Submitted by: Sir Melcon Lancelot S. Lapina Submitted to: Mrs.

Dureza Sison

Land Surface Volcanoes: Land Surface Volcanoes are types of volcanoes that appear on the land. More commonly, it is seen as mountain with crater at the summit. These types are more dangerous than the submerged or submarine volcanoes because of the surrounding population. Examples of Land Surface Volcanoes:
Chaitn, Located in Southern Chile, the caldera rim reaches 1,122 metres above sea level and is 3 km in diameter. The Chaitn volcano began to erupt on May 2008. The force of the eruption increased significantly producing pyroclastic flows and lava explosions. In February 2009 a partial dome collapse caused further pyroclastic flows to descend through the river valley. Mayon,The Mayon Volcano is located in the province of Albay, on Luzon, in the Philippines. Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, it is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines having erupted over 49 times in the past 400 years.

Mount Etna,The largest of the three active volcanoes in Italy stands at 3,329 metres above sea level on the east coast of Sicily. One of the most active volcanoes in the world, Mount Etna is in an almost constant state of activity. The most recent was an ash eruption on April 2010.

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Mount Nyiragongo is located in the Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The main crater is about 2km wide. Since 1882 it has erupted at least 34 times. Nyiragongos lava flows race downhill at speeds of up to 60 mph.

White Island is situated 28km from the east cost of the North Island of New Zealand. Eruptions here have produced both lava flows and ash explosions. Major eruptions in 198183 altered much of the landscape, and there were further eruptions in 2000 and 2001.

Mount St Helens is located in Skamania County, Washington, USA. It is perhaps most famous for the catastrophic eruption on May 1980 which resulted 57 deaths and the destruction of property for over 230 square miles. In 2008 steam again began seeping from a fracture on top of the lava dome.

Klauea is an active volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, and is one of five shield volcanoes that together form the Big Island. The current eruption began in January 1983 and continues to produce lava flows that travel from these vents through tube networks that discharge into the sea. This eruption has covered over 117 sq km and built out into the sea 2 sq km of new land.

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The Soufrire Hills volcano features many lava domes which form its summit on the Caribbean island for Montserrat. After a long period of lying dormant it became active in 1995 and has continued to erupt ever since. Most recently, on 5th February 2010 an explosion propelled pyroclastic flows down several sides of the mountain at once.

Popocatpetl is the second highest peak in Mexico at 5,426 metres and is located around 70km south east of Mexico City. It is perhaps one of the most violent volcanoes in Mexico with more than 20 major eruptions since 1519. The latest episode began in December 1994 and theres been almost continuous volcanic activity ever since.

Originally an island, following the lava flow of the 1914 eruption Sakurajima is now connected to the Osumi Peninsula in Japan. Sakurajimas activity became more prominent again in 1955, and the volcano has been erupting almost constantly ever since, with 7,300 eruptions recorded in the last 45 years.

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Submarine Volcanoes: Submarine Volcanoes are underwater fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt. They are estimated to account for 75% of annual magma output.

Examples of Submarine Volcanoes:

Kavachi is one of the most active submarine volcano in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Located south of Vangunu Island in the Solomon Island, it is named after a sea god of the New Georgia Group islanders, and is also referred to locally as Rejo te Kavachi ("Kavachi's oven). The volcano has become emergent and then been eroded back into the sea at least eight times since its first recorded eruption in 1939. Metis Shoal is a shoal at the top of a submarine volcano, located between the islands of Kao and Late in Tonga. When the volcano erupted in 1995 a 43 metre high island formed, composed of a solid lava dome above the surface. It was washed away soon after.

Home Reef is an ephemeral island built by a submarine volcano whose top has repeatedly breached the surface and was subsequently eroded by wave action again. It is located in the South Pacific, south of Late Island and southwest of Vavau along the Tofua volcanic arc in Tonga.
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Kick-'em-Jenny (also: Kick'em Jenny or Mt. Kick-'Em-Jenny) is an active submarine volcano or seamount on the Caribbean sea floor, located 8 km (5 mi) north of the island of Grenada and about 8 km (5 mi) west of Ronde Island in the Grenadines. Kick-'em-Jenny rises 1,300 m (4,265 ft) above the sea floor on the steep inner western slope of the Lesser Antilles ridge. Lihi Seamount is an active undersea volcano located around 35 km (22 mi) off the southeast coast of the island of Hawaii about 975 m (3,000 ft) below sea level. It lies on the flank of Mauna Loa, the largest shield volcano on Earth. Lihi means "long" in Hawaiian.

Axial Seamount (sometimes Coaxial Seamount or Axial Volcano) is a seamount and submarine volcano located on the Juan de Fuca Ridge approximately 480 km (300 mi) west of Cannon Beach, Oregon. The seamount, 1,100 m (3,600 ft) high, stands 700 m (2,300 ft) above the average height of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. In 1998 it was selected as the site of NeMO (New Millennium Observatory), an Ocean Bottom Observatory and vent monitoring system.

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Bayonnaise Rocks ( Beyonsu-retsugan ) is a group of volcanic rocks located in the Philippine Sea approximately 408 kilometres (254 mi) south of Tokyo and 65 kilometres (40 mi) south-southeast of Aogashima, in the southern portion of the Izu archipelago,Japan. The rocks were discovered by the French corvette Bayonnaise in 1846.

Healy is a submarine volcano located among New Zealand's Kermadec Islands. Its last major eruption took place around 1360, creating a large caldera.

Marsili is a large undersea volcano in the Tyrrhenian Sea, about 175 kilometers (109 mi) south of Naples. The seamount is about 3,000 meters (9,800 feet) tall; its peak and crater are about 450 meters below the sea surface. Though it has not erupted in recorded history, volcanologists believe that Marsili is a relatively fragile-walled structure, made of low-density and unstable rocks[1], fed by the underlying shallow magma chamber.

The Pukao Seamount is a submarine volcano, the most westerly in the Easter Seamount Chain or Sala y Gmez ridge. To the east areMoai (seamount) and then Easter Island. It rises over 2,500 metres from the ocean floor to within a few hundred metres of the sea surface.[1] .

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Philippine Volcanoes: Active:

Mount Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines. Since 1616 there were 47 eruptions. From 1616 until 2002 at least 1300 people died and thousands of people got homeless as a result of all the eruptions. The most recent eruptions were in 1947, 1984 and 1993. In 1993 the activity started with explosions. Half an hour later, flows of lava (molten rock) and pyroclastic flows(flows with mixtures of hot, dry rock fragments and hot gases. They flows may result from the explosive eruption of molten or solid rock fragments, or both) came out of the crater in the top of the volcano. It killed 68 people and 60.000 people had to be evacuated

Mount Pinatubo is situated in the southern part of Luzon. It is one of the biggest volcanoes in the Philippines. In 1991, the Pinatubo became in a few months one of the most known volcanoes in the world. In that year the Pinatubo erupted violently.

Babuyan Claro is classified by volcanologists as a stratovolcano with an elevation of 843 meters and a base diameter of 920 meters.

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Luzon's southernmost volcano, Bulusan, was constructed along the rim of the 11-km-diameter dacitic-torhyolitic Irosin caldera, which was formed about 35,000-40,000 years ago. Bulusan lies at the SE end of the Bicol volcanic arc occupying the peninsula of the same name that forms the elongated SE tip of Luzon.

Didicas volcano, 22 km NE of Camiguin Island, was a submarine volcano prior to 1952, when a permanent island was formed. Didicas now consists of a small, 244-m-high andesitic lava dome about 1.4 km in longest exposed dimension. A 400-mwide crater was formed during the 1952 eruption.

Inactive:
Mount Apo is the highest mountain in the country and overlooks Davao City, a few kilometres to the northeast. Its name means "master" or "grandfather". Apo is flat topped, with three peaks, and is capped by a 500 m wide volcanic crater containing a small crater lake.

Mount Iriga is a small stratovolcano that rises to 1196 m immediately SW of Lake Buhi. The dominantly andesitic stratovolcano has satellitic cinder cones of basaltic composition. A large breached crater that opens to the SE was formed as a result of a major debris avalanche that buried several villages and formed a broad hummocky deposit that extends across the plain south of Lake Buhi.

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Inactive volcanoes in the World:

Mount Ararat,The last eruption of this snowy, two-peaked volcano (the highest in Turkey) occurred in 1840, when a huge earthquake also caused a landslide. In the Bible, Ararat is where Noahs Ark landed.

In 2006, a volcanologist with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) named Mount Hood the fourth-most-dangerous volcano in the country. Some in the industry believe its the most likely of Oregons volcanoes to erupt; its last period of eruptive activity was 170 to 220 years ago.

Mount Kilimanjaro-

Three volcanic cones

make up the highest mountain in Africa: Mawenzi and Shira, which are both extinct (meaning its unlikely theyll ever erupt again), and Kibo, which is dormant and has the tallest peak of the three. The most recent significant eruption took place 360,000 years ago, so theres not much concern about future eruptions, but some in the industry are worried about its collapsing over time.

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