Biology 1009 September 15, 2009 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Cell Theory and Classification

Cell Theory 1. All organisms are composed of cells (1838-1839). 2. All organisms arise from pre-existing organisms (1858). Cell A volume of space surrounded by a barrier Contains concentrated organic compounds Maintains its ordered state at the expense of its surrounding Has the ability to replicate its structure Passes these self-preservation characteristics on to its progeny Why Cells? 1. Organisms are made of organic chemicals. 2. Organisms make their living by carrying out chemical reactions. 3. Chemicals must be concentrated for reactions to take place rapidly. 4. Interior of cells is at a different redox state than the exterior. 5. Cells can exploit this difference at the expense of their surroundings to maintain a specific redox state, i.e., their structure. Prokaryotes: No membrane-bound nucleus; no membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotes: Genetic material found in a membrane-bound area of the cell Membrane-bound organelles present: mitochondria, plastids, cilia, etc. Three Domain Classification System 1. Domain Bacteria (eubacteria; prokaryotes) about 20 major groups: mycoplasma, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, endospore-forming bacteria, pseudomonads, enterics 2. Domain Archaea (archaebacteria; prokaryotes) found in extreme environments methogens (anaerobic, C02 CH4) extreme halophiles (high salt) thermophiles (high temperature)

3. Domain Eukarya (eukaryotes) protists, fungi, animals, plants

Features of Cell Morphology and Metabolism

Cell Size Prokaryotes: Mycoplasmas: Other Bacteria: Eukaryotes: 0.1 - 1 microns in diameter 1-10 microns in diameter 10-100 microns in diameter

Carbon and Energy Sources Photoheterotrophs Chemoheterotrophs Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs Cell Shape 1. spheres (cocci) 2. rods (bacilli) 3. spirals (spirilla) Oxygen Needs 1. aerobic: 2. anaerobic: 3. facultative anaerobes: Carbon Source organic molecules organic molecules CO2 CO2 Energy Source light organic molecules light inorganic molecules

need oxygen (O2) will not grow in the presence of O2 will use O2 if present; will use fermentation if O2 is absent

Types of Prokaryotic Organisms

Oldest prokaryotic fossil is about 3.5 billion years old. 1. Bacteria (over 10,000 species) Some examples: a. mycoplasmas b. cyanobacteria c. actinomycetes d. nitrogen-fixing bacteria e. endospore-forming bacteria f. pseudomonads g. enterics 2. Archaea a. methanogens (anaerobic; CO2 CH4) b. extreme halophiles c. extreme thermophiles 2

Cell Structure
Prokaryotic Cell Structures (review in textbook) Cell wall Plasma membrane Nucleoid Ribosome Thylakoid membranes Storage granuales Pilus Capsule Flagellum Eukaryotic Cell Structures (review in textbook) Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes Endomembrane system nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) Golgi apparatus - modification, sorting lysosomes - vesicles of digestive enzymes vacuoles - storage containers (plasma membrane) Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton microtubules: 25 nm; tubulin intermediate filaments: 8-12 nm; several different proteins microfilaments: 7 nm; actin Glycocalyx made of oligosaccharides; sticky strengthens the cell surface; cell-cell recognition Extracellular matrix glycoproteins secreted by animal cells provide support, adhesion, movement; role in development Plasma membrane Cell wall found in plant cells and fungi; not found in animal cells made of polysaccharide, mostly cellulose outer protective shell, cell shape and support Endosymbiotic theory:

Mitochondria and plastids are thought to have been free-living bacteria-like organisms that were acquired by host cells, and then entered a symbiotic relationship with the host organism.

--------------------------------------------Reading and Self-Quiz Questions: Chapter 6, pp.98-123; Questions #1-8 Chapter 27, pp.556-560; 564-573; Questions #2, 3