Computer

Networks
Network edge and network core

Network edge and network core

1-1

Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

millions of connected compu?ng devices: hosts server = end systems wireless laptop running network apps
PC cellular handheld

Mobile network Global ISP

Home network Regional ISP

communica?on links ber, copper, radio, satellite access points transmission rate = wired bandwidth links routers: forward packets

Institutional network

router

(chunks of data)

Network edge and network core

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Cool internet appliances

Web-enabled toaster + weather forecaster IP picture frame http://www.ceiva.com/

Worlds smallest web server http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/~shri/iPic.html

Network edge and network core

Internet phones
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Whats the Internet: nuts and bolts view

protocols control sending, receiving of msgs
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, Ethernet
Mobile network Global ISP

Internet: network of networks

loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet

Home network Regional ISP

Institutional network

Internet standards
RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
Network edge and network core 1-4

Whats the Internet: a service view

communica?on infrastructure enables distributed applica?ons: Web, VoIP, email, games, e- commerce, le sharing communica?on services provided to apps: reliable data delivery from source to des?na?on best eort (unreliable) data delivery

Network edge and network core

1-5

Whats a protocol?
human protocols: whats the ?me? I have a ques?on introduc?ons specic msgs sent specic ac?ons taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: machines rather than humans all communica?on ac?vity in Internet governed by protocols protocols dene format, order of msgs sent and received among network en<<es, and ac<ons taken on msg transmission, receipt
1-6

Network edge and network core

Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Hi Hi
Got the time?

TCP connection request TCP connection response

Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross

2:00 time Q: Other human protocols?

<file>

Network edge and network core

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A closer look at network structure:

network edge:
applica?ons and hosts

network core:
interconnected routers network of networks

access networks, physical media:

wired, wireless communica?on links

Network edge and network core

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The network edge:

end systems (hosts):
run applica?on programs e.g. Web, email at edge of network

client/server model

peer-peer

client host requests, receives service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; email client/server client/server

peer-peer model:
minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Skype, BitTorrent

Network edge and network core

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Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end systems to edge router? residen?al access nets ins?tu?onal access networks (school, company) mobile access networks Keep in mind: bandwidth (bits per second) of access network? shared or dedicated?

Network edge and network core

1-10

Dial-up Modem
central office telephone network Internet

home PC

home dial-up modem

ISP modem (e.g., AOL)

Uses exis?ng telephony infrastructure Home is connected to central oce up to 56Kbps direct access to router (o`en less) Cant surf and phone at same ?me: not always on
Network edge and network core

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

home phone
Existing phone line: 0-4KHz phone; 4-50KHz upstream data; 50KHz-1MHz downstream data

Internet

DSLAM

splitter DSL modem home PC central office

telephone network

Also uses exis?ng telephone infrastruture up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps) up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps) dedicated physical line to telephone central oce
Network edge and network core

Residen?al access: cable modems

Does not use telephone infrastructure
Instead uses cable TV infrastructure

HFC: hybrid ber coax asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream network of cable and ber ajaches homes to ISP router homes share access to router unlike DSL, which has dedicated access

Network edge and network core

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Residen?al access: cable modems

Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html Network edge and network core 1-14

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

server(s)

cable headend cable distribution network home

Network edge and network core

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Cable Network Architecture: Overview

FDM (more shortly):
V I D E O 1 V I D E O 2 V I D E O 3 V I D E O 4 V I D E O 5 V I D E O 6 D A T A 7 D A T A 8 C O N T R O L 9

Channels

cable headend cable distribution network home

Network edge and network core

1-16

Fiber to the Home

ONT Internet optical fiber optical fibers ONT

OLT
central office

optical splitter ONT

Op?cal links from central oce to the home Two compe?ng op?cal technologies:
Passive Op?cal network (PON) Ac?ve Op?cal Network (PAN)

Much higher Internet rates; ber also carries television and phone services
Network edge and network core

Ethernet Internet access

100 Mbps Ethernet switch 100 Mbps Institutional router To Institutions ISP

1 Gbps 100 Mbps

server

Typically used in companies, universi?es, etc 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet Today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch
Network edge and network core

Wireless access networks

shared wireless access network connects end system to router
via base sta?on aka access point

wireless LANs:
802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps

router base station

wider-area wireless access

provided by telco operator ~1Mbps over cellular system (EVDO, HSDPA) next up (?): WiMAX (10s Mbps) over wide area

mobile hosts

Network edge and network core

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Home networks
Typical home network components: DSL or cable modem router/rewall/NAT Ethernet wireless access point
to/from cable headend cable modem router/ firewall Ethernet
Network edge and network core

wireless laptops wireless access point

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Physical Media
Bit: propagates between transmijer/rcvr pairs physical link: what lies between transmijer & receiver guided media:
signals propagate in solid media: copper, ber, coax

Twisted Pair (TP) two insulated copper wires

Category 3: tradi?onal phone wires, 10 Mbps Ethernet Category 5: 100Mbps Ethernet

unguided media:
signals propagate freely, e.g., radio

Network edge and network core

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Physical Media: coax, ber

Coaxial cable:
two concentric copper conductors bidirec?onal baseband:
single channel on cable legacy Ethernet

Fiber op?c cable:

glass ber carrying light

pulses, each pulse a bit high-speed opera?on:

-

high-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 10s-100s Gps)

broadband:
mul?ple channels on cable HFC

low error rate: repeaters

spaced far apart ; immune to electromagne?c noise

Network edge and network core

1-22

11

Physical media: radio

signal carried in electromagne?c spectrum no physical wire bidirec?onal propaga?on environment eects:
reec?on obstruc?on by objects interference

Radio link types:

terrestrial microwave e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels LAN (e.g., Wi) 11Mbps, 54 Mbps wide-area (e.g., cellular) 3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps satellite - Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or mul?ple smaller channels) - 270 msec end-end delay - geosynchronous versus low al?tude
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Network edge and network core

The Network Core

mesh of interconnected routers the fundamental ques?on: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks
Network edge and network core 1-24

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Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-end resources reserved for call
link bandwidth, switch capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required

Network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into pieces pieces allocated to calls resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing) Dividing link bandwidth into pieces
frequency division ?me division
Network edge and network core 1-25

Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM

FDM frequency time TDM Example: 4 users

frequency time

Network edge and network core

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13

Network Core: Packet Switching

each end-end data stream divided into packets user A, B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resources used as needed
Bandwidth division into pieces Dedicated allocation Resource reservation
Network edge and network core

resource conten?on: aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available conges?on: packets queue, wait for link use store and forward: packets move one hop at a ?me

Node receives complete packet before forwarding

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Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L R R R

takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link at R bps store and forward: en?re packet must arrive at router before it can be transmijed on next link delay = 3L/R (assuming zero propaga?on delay)

Example: L = 7.5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps transmission delay = 15 sec

Network edge and network core

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Packet switching versus circuit switching

Packet switching allows more users to use network Is packet switching a slam dunk winner? great for bursty data
resource sharing simpler, no call setup

excessive conges?on: packet delay and loss Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior? Q: What are human analogies?

protocols needed for reliable data transfer, conges?on control bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps s?ll an unsolved problem reserved resources (circuit switching) on-demand alloca?on (packet-switching)
Network edge and network core 1-29

Internet structure: network of networks

roughly hierarchical at center: ?er-1 ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T, Cable and Wireless), na?onal/interna?onal coverage treat each other as equals
Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Network edge and network core

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Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

POP: point-of-presence

to/from backbone

peering

to/from customers

Network edge and network core

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Internet structure: network of networks

Tier-2 ISPs: smaller (o`en regional) ISPs
Connect to one or more ?er-1 ISPs, possibly other ?er-2 ISPs

Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider

Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

Tier-2 ISP
Network edge and network core

Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other.

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP

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Internet structure: network of networks

Tier-3 ISPs and local ISPs
last hop (access) network (closest to end systems)
local ISP Local and tier3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to rest of Internet Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP

local ISP

local ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

Tier-2 ISP local ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier-2 ISP local ISP

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Tier-2 ISP local local ISP ISP

Internet structure: network of networks

a packet passes through many networks!
local ISP

Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP

local ISP

local ISP Tier-2 ISP

local ISP

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

Tier-2 ISP local ISP

Tier 1 ISP
local ISP Tier-2 ISP local ISP

Tier-2 ISP local ISP

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