6.

012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 241

Lecture 24 Frequency Response of Ampliers (II) OpenCircuit TimeConstant Technique December 6, 2005 Contents: 1. Opencircuit timeconstant technique 2. Application of OCT to commonsource amplier 3. Frequency response of commongate amplier

Reading assignment: Howe and Sodini, Ch. 10, 10.4.410.4.5. 10.6

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 242

Key questions Is there a fast way to assess the frequency response of an amplier? Do all ampliers suer from the Miller eect?

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 243

1. OpenCircuit TimeConstant Technique Simple technique to estimate bandwidth of an amplier. Method works well if amplier transfer function has: a dominant pole that dominates the bandwidth no zeroes, or zeroes at frequencies much higher than that of dominant pole Transfer function of form: Avo Vout = Vs (1 + j 1 )(1 + j 2 )(1 + j 3 )... with 1 1 , 2 , 3, ...
log |Av| Avo

-1

-2

log

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 244

Vout Avo = Vs (1 + j 1 )(1 + j 2 )(1 + j 3 )... Multiply out the denominator: Vout Avo = Vs 1 + jb1 + (j)2 b2 + (j)3 b3... where: b1 = 1 1 1 + + + ... 1 2 3

If there is a dominant pole, the low frequency behavior well described by: Vout Avo Avo = Vs 1 + jb1 1 + j H Bandwidth then: H 1 b1

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 245

log |Av| Avo

log |Av| Avo

-1

-1

-2

log

log

It can be shown (see Gray & Meyer, 3rd ed., p. 502) that coecient b1 can be found exactly through: b1 = where: i is opencircuit time constant for capacitor Ci RT i is Thevenin resistance across Ci (with all other capacitors opencircuited) Bandwidth then: H 1 = b1 1
n

n i=1

i =

n i=1

RT i Ci

i=1 i

1 n i=1 RT i Ci

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 246

Summary of opencircuit time constant technique: 1. shuto all independent sources 2. compute Thevenin resistance RT i seen by each Ci with all other Cs open 3. compute opencircuit time constant for Ci as i = RT iCi 4. conservative estimate of bandwidth:
H 1
i
Iout Vout Iout Vs , Is , Is .

Works also with other transfer functions:

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 247

2. Application of OCT to evaluate bandwidth of common source amplier

VDD

iSUP signal source RS vs VGG + vOUT signal load RL

VSS

Smallsignal equivalent circuit model (assuming current source has no parasitic capacitance):
RS
+ +

Cgd
+

vs
-

vgs
-

Cgs

gmvgs

Cdb

Rout'

vout
-

Three capacitors three time constants

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 248

First, short vs:

Cgd
+

RS

vgs
-

Cgs

gmvgs

Cdb

Rout'

Time constant associated with Cgs

it
+ -

RS

vgs
-

vt

gmvgs

Rout'

Clearly: RT gs = RS and time constant associated with Cgs is: gs = RS Cgs

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 249

Time constant associated with Cdb :

+

it
+

RS

vgs
-

gmvgs

vt

Rout'

Note: vgs = 0 Then:

RT db = Rout

and time constant associated with Cgs is:

gs = Rout Cdb

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 2410

Time constant associated with Cgd :

+ +

vt it

RS

vgs
-

gmvgs

Rout'

Note: vgs = itRS Also:

vt = vgs + (gm vgs + it)Rout

Putting it all together, we have: vt = it[RS + Rout (1 + gm RS )] Then:

RT gd = RS + Rout (1 + gm RS ) = Rout + RS (1 + gm Rout )
and time constant associated with Cgd : gd = [Rout + RS (1 + gm Rout )]Cgd

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 2411

The bandwidth is then: 1 1 = H i RS Cgs + [Rout + RS (1 + gm Rout)]Cgd + RoutCdb Identical result as in last lecture. Open circuit time constant technique evaluates bandwidth neglecting 2 term in the denominator of Av
conservative estimate of H .

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 2412

3. Frequency response of commongate ampli er

VDD

iSUP iOUT VSS signal source is RS signal load RL

IBIAS

VSS

Features: current gain 1 low input resistance high output resistance good current buer

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 2413

Smallsignal equivalent circuit model:

G
+

Cgd

iout

vgs S is RS B
-

Cgs

gmvgs

gmbvbs

ro Cdb roc RL

vbs
+

Csb

vgs=vbs

(gm+gmb)vgs

ro Cgs+Csb Cgd+Cdb roc//RL=RL'

is

RS

vgs
+

Frequency analysis: rst, open is:

(gm+gmb)vgs

ro C1=Cgs+Csb C2=Cgd+Cdb RL'

RS

vgs
+

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 2414

Time constant associated with C1 :

(gm+gmb)vgs

it
+

ro RL'

RS

vt
-

(gm+gmb)vgs

it'
+

ro RL'

vt'
-

Dont need to solve: test probe is in parallel with RS , test probe looks into input of amplier sees Rin! RT 1 = RS //Rin And: 1 = (Cgs + Csb)(RS //Rin )

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 2415

Time constant associated with C2 :

(gm+gmb)vgs

ro RS

it
+

vt
-

roc

RL

(gm+gmb)vgs

ro RS roc

it '
+ -

vt'

Again, dont need to solve: test probe is in parallel with RL, test probe looks into output of amplier sees Rout ! RT 2 = RL//Rout And: 2 = (Cgd + Cdb)(RL //Rout )

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 2416

Bandwidth: 1 H (Cgs + Csb)(RS //Rin ) + (Cgd + Cdb )(RL //Rout ) No capacitor in Miller position no Millerlike term. Simplify: In a current amplier, RS Rin:
1 1
RT 1 = RS //Rin Rin gm + gmb gm At output: RT 2 = RL//Rout or RT 2 RL//roc //[ro (1 + gm RS )] RL Then: H (Cgs + Csb) g1 m 1 + (Cgd + Cdb)RL 1 = RL//roc//{ro [1+RS (gm +gmb+ )] ro

If RL is not too high, bandwidth can be rather high (and approach T ).

6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005

Lecture 2417

Key conclusions
Opencircuit timeconstant technique: simple and pow erful method to estimate bandwidth of ampliers. Commongate amplier: no capacitor in Miller position no Miller eect if RL is not too high, CG amp has high bandwidth RS , RL aect bandwidth of amplier