn + 4H O

Net reaction:
+ 2+
3 3 4 3 4 2
5H AsO + 2MnO 6H 5H AsO + 2Mn + 3H O
+

moles of MnO
4
-
= 0.02377 L 0.02144 M = 5.096310
-4
mol

103
To calculate the mass of As, use the mole ratios in the balanced equation in conjunction with
the molar mass of As:

4 3 3
4
4 3 3
5 mol H AsO 1 mol As 74.922 g As
5.0963 10 mol MnO
2 mol MnO 1 mol H AsO 1 mol As
= 0.095456 g As
0.095456 g
mass% As = 100% = 1.32%
7.25 g

EXERCISES

Strong Electrolytes, Weak Electrolytes, and Nonelectrolytes

1. (a) Because its formula begins with hydrogen, HC H O
6 5
is an acid. It is not listed in
Table 5-1, so it is a weak acid. A weak acid is a weak electrolyte.

(b) Li SO
2 4
is an ionic compound, that is, a salt. A salt is a strong electrolyte.

(c) MgI
2
also is a salt, a strong electrolyte.

(d) ( )
3 2
2
CH CH Ois a covalent compound whose formula does not begin with H.
Thus, it is neither an acid nor a salt. It also is not built around nitrogen,
and thus it does not behave as a weak base. This is a nonelectrolyte.

(e) ( )
2
Sr OH is a strong electrolyte, one of the strong bases listed in Table 5-2.

3. HCl is practically 100% dissociated into ions. The apparatus should light up brightly. A
solution of both HCl and HC
2
H
3
O
2
will yield similar results. In strongly acidic solutions,
the weak acid HC
2
H
3
O
2
is molecular and does not contribute to the conductivity of the
solution. However, the strong acid HCl is practically dissociated into ions and is unaffected
by the presence of the weak acid HC
2
H
3
O
2
. The apparatus should light up brightly.

5. (a) Barium bromide: strong electrolyte (b) Propionic acid: weak electrolyte
(c) Ammonia: weak electrolyte

Ion Concentrations

7. (a)
K
mol KNO
L soln
mol K
mol KNO
M K
+ 3
+
3
+
=
0.238
1
1
1
= 0.238
(b)
( )
( )
3
3 2
3 3
3
2
0.167 mol Ca NO
2 mol NO
NO = = 0.334 MNO
1 L soln 1 mol Ca NO

(

104
(c)
( )
( )
3+
2 4
3+ 3+ 3
2 4
3
0.083 mol Al SO
2 mol Al
Al = = 0.166 M Al
1 L soln 1 mol Al SO
(

(d) Na
mol Na PO
L soln
mol Na
mol Na PO
M Na
+ 3 4
+
3 4
+
=
0.209
1
3
1
= 0.627

9.
Conversion pathway approach:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
0.132 g Ba OH 8H O 1 mol Ba OH 8H O
1000 mL 2 mol OH
OH =
275 mL soln 1 L 315.5g Ba OH 8H O 1 mol Ba OH 8 H O

(

= 3.04 10
3

M OH

Stepwise approach:

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 -3 - 2
0.132 g Ba OH 8H O
1000 mL
275 mL soln 1 L
1 mol Ba OH 8H O
315.5g Ba OH 8H O
2 mol OH
1 mol Ba OH 8 H O
= 0.480 g/L
0.00152 mol Ba OH 8H O
0.480 g
=
L L
0.00152 mol Ba OH 8H O
= 3.04 10 M OH
L

11. (a)
2+ 2+ 2+
2+ 4 2+
2+ 2+
14.2 mg Ca 1 g Ca 1 mol Ca
[Ca ] = 3.54 10 M Ca
1 L solution 1000 mg Ca 40.078 g Ca

=
(b)
+ + +
+ 3 +
+ +
32.8 mg K 1 g K 1000 mL solution 1 mol K
[K ] = 8.39 10 M K
100 mL solution 1 L solution 1000 mg K 39.0983 g K
=
(c)
2+ 2+ 2+
2+ 3 2+
6 2+ 2+
225 g Zn 1 g Zn 1000 mL solution 1 mol Zn
[Zn ] = 3.44 10 M Zn
1 mL solution 1 L solution 1 10 g Zn 65.39 g Zn

13 In order to determine the solution with the largest concentration of K
+
, we begin by
converting each concentration to a common concentration unit, namely, molarity of K
+
.

+
+ 2 4
2 4
0.0850 M K SO 2 mol K
0.17 M K
1 L solution 1 mol K SO
=

+
+
1000 mL solution 1.25 g KBr 1 mol KBr 1 mol K
0.105 M K
100 mL solution 1 L solution 119.0023 g KBr 1 mol KBr
=

+ + +
+
+ +
1000 mL solution 8.1 mg K 1 g K 1 mol K
0.207 M K
1 mL solution 1 L solution 1000 mg K 39.0983 g K
=

Clearly, the solution containing 8.1 mg K
+
per mL gives the largest K
+
of the three solutions.

105
15. Determine the amount of I
in the solution as it now exists, and the amount of I
in the
solution of the desired concentration. The difference in these two amounts is the amount of
I
that must be added. Convert this amount to a mass of MgI

2
in grams.
1 L 0.1000 mol I
moles of I in final solution = 250.0 mL = 0.02500 mol I
1000 mL 1 L soln

1 L 0.0876 mol KI 1 mol I
moles of I in KI solution = 250.0 mL = 0.0219 mol I
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol KI

( )
2 2
2
2
1 mol MgI 278.11 g MgI 1000 mg
mass MgI required = 0.02500 0.0219 mol I
2 mol I 1 mol MgI 1 g

= 4.3 10
2
2
mg MgI

17. moles of chloride ion
2
2
0.625 mol KCl 1 mol Cl 0.385 mol MgCl 2 mol Cl
= 0.225 L + 0.615 L
1 L soln 1 mol KCl 1 L soln 1 mol MgCl

| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 0.141 +0.474 mol Cl mol Cl

= 0.615 mol Cl
-

0.615 mol Cl
Cl = = 0.732 M
0.225 L+0.615 L
(

Predicting Precipitation Reactions

19. In each case, each available cation is paired with the available anions, one at a time, to
determine if a compound is produced that is insoluble, based on the solubility rules of
Chapter 5. Then a net ionic equation is written to summarize this information.

(a) ( ) ( ) ( )
2+
2
Pb aq + 2 Br aq PbBr s

(b) No reaction occurs (all are spectator ions).
(c) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3+
3
Fe aq +3 OH aq Fe OH s

21.
Mixture Result (Net Ionic Equation)

(a) ( ) ( )
3
2
HI a + Zn NO (aq): No reaction occurs.
(b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2+
4 2 3 3 3
CuSO aq + Na CO aq : Cu aq +CO aq CuCO s

(c) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2+
3 3 4 4 3 4
2 2
Cu NO aq + Na PO aq : 3Cu aq + 2PO aq Cu PO s

23. (a) Add ( ) ( )
2 4 4
K SO aq ; BaSO s will form and MgSO
4
will not precipitate.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 4 4
BaCl s + K SO aq BaSO s + 2 KCl aq

106
(b) Add ( ) ( )
2 2 3
H O l ; Na CO s dissolves, but MgCO
3
(s) will not dissolve (appreciably).
( ) ( ) ( )
2 water +
2 3 3
Na CO s 2 Na aq + CO aq

(c) Add KCl(aq); AgCl(s) will form, while Cu(NO
3
)
2
(s) will dissolve.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
AgNO s + KCl aq AgCl s + KNO aq

25.
Mixture Net Ionic Equation
(a) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2+
3 2 4 4 4
2
Sr NO aq + K SO aq : Sr aq +SO aq SrSO s

(b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2+
3
2 2
Mg NO aq + NaOH aq : Mg aq + 2 OH aq Mg OH s

(c) ( ) ( )
2 2+
2 2 4 4 4
BaCl aq + K SO aq : Ba (aq) SO (aq) BaSO (s)
+
(upon filtering, KCl (aq) is obtained)

AcidBase Reactions

27. The type of reaction is given first, followed by the net ionic equation.

(a) Neutralization: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2 2 2 3 2
OH aq + HC H O aq H O l + C H O aq

(b) No reaction occurs. This is the physical mixing of two acids.
(c) Gas evolution: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+
2
FeS s + 2 H aq H S g + Fe aq
(d) Gas evolution: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
3 2 3 2 2
HCO aq + H aq "H CO aq " H O l + CO g

(e) Redox: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+
2
Mg s + 2 H aq Mg aq + H g

29. As a salt: ( ) ( ) ( )
+
4 4
NaHSO aq Na aq + HSO aq

As an acid: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
4 2 4
HSO aq + OH aq H O l +SO aq

31. Use (b) NH
3
(aq): NH
3
affords the OH
-
ions necessary to form Mg(OH)
2
(s).
Applicable reactions: {NH
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l) NH
4
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq)} 2

MgCl
2
(aq) Mg
2+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq)

Mg
2+
(aq) + 2 OH
-
(aq) Mg(OH)
2
(s)

107
OxidationReduction (Redox) Equations

33. (a) The O.S. of H is +1, that of O is 2 , that of C is +4 , and that of Mg is +2 on each
side of this equation. This is not a redox equation.

(b) The O.S. of Cl is 0 on the left and 1 on the right side of this equation. The O.S. of
Br is 1 on the left and 0 on the right side of this equation. This is a redox reaction.

(c) The O.S. of Ag is 0 on the left and +1 on the right side of this equation. The O.S. of
N is +5 on the left and +4 on the right side of this equation. This is a redox reaction.

(d) On both sides of the equation the O.S. of O is 2 , that of Ag is +1, and that of Cr is
+6. Thus, this is not a redox equation.

35. (a) Reduction: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 +
3 2 3 2
2SO aq +6 H aq + 4 e S O aq +3 H O(l)

(b) Reduction: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
3 2 2
2 NO aq +10 H aq +8 e N O g +5 H O l

(c) Oxidation: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4
Al s + 4 OH aq Al OH aq + 3 e

37. (a) Oxidation: { ( ) ( )
2
2 I aq I s + 2 e

} 5
Reduction: {
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+
4 2
MnO aq +8 H aq + 5 e Mn aq + 4 H O l

} 2

Net: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+
4 2 2
10 I aq + 2 MnO aq +16 H aq 5 I s + 2 Mn aq +8 H O l

(b) Oxidation: { ( ) ( ) ( )
+
2 4 2
N H l N g + 4 H aq + 4 e
} 3

Reduction: {
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
3 2
BrO aq +6 H aq +6 e Br aq +3 H O l

} 2

Net:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 3 2 2
3 N H l + 2 BrO aq 3 N g + 2 Br aq + 6 H O l

(c) Oxidation: ( ) ( )
2+ 3+
Fe aq Fe aq + e

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 + 2+
4 2
Reduction: VO aq + 6 H aq + e VO aq + 3 H O l

Net:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2+ + 3+ 2+
4 2
Fe aq + VO aq + 6 H aq Fe aq + VO aq + 3 H O l

(d) Oxidation: { ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2+ +
2 2
UO aq + H O l UO aq + 2 H aq + 2 e
+
} 3
Reduction: { ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
3 2
NO aq + 4 H aq + 3 e NO g + 2 H O l

} 2
Net:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2+ +
3 2 2
3 UO aq + 2 NO aq + 2 H aq 3 UO aq + 2 NO g + H O l
+

39. (a) Oxidation: { ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 2
MnO s + 4 OH aq MnO aq + 2 H O(l) +3 e

} 2
Reduction: ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
ClO aq + 3 H O(l) + 6 e Cl aq + 6 OH aq

Net: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 4 2
2 MnO s +ClO aq + 2 OH aq 2MnO aq + Cl aq + H O(l)

108

(b) Oxidation: { ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
4 2
3
Fe OH s + 5 OH aq FeO aq + 4 H O(l) + 3 e

} 2
Reduction: { ( ) ( ) ( )
-
2
OCl aq + H O(l) + 2 e Cl aq + 2OH aq

} 3
Net: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
4 2
3
2 Fe OH s +3 OCl aq + 4 OH aq 2FeO aq +3 Cl aq +5 H O(l)

(c) Oxidation: { ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2
ClO (aq) + 2 OH aq ClO aq + H O l + e

} 5
Reduction: ( ) ( )
2 2
ClO (aq) + 2 H O l + 5 e Cl (aq) + 4 OH aq

Net: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2
6 ClO (aq) +6 OH aq 5ClO aq + Cl aq +3 H O

(l)

(d) Oxidation: (Ag (s) Ag
+
(aq) + 1 e ) 3
Reduction: 4 H
2
O(l) + CrO
4
2-
+ 3 e Cr(OH)
3
(s) + 5 OH
-

Net: 3 Ag(s) + CrO
4
2-
+ 4 H
2
O(l) 3 Ag+(aq) + Cr(OH)
3
(s) + 5 OH
-

41. (a) Oxidation: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2
Cl g +12 OH aq 2 ClO aq + 6 H O(l) +10 e

Reduction: { ( ) ( )
2
Cl g + 2 e 2 Cl aq

} 5
Net: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2
6 Cl g +12 OH aq 10 Cl aq + 2 ClO aq +6 H O(l)

Or: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2
3 Cl g +6 OH aq 5 Cl aq + ClO aq +3 H O(l)

(b) Oxidation: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 +
2 4 2 3
S O aq +2 H O(l) 2 HSO aq + 2 H aq + 2 e

Reduction: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 +
2 4 2 3 2
S O aq + 2 H aq + 2 e S O aq + H O

(l)
Net: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 4 2 3 2 3
2 S O aq + H O(l) 2 HSO aq + S O aq

43. (a) Oxidation: { ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
2 2 3
NO aq + H O l NO aq + 2 H aq + 2 e

} 5
Reduction: {
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+
4 2
MnO aq +8 H aq +5 e Mn aq + 4 H O l

} 2
Net: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+
2 4 3 2
5 NO aq + 2 MnO aq +6 H aq 5 NO aq + 2 Mn aq +3 H O l

(b) Oxidation: { Mn
2+
(aq) + 4 OH
-
(aq) MnO
2
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l) + 2 e
-
} 3
Reduction: { MnO
4
-
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (l) + 3 e
-
MnO
2
(s) + 4 OH
-
(aq) } 2
Net: 3 Mn
2+
(aq) + 2 MnO
4
-
(aq) + 4 OH
-
(aq) 5 MnO
2
(s) + 2 H
2
O (l)

(c) Oxidation: { ( )
+
2 5 3
C H OH CH CHO+ 2 H aq + 2 e
} 3
Reduction:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 + 3+
2 7 2
Cr O aq +14 H aq + 6 e 2 Cr aq + 7 H O l

Net: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 + 3+
2 7 2 5 2 3
Cr O aq +8 H aq + 3 C H OH 2 Cr aq + 7 H O l + 3 CH CHO

109
45. For the purpose of balancing its redox equation, each of the reactions is treated as if it takes
place in acidic aqueous solution.

(a) 2 H
2
O(g) + CH
4
(g) CO
2
(g) + 8 H
+
(g) + 8 e
-

{2 e
-
+ 2 H
+
(g) + NO(g) N
2
(g) + H
2
O(g) }4
CH
4
(g) + 4 NO(g) 2 N
2
(g) + CO
2
(g) + 2 H
2
O(g)

(b) {H
2
S(g) 1/8 S
8
(s)+ 2 H
+
(g) + 2 e
-
}2
4 e
-
+ 4 H
+
(g) + SO
2
(g) 1/8 S
8
(s) + 2 H
2
O(g)
2 H
2
S(g) + SO
2
(g) 3/8 S
8
(s) + 2 H
2
O(g) or

16 H
2
S(g) + 8 SO
2
(g) 3 S
8
(s) + 16 H
2
O(g)

(c) {Cl
2
O(g) + 2 NH
4
+
(aq) + 2 H
+
(aq) + 4 e
-
2 NH
4
Cl(s) + H
2
O(l) } 3
{2 NH
3
(g) N
2
(g) + 6 e
-
+ 6 H
+
(aq) }

2
6 NH
3
(g) + 6 H
+
(aq) 6 NH
4
+
(aq)
10 NH
3
(g) +3 Cl
2
O(g) 6 NH
4
Cl(s) + 2

N
2
(g)

+ 3 H
2
O(l)

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

47. The oxidizing agents experience a decrease in the oxidation state of one of their elements, while
the reducing agents experience an increase in the oxidation state of one of their elements.

(a) ( )
2
3
SO aq
is the reducing agent; the O.S. of S = +4 in SO and

3
2
= +6
in SO
4
2
.
( )
4
MnO aq
is the oxidizing agent; the O.S. of Mn = +7 in

4
MnO and + 2
in Mn
2+
.

(b) ( )
2
H g is the reducing agent; the O.S. of H = 0 in ( )
2
H g and = +1 in ( )
2
H O g .
( )
2
NO g is the oxidizing agent; the O.S. of N = +4 in ( )
2
NO g and 3 in NH
3
(g).

(c) ( ) ( )
4
6
Fe CN aq
(

is the reducing agent; the O.S. of Fe = +2 in ( )
4
6
Fe CN

(

and = +3 in ( ) ( )
3
2 2
6
Fe CN . H O aq
(

is the oxidizing agent; the O.S. of O = 1
in H O and
2 2
= 2 in H O
2
.

Neutralization and AcidBase Titrations

49. The problem is most easily solved with amounts in millimoles.

( )
( )
+
NaOH
+
0.128 mmol HCl 1 mmol H 1 mmol OH
V =10.00 mL HCl aq
1 mL HCl aq 1 mmol HCl 1 mmol H

110
( )
( )
1 mL NaOH aq
1 mmol NaOH
= 13.3 mL NaOH aq soln
0.0962 mmol NaOH 1 mmol OH

51. The net reaction is ( ) ( ) ( )
3 5 2 2 3 5 2
OH aq + HC H O aq H O(l) + C H O aq

.

3 5 2
3 5 2
base
0.3057 mmol HC H O 1 mmol KOH 1 mL base
V = 25.00 mL acid
1 mL acid 1 mmol HC H O 2.155 mmol KOH
= 3.546 mL KOH solution

Stepwise approach:
3 5 2
3 5 2
3 5 2
3 5 2
0.3057 mmol HC H O
25.00 mL acid
1 mL acid
1 mmol KOH
1 mmol HC H O
1 mL base
= 3.546 mL KOH solution
2.155 mmol KOH
= 7.643 mmol HC H O
7.643 mmol HC H O = 7.643 mmol KOH
7.643 mmol KOH

53. ( ) ( ) ( )
2
NaOH aq + HCl aq NaCl aq + H O(l) is the titration reaction.
0.1085mol HCl 1mol NaOH
0.02834L
1Lsoln 1 mol HCl
[NaOH] = = 0.1230 M NaOH
0.02500 L sample

55. The mass of acetylsalicylic acid is converted to the amount of NaOH, in millimoles, that
will react with it.
| |
( )
9 7 4 9 7 4
9 7 4 9 7 4
0.32 g HC H O 1 mol HC H O 1 mol NaOH 1000 mmol NaOH
NaOH =
23 mL NaOH aq 180.2 g HC H O 1 mol HC H O 1 mol NaOH
= 0.077 M NaOH

57. The equation for the reaction is ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 2
HNO aq + KOH aq KNO aq + H O 1 .
This equation shows that equal numbers of moles are needed for a complete reaction.
We compute the amount of each reactant.

mmol HNO mL acid
mmol HNO
mL acid
mmol HNO
3
3
3
= 25.00
0.132
1
= 3.30

mmol KOH mL acid
mmol KOH
mL base
mmol KOH =10.00
0.318
1
= 3.18
There is more acid present than base. Thus, the resulting solution is acidic.

111
59.
2 3 2 2 3 2
base
2 3 2
4.0 g HC H O 1 mol HC H O 1.01 g vinegar
V = 5.00 mL vinegar
1 mL 100.0 g vinegar 60.0 g HC H O

1
1
1
0.1000
1000
1
= 34
2 3 2
mol NaOH
mol HC H O
L base
mol NaOH
mL
L
mL base

61. Answer is (d): 120 % of necessary titrant added in titration of NH
3

5 NH
3
+
5 HCl
+
1 HCl
required for
equivalence
point
20 % excess
5 NH
4
+
+ 6 Cl
-
+ H
3
O
+
(depicted in question's drawing )

Stoichiometry of OxidationReduction Reactions

63.

2 3 4 4
2 3
2 3 2 3 4
4
1mol As O 4mol MnO 1mol KMnO
0.1078 g As O
197.84g As O 5mol As O 1mol MnO
[ MnO ]=
1L
22.15mL
1000mL
4
= 0.01968 M KMnO

Stepwise approach:
4
-4 -4 4
4
4
-4 2 3
2 3 2 3
2 3
-4 -4 4
2 3 4
2 3
4
[ KMnO ]=
1mol KMnO
10 mol MnO 10
1mol MnO
mol KMnO
L solution
1mol As O
0.1078 g As O = 5.449 10 mol As O
197.84g As O
4mol MnO
5.449 10 mol As O = 4.359 10 mol MnO
5mol As O
4.359 = 4.359

-4
-2 4 4
4
4
mol KMnO
1L
22.15mL 0.02215 L solution
1000mL
mol KMnO 4.359 10 mol KMnO
[ KMnO ]= = = 1.968 10 M
L solution 0.02215 L solution
=

112
65. First, we will determine the mass of Fe, then the percentage of iron in the ore.
2 2+
2 7
2 2+
2 7
0.05051 mol Cr O 1 L 6 mol Fe 55.85 g Fe
mass Fe = 28.72 mL
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol Fe 1 mol Cr O

mass Fe = 0.4861 g Fe % . Fe =
0.4861g Fe
0.9132gore
Fe = 100% 5323%

67. First, balance the titration equation:

Oxidation: { ( ) ( )
2
2 4 2
C O aq 2 CO g + 2 e

} 5
Reduction: { ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+
4 2
MnO aq +8 H aq + 5 e Mn aq + 4 H O l

} 2
Net: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 + 2+
2 4 4 2 2
5 C O aq + 2 MnO aq +16 H aq 10 CO g + 2 Mn aq +8 H O l

2 2 4
4 4
Na C O 2 2 4
2 2 4 4
2
4 2 4 2 2 4
2
4 4 2 4
25.8 mL satd soln KMnO 0.02140 mol KMnO 1000 mL
mass =1.00 L satd soln Na C O
1 L 5.00 mL satd soln Na C O 1000 mL KMnO
1 mol MnO 5 mol C O 1 mol Na C O 134
1 mol KMnO 2 mol MnO 1 mol C O

2 2 4
2 2 4
2 2 4
Na C O 2 2 4
.0 g Na C O
1 mol Na C O
mass = 37.0 g Na C O

Integrative and Advanced Exercises

71. A possible product, based on solubility rules, is
2 4 3
) (PO Ca . We determine the % Ca in this
compound.

3 4 2
molar mass 3 40.078 g Ca 2 30.974 g P 8 15.999 g O
120.23 g Ca 61.948 g P 127.99 g O 310.17 g
120.23 g Ca
% Ca 100% 38.763%
310.17 g Ca (PO )
= + +
= + + =
= =

Thus,
2 4 3
) (PO Ca is the predicted product. The net ionic equation follows.
(aq) H 2 (s) ) PO ( Ca (aq) HPO 2 (aq) Ca 3
2 4 3
2
4
2 + +
+ +

74. Let us first determine the mass of Mg in the sample analyzed.
2 2 7
2 2 7
2 2 7 2 2 7
1 mol Mg P O 2 mol Mg 24.305 g
mass Mg 0.0549 g Mg P O 0.0120 g Mg
222.55 g Mg P O 1 mol Mg P O 1 mol Mg
= =
6
0.0120 g Mg
ppm Mg 10 g sample 108 ppm Mg
110.520 g sample
= =
113
Stepwise approach:

-4 2 2 7
2 2 7 2 2 7
2 2 7
-4 -4
2 2 7
2 2 7
-4
1 mol Mg P O
0.0549 g Mg P O = 2.47 10 mol Mg P O
222.55 g Mg P O
2 mol Mg
2.47 10 mol Mg P O 4.93 10 mol Mg
1 mol Mg P O
24.305 g
4.93 10 mol Mg 0.0120 g Mg
1 mol Mg

=
=

6
0.0120 g Mg
ppm Mg 10 g sample 108 ppm Mg
110.520 g sample
= =

75. Let V represent the volume of added 0.248 M CaCl
2
that must be added.
We know that [Cl ]
= 0.250 M, but also,

V
V
+
+
=

L 0.335
CaCl mol 1
Cl mol 2
soln L 1
CaCl mol 248 . 0
KCl mol 1
Cl mol 1
soln L 1
KCl mol 186 . 0
L 335 . 0
] Cl [
2
2

L 0874 . 0
250 . 0 496 . 0
0623 . 0 0838 . 0
496 . 0 0623 . 0 0.250 0.0838 ) 335 . 0 ( 250 . 0 =
= + = + = + V V V V

80. (a) [FeS
2
+ 8 H
2
O Fe
3+
+ 2 SO
4
2
+ 16 H
+
+ 15 e
] 4
[O
2
+ 4 H
+
+ 4 e
2 H
2
O] 15
overall: 4 FeS
2
(s) + 15 O
2
(g) + 2 H
2
O(l) 4 Fe
3+
(aq) + 8 SO
4
2
(aq) + 4 H
+
(aq)
(b) One kilogram of tailings contains 0.03 kg (30 g) of S. We have
moles of FeS
2
=
2
2
1mol FeS 1mol S
30 g S 0.468 mol FeS
32.07 g S 2 mol S
=
moles of H
+
=
+
+
2
2
4 mol H
0.468 mol FeS 0.467 mol H
4 mol FeS
=
moles of CaCO
3
=
+ 3
3 +
1mol CaCO
0.467 mol H 0.234 mol CaCO
2 mol H
=
mass of CaCO
3
=
3
3 3
3
100.09 g CaCO
0.234 mol CaCO 23.4 g CaCO
1mol CaCO
=
114
83. 3 } e 2 (g) Cl (aq) Cl {2 : Oxidation
2
+

O H 7 (aq) Cr 2 e 6 (aq) H 14 (aq) O Cr : Reduction
2
3 2
7 2
+ + +
+ +

(g) Cl 3 O H 7 (aq) Cr 2 (aq) H 14 (aq) O Cr (aq) Cl 6 : Net
2 2
3 2
7 2
+ + + +
+ +

We need to determine the amount of Cl
2
(g) produced from each of the reactants. The limiting
reactant is the one that produces the lesser amount of Cl
2
..
reactant limiting the from produced amount the , Cl mol 629 . 0
O Cr mol 1
Cl mol 3
O Cr K mol 1
O Cr mol 1
O Cr K g 2 . 294
O Cr K mol 1
sample g . 100
O Cr K g 98.5
g 6 . 62 Cl amount
Cl mol 54 . 1
Cl mol 6
Cl mol 3
HCl mol 1
Cl mol 1
HCl g 46 . 36
HCl mol 1
soln g . 100
HCl g 1 . 30
mL 1
g 1.15
mL 325 Cl amount
2
2
7 2
2
7 2 2
2
7 2
7 2 2
7 2 2 7 2 2
2
2
2
2
=
=
=
=

Then we determine the mass of Cl
2
(g) produced.
2
2 2
2
70.91 g Cl
= 0.629 mol Cl = 44.6 g Cl
1 mol Cl

85. balanced) (not (g) ClO NaCl(aq) (aq) NaClO (g) Cl
2 2 2
+ +
(g) ClO 2 NaCl(aq) 2 (aq) NaClO 2 (g) Cl
2 2 2
+ +

2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2.0 mol NaClO 2 mol ClO 67.45 g ClO 3.785 L
amount ClO 1 gal
1 gal 1 L soln 2 mol NaClO 1 mol ClO
97 g ClO produced
5.0 10 g ClO (g)
100 g ClO calculated
=
=

88. (a) First, balance the redox equations needed for the calculation.
Oxidation: {HSO
3
-
(aq)+ H
2
O(l) SO
4
2-
(aq) + 3 H
+
(aq) + 2 e
-
} 3
Reduction: {IO
3
-
(aq) + 6 H
+
(aq) + 6 e
-
I
-
(aq) + 3 H
2
O(l) } 1
Net: 3 HSO
3
-
(aq) + IO
3
-
(aq) 3 SO
4
2-
(aq) + 3 H
+
(aq) + I
-
(aq)
The solution volume of 5.00 L contains 29.0 g NaIO
3
. This represents
29.0 g/197.9g/mol NaIO
3
= 0.147 mol NaIO
3
.

(b) From the above equation, we need 3 times that molar amount of NaHSO
3
, which is
3(0.147 mol) = 0.441 mol NaHSO
3
; the molar mass of NaHSO
3
is 104.06 g/mol.
The required mass then is 0.441(104.06) = 45.9 g.

115
For the second process:
Oxidation: {2 I
-
(aq) I
2
(aq) + 2 e
-
}

5

Reduction: {2 IO
3
-
(aq) + 12 H
+
(aq) + 10 e
-
I
2
(aq) + 6 H
2
O(l) } 1
Net: 5 I
-
(aq) + IO
3
-
(aq) + 6 H
+
(aq) 3 I
2
(aq) + 3 H
2
O(l)

In Step 1, we produced 1 mol of I
-
for every mole of IO
3
-
reactant; therefore we had
0.147 mol I
-
.
In step 2, we require 1/5 mol IO
3
-
for every mol of I
-
.
We require only 1.00 L of the solution in the question instead of the 5.00 L in the first
step.

89. Mg(OH)
2
(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) MgCl
2
(aq) + 2 H
2
O(l) (1)
Al(OH)3(aq) + 3 HCl(aq) AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l) (2)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) (3)
initial moles of HCl =
0.500 mol
0.0500 L = 0.0250 mol
1 L

moles of HCl that reacted with NaOH =
moles of HCl left over from reaction with active ingredients =
-3
0.377 mol NaOH 1 mol HCl
0.0165 L = 6.22 10 mol
1 L 1 mol NaOH

moles of HCl that react with active ingredients =
-3
0.0250 mol - 6.22 10 mol = 0.0188 mol

3 2
# moles HCl that # moles HCl that
+ = total moles of HCl reacted/used
react with Al(OH) react with Mg(OH)
( (
( (

# moles HCl that react with Mg(OH)
2
=
2
2
2 2
1 mol Mg(OH) 2 mol HCl
X grams Mg(OH)
58.32 g Mg(OH) 1 mol Mg(OH)
(

(

# moles HCl that react with Al(OH)
3
=
3
3
3 3
1 mol Al(OH) 3 mol HCl
0.500-X grams Al(OH)
78.00 g Al(OH) 1 mol Al(OH)
(

(

116
2X 3(0.500 X)
0.0188
58.32 78.00
+ =
X = 0.108, therefore the mass of Mg(OH)
2
in the sample is 0.108 grams.
% Mg(OH)
2
= (0.108/0.500) 100 = 21.6 %Al = 100 %Mg(OH)
2
= 78.4
91.

3 19 16 4 19 16 4
3 19 16 4
19 16 4
1 mol CHI 1 mol C H O 308.33 g C H O 1 mol AgI
0.1386 g AgI
234.77 g AgI 3 mol AgI 1 mol CHI 1 mol C H O
0.06068 g C H O

=

%
19 16 4
C H O =
0.06068 g
100 0.4346 %
13.96 g
=

93. (a) CaO(s) + H
2
O(l) Ca
2+
(aq) + 2 OH
(aq)
H
2
PO
4
(aq) + 2 OH
(aq) PO
4
3
(aq) + 2 H
2
O(l)
HPO
4
(aq) + OH
(aq) PO
4
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
5 Ca
2+
(aq) + 3 PO
4
3
(aq) + OH
(aq) Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH(s)
(b)
3 3 2
4 4
3
4
2
1mol PO 10.0 10 g P 1mol P 5 mol Ca
1.00 10 L
L 30.97 g P 1mol P 3 mol PO
1mol CaO 56.08 g CaO
= 301.80 g CaO = 302 g = 0.302 kg
1mol Ca 1mol CaO
+

FEATURE PROBLEMS

94. From the volume of titrant, we can calculate both the amount in moles of NaC H
5 5
and
(through its molar mass of 88.08 g/mol) the mass of NaC H
5 5
in a sample. The remaining mass
in a sample is that of C H O
4 8
(72.11 g/mol), whose amount in moles we calculate. The ratio of
the molar amount of C H O
4 8
in the sample to the molar amount of NaC H
5 5
is the value of x.

117
5 5
5 5
5 5
1 mol NaC H 0.1001 mol HCl 1 mol NaOH
moles of NaC H = 0.01492 L
1 L soln 1 mol HCl 1 mol NaOH
= 0.001493 mol NaC H

5 5
4 8 5 5
5 5
4 8
88.08 g NaC H
mass of C H O = 0.242 g sample 0.001493 mol NaC H
1 mol NaC H
= 0.111 g C H O
| |

|
\ .

x
4 8
4 8
4 8
5 5
1mol C H O
0.110gC H O
72.11gC H O
= =1.03
0.001493 mol NaC H

Stepwise approach:
-3
-3 -3
-3 -3 5 5
5 5
-3
0.1001 mol HCl
0.01492 L = 1.493 10 mol HCl
1 L soln
1 mol NaOH
1.493 10 mol HCl = 1.493 10 mol NaOH
1 mol HCl
1 mol NaC H
1.493 10 mol NaOH 1.493 10 mol NaC H
1 mol NaOH
1.493 10 mol N

=
5 5
5 5 5 5
5 5
88.08 g NaC H
aC H 0.1315 g NaC H
1 mol NaC H
=

4 8 5 5 4 8
mass of C H O = 0.242 g sample 0.1315 g NaC H = 0.111 g C H O

-3 4 8
4 8 4 8
4 8
-3
4 8
5 5
1mol C H O
0.111gC H O = 1.54 10 mol C H O
72.11gC H O
1.54 10 mol C H O
= 1.03
0.001493 mol NaC H

For the second sample, parallel calculations give 0.001200 mol NaC H
5 5
, 0.093 g C H
4 8
,
x = 1.1. There is rounding error in this second calculation because it is limited to two
significant figures. The best answer is from the first run x ~1.03 or 1. The formula is
NaC
5
H
5
(THF)
1
.

95. First, we balance the two equations.
Oxidation: ( ) ( ) ( )
+
2 2 4 2
H C O aq 2 CO g + 2 H aq + 2 e

Reduction: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+
2 2
MnO s + 4 H aq + 2 e Mn aq + 2 H O l

Net: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+
2 2 4 2 2 2
H C O aq + MnO s + 2 H aq 2 CO g + Mn aq + 2 H O l
118
Oxidation: { ( ) ( ) ( )
+
2 2 4 2
H C O aq 2 CO g + 2 H aq + 2 e
} 5
Reduction: { ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+
4 2
MnO aq +8 H aq +5 e Mn aq + 4 H O l

} 2
Net: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ 2+
2 2 4 4 2 2
5 H C O aq + 2 MnO aq +6 H aq 10 CO g + 2 Mn aq +8 H O l

Next, we determine the mass of the excess oxalic acid.
4 4 2 2 4
2 2 4 2
4 4
0.1000mol KMnO 1mol MnO 5mol H C O
mass H C O 2H O 0.03006L
1L 1mol KMnO 2mol MnO

=
2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2
2 2 4 2 2 4 2
1 mol H C O 2H O 126.07 g H C O 2H O
1 mol H C O 1 mol H C O 2H O

2 2 4 2
= 0.9474 g H C O 2H O
The mass of H C O H O
2 2 4 2
2 that reacted with MnO
2
2 2 4 2
=1.651 g 0.9474 g = 0.704 g H C O 2H O

2 2 4 2 2
2 2 2 4 2
2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2
2
1 mol H C O 1 mol MnO 86.9 g MnO
mass MnO = 0.704 g H C O 2H O
126.07 g H C O 2H O 1 mol H C O 1 mol MnO
= 0.485 g MnO

%MnO
0.485g MnO
0.533gsample
100% 91.0%MnO
2
2
2
= =

97. The molecular formula for CH
3
CH
2
OH is C
2
H
6
O and for CH
3
COOH is C
2
H
4
O
2
.
The first step is to balance the oxidationreduction reaction.
Oxidation: [C
2
H
6
O + H
2
O C
2
H
4
O
2
+ 4 H
+
+ 4 e
] 3
Reduction: [Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14 H
+
+ 6e
2 Cr
3+
+ 7 H
2
O] 2
Overall: 3 C
2
H
6
O + 2 Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 16 H
+
3 C
2
H
4
O
2
+ 4 Cr
3+
+ 11 H
2
O
Before the breath test:
-4 2 2 7
0.75 mg K Cr O 1 g 1 mol 1000 mL
= 8.498 10 M
3 mL 1000 mg 294.19 g 1 L

= 810
-4
M (to 1 sig fig)
For the breath sample:
BrAC =
2 6
0.05 g C H O 1mL blood
100 mL blood 2100 mL breath
=
7
2 6
2.3810 g C H O
mL breath

mass C
2
H
6
O =
7
2 6
2.3810 g C H O
mL breath
500. mL breath = 1.19 10

4
g C
2
H
6
O
119
Calculate the amount of K
2
Cr
2
O
7
that reacts:
2
4 2 6 2 7 2 2 7
2 6
2
2 6 2 6
2 7
6
2 2 7
1mol C H O 2 mol Cr O 1 mol K Cr O
1.19 10 g C H O
46.068 g C H O 3 mol C H O
1mol Cr O
= 1.72 10 mol K Cr O

# mol K
2
Cr
2
O
7
remaining = moles K
2
Cr
2
O
7
before moles K
2
Cr
2
O
7
that reacts
moles K
2
Cr
2
O
7
before =
-6
2 2 7
1 g 1 mol
0.75 mg K Cr O = 2.5 10 mol
1000 mg 294.19 g

# mol K
2
Cr
2
O
7
remaining = 2.5 10
6
mol 1.72 10
6
mol = 0.78 10
6
mol

concentration of K
2
Cr
2
O
7
after the
breath test = 0.78 10
6
mol/0.003 L = 2.6 10
4
mol/L = 3 10
4
mol/L (to 1 sig fig)

102. The answer is (b).
2
2
0.0050 mol Ba(OH) 2 mol OH
0.300 L = 0.0030 mol
1 L 1mol Ba(OH)

Stepwise approach:
-3 2
2
-3
2
2
0.0050 mol Ba(OH)
0.300 L = 1.5 10 mol Ba(OH)
1 L
2 mol OH
1.5 10 mol Ba(OH) = 0.0030 mol
1mol Ba(OH)

103. The answer is (d), because H
2
SO
4
is a strong diprotic acid and theoretically yields
0.20 mol of H
+
for every 0.10 mol of H
2
SO
4
.

104. The answer is (c). Based on the solubility guidelines in Table 5-1, carbonates (CO
3
2-
) are
insoluble.

105. The answer is (a). Reaction with ZnO gives ZnCl
2
(soluble) and H
2
O. There is no reaction
with NaBr and Na
2
SO
4
, since all species are aqueous. By the process of elimination, (a) is
the answer.

106.
3 2 3 2
- 2
2
Balanced equation: 2 KI + Pb(NO ) 2KNO + PbI
Net ionic equation: 2I + Pb PbI (s)
+

120

107.
3
2 3 2 2
2
2 2
Balanced equation: Na CO + 2HCl 2NaCl + H O + CO
Net ionic equation: CO + 2H H O (l) + CO (g)
+

108.
(a)
4
3 4 3 2 3 3 4 2
2+ 3
3 4 2
Balanced equation: 2 Na PO + 3 Zn(NO ) 6NaNO + Zn (PO )
Net ionic equation: 3 Zn + PO Zn (PO ) (s)

(b)
3 2 2 3
2+
2
Balanced equation: 2 NaOH + Cu(NO ) Cu(OH) + 2 NaNO
Net ionic equation: Cu + 2 OH Cu(OH) (s)

(c)
2 2 3 3
2+ 2
3 3
Balanced equation: NiCl + Na CO NiCO + 2 NaCl
Net ionic equation: Ni + CO NiCO (s)

109. (a) Species oxidized: N in NO
(b) Species reduced: O
2

(c) Oxidizing agent: O
2

(d) Reducing agent: NO
(e) Gains electrons: O
2

(f) Loses electrons: NO

110. The answer is (b). The charges need to be balanced on both sides. Using a coefficient of 4,
the charges on both sides of the reaction becomes +12.

111. The answer is (d), 5 ClO
-
to 1 I
2
. The work to balance the half-reactions is shown below:

+
2
2 2 3
Reduction: 5ClO + 2H + 2e Cl + H O
Oxidation: I + 6H O 2IO + 10e + 12H

+

To combine the above reactions, the oxidation reaction should be multiplied by 5. The
combined equation is:
2 2 3
Combined: 5ClO + I + H O 5Cl + 2IO + 2H
+

112. The answer is (a). The balanced half-reaction is as follows:
+ - 4
2 2
NpO + 4 H + e Np + 2H O
+ +

113. (a) False. Based on solubility rules, BaCl
2
dissolves well in water. Therefore, it is a
strong electrolyte.
(b) True. Since H
-
is a base, H
2
O is by necessity an acid. It also reduces H
-
(-1) to H
2
(0).
(c) False. The product of such a reaction would be NaCl and H
2
CO
3
, neither of which
precipitates out.
(d) False. HF is among the strongest of weak acids. It is not a strong acid, because it
doesnt completely dissociate.
121
(e) True. For every mole of Mg(NO
3
)
2
, there are 3 moles of ions, in contrast to 2 moles of
ions for NaNO
3
.

114. (a) No. Oxidation states of C, H or O do not change throughout the reaction.
(b) Yes. Li is oxidized to Li
+
and H in H
2
O is reduced from +1 to 0 in H
2
.
(c) Yes. Ag is oxidized and Pt is reduced.
(d) No. Oxidation states of Cl, Ca, H, and O remain unchanged.

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97

, we recall the definition of molarity: moles of solute per liter of solution.

in the solution as it now exists, and the amount of I

that must be added. Convert this amount to a mass of MgI

is the reducing agent; the O.S. of S = +4 in SO and

is the oxidizing agent; the O.S. of Mn = +7 in

= 0.250 M, but also,

500. mL breath = 1.19 10

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