Pocket Guide to

Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

Philips Lighting Electronics N.A. 10275 West Higgins Road Rosemont, Illinois 60018 Tel: 800.322.2086 Fax 888.423.1882 Customer Support/Technical Services: 800.372.3331 www.philips.com/advance

Form No. RT-8020-R02 9/08

American inventor, Peter Cooper Hewitt, patented the first fluorescent lamp over 100 years ago. Cooper Hewitt's low pressure mercury arc lamp is the direct parent of today's modern fluorescent lamps. Far more efficient than incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps use electrical energy to excite molecules of Argon or Krypton together with mercury vapor to create luminescence. Unlike incandescent lamps, a fluorescent lamp does not connect directly to electric power sources. A ballast is required to provide high voltage to start the lamp(s) and limit the current flowing through it (them). The ballast also provides proper electrode or filament heating. For most of the last century electromagnetic ballasts, sometimes referred to as "core-and-coil" or "magnetic" ballasts, were the only fluorescent lamp ballasts available. Since 1988, when they began to penetrate the market, electronic ballasts have proven themselves, not only as workhorses of efficiency but also as a catalyst for revolutionizing lighting system design and specification. The electronic ballast revolution has resulted in dramatic improvements in ballast performance. The electronic ballast is a different technology than traditional electromagnetic ballasts. It starts and regulates fluorescent lamps with electronic components rather than the traditional core-and-coil electromagnetic assembly. The results are dramatic differences in efficiency, reliability and flexibility to accommodate various lamp types and sizes. There are also differences in the suitability of magnetic and electronic ballasts for various applications. To receive peak performance from a fluorescent lighting system, it is essential that the fluorescent lamp ballast match the requirements of the lamp or lamps it operates. A basic lighting system consists of the fixture/reflector; one or more fluorescent lamps; the ballast or ballasts used to operate the lamps; and the controls that switch current on and off, or, in some cases, dim the lamps as required. Electronic ballasts incorporate technology that is new to many ballast specifiers, purchasers, electrical technicians and users who have a working familiarity with electromagnetic ballasts. This handy FLUORESCENT POCKET GUIDE will give you a greater understanding of magnetic and electronic ballasts and present trouble shooting procedures to help solve inoperative problems. For more detailed operational descriptions and specifications, refer to the "Advance Atlas", "ABC's of Electronic Fluorescent Ballasts", or www.philips.com/advance. 2

CONTENT PAGE Ballast & Lamp Fundamentals ...................................... 4 Circuitry............................................................................. 8 Performance.................................................................... 12 Regulatory........................................................................ 23 Troubleshooting Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts General ............................................................................. 26 Preheat.............................................................................. 38 SlimLine and Instant Start.............................................. 40 Rapid Start ....................................................................... 43 Electronic Ballast ............................................................ 48 Index ................................................................................. 74

BA L L A S T & L A M P F U N DA M E N TA L S

BA L L A S T & L A M P F U N DA M E N TA L S

UNDERSTANDING LIGHT SOURCES

Even though nearly 90% of the energy consumed by incandescent lamps dissipates as heat, they are still being used in American homes and used throughout business and industry. Their operation is simple and self-regulating: when electricity passes through the lamp's filament it heats until it glows (incandesces) and produces light. The amount of light generated depends upon the amount of electrical current that passes through the filament. In addition to producing light, the filament also limits the current to safe operating values. The quantity of light generated by a lamp is measured in lumens. Fluorescent lamps operate at cooler temperatures than incandescent lamps and convert electrical energy to light more efficiently. Their operation relies upon an electrical arc passing between two electrodes, typically, one on each end of the lamp. This arc passes through a glass tube coated with phosphor in a mixture of vaporized mercury and purified gases, mainly Argon or Krypton. The resulting ultra-violet energy reacts with the phosphor coating to produce a glow (fluorescence) and emit visible light.

and compact. Base types include bi-pin, single pin, several compact bases and recessed double contact. T12 lamps, which can be operated electronically, but are typically operated by electromagnetic ballasts, are l-1/2" in diameter are now outsold by T8 lamps which have a 1" diameter. T8 lamps typically operate by electronic ballasts, but may also operate using magnetic ballasts. T8 lamps produce a better quality light and are dual rated for rapid or instant start operation, which maximizes application flexibility. T4 compact lamps are special " diameter, high lumen output, lamps developed to replace incandescent lamps in many down lighting applications. T5 lamps, 5/8" in diameter, provide some application flexibility and enhanced optic design due to its smaller diameter.

LAMP LIGHT OUTPUT

Lumens is the measurement for lamp light output. Fluorescent lamps are measured in initial lumens or in design lumens. Initial lumens are a measure of the amount of light that the lamp produces after about 100 hours of operation. Design lumens are a measure of the amount of light that the lamp produces after it has operated for approximately 40 percent of its rated life. Because light output from a fluorescent lamp diminishes over the life of the lamp - a process known as Lamp Lumen Depreciation - a lamp's design lumens (or mean lumens) are always lower than its initial lumens. Lumen maintenance refers to the rate at which light output declines over time and lumen maintenance percentages are typically based on light output at 40% of a lamp's rated life.
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FLUORESCENT LAMP TYPES

Fluorescent lamps sold in the United States today are available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes ranging from miniature versions, rated at 4 watts, 6" in length and 5/8" diameter, to 215 watt types, 96" long and 2" in diameter. Commercially available fluorescent lamp types include T12, T8, and T4 compact and T5-linear
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BA L L A S T & L A M P F U N DA M E N TA L S

BA L L A S T & L A M P F U N DA M E N TA L S

LAMP LIFE
Lamp Life is a measure of how long a fluorescent lamp operates and determined by that point in time when 50% of the lamps have failed. Lamp life is a function of emitter depletion - when you run out of emitter emission material the lamp will no longer operate. Some lamps will last longer than the rated life and some fail sooner. Starting methods, switch cycles, the type of ballast used and other factors can significantly affect lamp life. In general, life ratings for fluorescent lamps range from 6,000 to 30,000 hours based on the industry standard of three burning hours per start.
I Peak Crest Factor = I Peak I R.M.S.

I R.M.S.

BALLAST FUNDAMENTALS
What Does a Ballast Do? In all fluorescent lighting systems, the ballast's basic functions include:
Providing

LUMENS PER WATT

Lumens per Watt is a rating of a lamp's light output in relation to the current passing through it or the watts it uses. The more efficient a lamp, the more lumens it will produce per watt of power consumed. This measurement (LPW) is also referred to as lamp "efficacy".

CREST FACTOR
Lamp manufacturers use crest factor to determine ballast performance as it relates to lamp life. Lamp Current Crest Factor is a measurement of current supplied by a ballast to start and operate the lamp. It is the ratio of peak current to RMS current. High crest factor currents may cause the lamp electrodes to wear out faster, reducing lamp life. Crest factor requirements are regulated by ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standards and specified by lamp manufacturers. For rapid start and instant start T8 lamps the ratio is 1.7 maximum, and for instant start slimline lamps, it is 1.85 maximum.
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the proper voltage to establish an arc between two lamp electrodes, one at each end of the lamp. Regulate the electric current flowing through the lamp to stabilize light output. In some fluorescent lighting systems provide controlled electrical energy to heat the lamp electrodes. To receive peak performance from fluorescent lighting it is essential that the fluorescent lamp ballast - the heart of the fluorescent fixture - match precisely the requirements of the lamp it is designed to operate.

C I R C U I T RY

C I R C U I T RY

Preheat Circuit is the original, magnetic ballast technology, which requires the lamp electrodes to be preheated by a separate starter switch, which can be manual or automatic. During the starting cycle, the ballast limits the current flow to a calibrated value for preheating the electrodes. In a few seconds, the electrodes attain the proper temperature, at which time the starting switch opens manually or automatically. The opening of the starting switch breaks the preheat path for the current, leaving the gas in the fluorescent lamp as the only current path and the lamp ignites. Generally, low wattage linear and compact lamps (4 to 30 watts) use the preheat circuit.
CHOKE CAPACITOR AUTOMATIC STARTER LAMP CHOKE AUTOMATIC STARTER LAMP

Instant Start Electronic ballasts start lamps without delay (<0.1 second) or flicker by providing a starting voltage that is sufficiently high to start a discharge through the lamps without the need for heating the lamp electrodes. For F32T8 systems, the starting voltage is about 600V. The elimination of electrode heating maximizes energy savings - typically saving two watts per lamp compared to rapid start ballasts. Instant start ballasts are best suited for applications with limited on - off switches each day. Lamps operated by instant start ballasts typically operate 10,000 to 15,000 switch cycles before failure.

PRIMARY WINDINGS

LAMP

CAPACITOR LAMP SECONDARY WINDINGS CAPACITOR

AUTO-TRANSFORMER

Slimline Instant Start systems produce light instantly without the assistance of a starter. These lamps are mostly T12 single pin lamps without preheat. To achieve this quick response, without preheat, the ballast must provide an open circuit voltage to the lamp electrodes about three times the normal lamp operating voltage to initiate the arc. There are magnetic and electronic ballasts for these lamps.
PRIMARY WINDINGS LAMP STARTER WINDINGS

SECONDARY WINDINGS CAPACITOR

LAMP an inventor, Peter Cooper Hewitt, patented the first fluorescent lamp

Rapid Start electronic and magnetic ballasts start lamps quickly (0.5 - 1.0 second) without flicker by heating the lamp electrodes and simultaneously applying a starting voltage. The starting voltage for two F32T8 lamps in series produced by an electronic ballast is about 500V. This is sufficient voltage to start an arc through the lamps when the electrodes have reached adequate operation temperature. Electrode heating continues during operation and typically consumes two watts per lamp. Lamps operated by rapid start ballasts typically operate 15,000 to 20,000 on - off switch cycles before failure.
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C I R C U I T RY

C I R C U I T RY

CATHODE HEATER WINDINGS LAMP

LAMP

SECONDARY WINDINGS

CAPACITOR

Series vs. Parallel Lighting systems are typically wired in a series or parallel circuit. When a ballast is operating multiple lamps in a series circuit, if one lamp fails, the circuit is opened and all the lamps will extinguish. When a ballast operates multiple lamps in a parallel circuit, the lamps operate independently of each other so, if one lamp fails, the other can keep operating as the circuit between each lamp and the ballast remains unbroken. Generally, rapid start ballasts are wired with the lamps in series. Programmed start ballasts are also typically wired with lamps in series. However, some three- and four-lamp ballasts feature series-parallel operation; so that when a single lamp in one branch fails, the lamp(s) in the parallel branch will continue to operate. Instant start ballasts are typically wired with the lamps in parallel.

Programmed Start electronic ballasts start lamps quickly (1.0 - 1.5 seconds) without flicker. Programmed start ballasts provide maximum lamp life in frequent lamp starting applications such as in areas where occupancy sensor controls are used. Programmed start electronic ballasts precisely heat the lamp electrodes, tightly controlling the preheat duration before applying the starting voltage. This enhancement over rapid start ballasts minimizes electrode stress and depletion of emitter material during lamp starting, thereby maximizing lamp life. Lamps operated by programmed start ballasts typically operate up to 50,000 or more on/off switch cycles before failure. Programmed Start is also used for most compact lamp systems and electronic dimming systems to provide proper starting of lamps when starting in the dimmed mode.

CATHODE HEATER WINDINGS

PRIMARY WINDINGS

Parallel Circuitry

Series Circuitry 10 11

PERFORMANCE

PERFORMANCE

THE LANGUAGE OF BALLASTS

Supply Voltage (dedicated vs. multiple voltage and frequency) - Most ballasts are designed to operate at the specific nominal voltage shown on the label. Newer electronic ballasts, including Philips Advance models that use IntelliVolt technology, offer much greater input voltage and frequency flexibility and other advantages such as inventory reduction. Today's increasing demands on electrical utilities can cause wide voltage variations during load demand changes which in turn cause light output from lamps operated on dedicated input voltage electronic and electromagnetic ballasts to vary with the input voltage changes. The tables below are the recommended limits for electronic and magnetic ballasts.

Input Watts/ANSI Watts - Input watts published by ballast manufacturers are the total watts consumed by both the ballast and the lamps it operates. ANSI watts are the rating given for a ballast measured under the strict testing procedures specified by ANSI standards and are the only dependable measure of this performance. Energy savings can be determined by comparing the input watts of different lighting systems. Ballast Factor (BF) - Ballast Factor is the ratio of light output from a lamp(s) operated on a commercial ballast to the light output of that same lamp(s) operated on a "reference ballast" as specified by ANSI ballast standards. Light output ratings published by lamp manufacturers, are based on this "reference ballast". BF is a measure of light output, best thought of as a 'multiplier'. Multiplying the BF times rated lumens will determine actual light output of a given lamp-ballast combination.
light output of lamp operated on commercial ballast light output of lamp operated on reference ballast

Nominal Voltage 120 208 220 240 250 277 347 480

Electronic Voltage Limits 108 132 187 229 198 242 216 264 225 275 249 305 312 382 432 495

Magnetic Voltage Limits 112 127 199 216 210 230 225 250 235 260 255 290 322 365 450 500

BF =

Nominal 60 Hz. 50 Hz.

Frequency Limits 57.5 to 62.5 47.5 to 52.5

Ballast Efficacy Factor (BEF) is the ratio of ballast factor to input watts. This measurement is generally used to compare the efficiency of various lighting systems - higher numbers being more efficient.

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PERFORMANCE

This comparison is only valid, however, for ballasts operating the same number and type of lamps. In order to compare different types of lighting systems, the lumen output of the lamps must be used. For more information, see the "ABC's of Electronic Fluorescent Ballasts".
Ballast Efficacy Factor = Ballast Factor x 100 Input Watts

Power Factor (PF) is the measurement of how effectively a ballast converts the voltage and current supplied by the power source into watts of usable power delivered to the ballast and lamps. Perfect power utilization would result in a power factor of one.
PF = Input Watts / (Input Current x Input voltage)

High Power Factor (HPF) Power Factor Corrected (PFC)

0.90 or greater 0.80 to 0.89 0.79 or less

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) - Harmonic distortion occurs when the wave-shape of current or voltage varies from a pure sine wave. Except for a simple resistor, all electronic devices, including electromagnetic and electronic ballasts, contribute to powerline distortion. Generally, for ballasts, THD is the percent of harmonic current the ballast adds to the power distribution system. The ANSI standard for electronic ballasts specifies a maximum THD of 32%. However, most electric utilities now require that the THD of electronic ballasts be 20% or less. Almost all Philips Advance electronic ballasts are rated for either less than 20% THD or less than 10% THD.
Actual Waveform Third Harmonic (180Hz) Phase A
Low Current

Normal (Low) Power Factor (NPF)

Power factor measurements pertain only to the effective use of power supplied to the ballast. They are not an indication of the ballast's ability to supply light through the lamps. Because low power factor ballasts require about twice the current needed by high power factor ballasts, they allow fewer fixtures per circuit and create added installation wiring costs. Commercial lighting applications generally specify high power factor ballasts. Thermal Protection - Almost all indoor fluorescent fixtures must incorporate ballast thermal protection according to the National Electrical Code (NEC). Ballasts meeting thermal protection requirements are designated "Class P" by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc (UL).

Phase B
If low Third Harmonic on balanced system

Neutral Wire

Phase C Phase A 60 Hz Sine Wave

100% Plus Current

Neutral Wire (Overheated)

Phase B Third Harmonic Phase C

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Class P magnetic ballasts incorporate a thermal protector within the ballast case. Operation of this thermally actuated, automatic resetting, protective device will disconnect the ballast from the power source in the event of over temperature. Electronic ballasts are also "Class P" rated but may not incorporate the thermal protector in their design. These ballasts inherently limit their case temperature below the "Class P" limits as require by UL. "Class P' rated ballasts help protect against excessive supply voltage, internal ballast short circuiting, inadequate lamp maintenance and improper fixture application. They also reduce the need for individual fixture fusing. "Class P" ballasts should be replaced with the same type to not void the fixture safety rating by UL. Fuse Protection - Individual fusing is sometimes considered when many fixtures operate on a single circuit and where it is desirable to isolate an inoperable fixture quickly. This helps avoid complete circuit outage when troubleshooting. If used, fuses should be of the slow-blow type and should accommodate inrush current and abnormal starting cycle currents of the ballast. Electronic ballasts generally have higher inrush current than electromagnetic ballast, but for a shorter duration. This will not be a problem if the correct fuse is specified.

Inrush Current - All electrical devices including ballasts have an initial current surge that is greater than their steady-state operating current. A new standard published by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) - NEMA 410 - Performance Testing for Lighting Controls and Switching Devices with Electronic Fluorescent Ballasts - covers worstcase ballast inrush currents. All circuit breakers and light switches are designed for inrush currents. The electrical system should be designed with this issue in mind. EMI/RFI - Because they operate at high frequency, electronic ballasts may produce electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio frequency interference (RFI). RFI frequencies are a subset of EMI frequencies. EMI issues cover all possible operating frequencies while RFI is only concerned with radio and television frequencies. This interference could affect the operation of sensitive electrical equipment, such as radios, televisions or medical equipment. All Philips Advance electronic ballasts incorporate features necessary to afford maximum protection for the operating environment and operate well within regulatory limits. For more information, see the section on "FCC Regulations - EMI/RFI" in the "Regulatory Requirements" on page 23. Electronic ballasts that operate the lamps at high frequency may also affect the operation of infrared and powerline carrier equipment. Philips Advance electronic ballast designs operate the lamps at a frequency above the infrared range and are not likely
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PERFORMANCE

to cause interference. Powerline carrier interference should be determined before electronic ballast installation. Some powerline carrier equipment has been designed to operate with electronic ballasts. Ballast Noise - The slight "humming" sound associated with fluorescent lighting systems results from vibration caused by the inherent electromagnetic action in the core & coil assembly of the ballasts. All electromagnetic and some electronic ballasts make this sound. Ballasts are assigned a sound rating, "A" through "F", based on the amount of sound produced, with "A" being the quietest. Generally, the larger the lamp and ballast, the higher the sound level and the sound rating will be. Because electronic ballasts have smaller components, they have the lowest sound rating. Some electronic ballasts make almost no sound. There is no ANSI standard for this rating and it is up to the manufacturer to rate their ballasts.

Sound Ratings
Average Ambient Noise Level Of Interior Sound Level Rating*

For any Installation In: TV or Radio Station, Library, Reception or Reading Room, Church, School Study Hall

20-24
DECIBELS

A B C D

Residence, Quiet Office, Night School Classroom

25-30
DECIBELS

General Office Area, Commercial Building, Storeroom

31-36
DECIBELS

Manufacturing Facility, Retail Store, Noisy Office

37-42
DECIBELS

*These sound ratings are based on measurements of Average Ambient noise levels during conditions of normal occupancy. Audible ballast hum may appear amplified during exceptionally quiet periods and at times when area is unoccupied.

Ballast Life - Philips Advance fluorescent electronic and magnetic ballasts are designed and manufactured to engineering standards correlating to an average life expectancy of 50,000 hours of operation at maximum rated case temperature (70C for electronic and 90C for magnetic). Since Philips Advance ballasts operate below their maximum case temperature in the majority of applications, increased ballast life can be expected. Ballast life doubles for every 10C reduction in ballast case operating temperature and decreases by half for every 10C over the maximum case operating temperature. However, there are many variables, such as input voltage, ambient temperature, etc. which affect ballast operating temperatures, and therefore ballast life.
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PERFORMANCE

Effects of Ambient Temperature - All fluorescent fixtures are tested at an ambient temperature of 25C, which supposedly duplicates the temperature in a normal lighting installation. Yet, in new construction, before turning on the air conditioning, or in industrial plants that are not air conditioned, it is not uncommon to have ambient temperatures as high as 40C to 50C at the light fixture location. This higher ambient temperature will greatly affect ballast operating temperatures. Typically, in a fixture/ballast combination, a 1C ambient temperature rise results in a 0.9C rise in ballast case temperature. The rise in temperature will also affect light output of the lamps, as will lower temperatures. Most fluorescent lamps have an optimum light output temperature of about 25C ambient. Light output decreases above and below this optimum temperature. To realize optimum operation of light fixtures ambient operating temperature of the installation must be considered. There are other fixture installation factors that also affect ballast operation temperature, such as fixture type (surface mounted to ceiling, drop-in recessed, lensed or open). Regardless of the fixture type or installation, the ballast must always operate below the maximum rated case temperature to realize maximum ballast life and optimum operation. Cold Weather Operation - Low temperature and cold weather applications such as outdoors and walk-in freezers can affect lamp starting and operation.
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Lumen ratings of fluorescent lamps apply for operation in still air that has a temperature of 25C (77F). While many fluorescent lamps and fluorescent lamp ballasts are designed to give their best performance at 25C, they will provide reasonably good light output down to 10C (50F) for standard lamps and 16C (60F) for energy saving lamps. Further decreases in ambient temperature will result in decreased light output and more difficult lamp starting. Such variables as humidity, line voltage, fixture design and variations within the particular design of the lamp and the fluorescent lamp ballast plays an important part in determining the low temperature starting limit. The 800 mA and 1500 mA lamps with their higher bulb wall temperatures are recommended for most efficient low temperature operation. Even with high output fluorescent lamps, satisfactory operation of the lamps depends upon adequate shielding to permit them to reach recommended operating temperatures. Also, exercise care in fixture designs for the prevention of overheating of the fluorescent lamp ballast in summertime operation. Lamp Operating Frequency - Electromagnetic ballasts and the lamps connected to them operate at an input voltage frequency of 60 Hertz (Hz), 60 cycles per second-which is the standard alternating voltage/current frequency provided in the United States. Electronic ballasts, on the other hand, convert this 60 Hz input to operate lamps at much higher
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PERFORMANCE

R E G U L ATO RY

frequencies above 20 Kilohertz (kHz), 20,000 cycles per second. Philips Advance designs operate above 20 kHz, but avoid certain ranges such as 30-40 kHz (infrared) and 56-62 kHz (theft deterrent systems) due to interference issues. Because electronic ballasts function at high frequency, the fluorescent lighting systems that they operate can convert power to light more efficiently than systems operated by electromagnetic ballasts (See Chart Below). For example, lamps operated on electronic ballasts can produce over 10 percent more light than if operated on electromagnetic ballasts at the same power levels. In effect, today's electronic ballasts provide additional energy savings by matching the light output from electromagnetic ballasts while operating the lamps at lower power. This is the main reason why electronic ballast systems are more efficient than magnetic ballast system.

ANSI Ballast Requirements - Electrical manufacturers of lamps and ballasts are part of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) that creates common standards to ensure compatibility between lamps and ballasts and interchangeability of products between manufacturers. These performance standards allow manufacturers to design products to industry standards rather than individual manufacturer's requirements. Magnetic ballasts meet ANSI C82.1 and electronic ballasts meet ANSI C82.11. FCC Regulations - EMI/RFI - Because electronic ballasts operate at high frequency, high frequency energy may feed back into the power system (conducted EMI) or radiate from the ballast, wiring or lamps (radiated EMI/RFI). This interference could affect the operation of sensitive equipment. Magnetic ballasts, which operate the lamps at 60 Hz, usually do not cause this type of interference. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates interference from radio and electromagnetic frequencies from 450 kilohertz (kHz) to 300 megahertz (MHz). For electronic ballasts, the limits and regulations are listed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, Part 18, Subpart C entitled RF Lighting Devices.Tables are published for absolute levels of radio and magnetic frequency radiation at certain frequencies. There are two levels given: one for non-consumer applications and a stricter one for consumer applications. Most Philips Advance electronic ballasts provide performance that already falls within the non-consumer (Class A) limitation, assuring their suitability for com23

Light Output Percentage

114 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 100Hz

1kHz

10kHz

100kHz

Excitation Frequency

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R E G U L ATO RY

mercial and industrial applications. Some special electronic ballasts are available that meet the more stringent consumer (Class B), or residential EMI limits. ANSI Transient Requirements - Electronic components are more sensitive to sudden surges of high voltage than are core & coil assemblies. These surges (or transients) may be caused by lighting strikes to nearby transformers, overhead lines or to ground. Transients may also be caused by load switching such as motors or compressors and by short circuits or utility system switching. Some facilities have power back-up generation or UPS systems that switch in and out to provide constant power for hospitals, etc. Transients are generated when these systems are activated and deactivated. Although these surges sometimes last less than a second, they may cause electronic ballast failure due to the energy in the transients. All Philips Advance electronic ballasts are designed to withstand the conditions of ANSI C62.41, Category A for transient protection. Safety Requirement - Philips Advance magnetic and electronic ballasts meet all safety requirements of UL 935 established for fluorescent ballasts. Many models also meet CSA safety requirements for Canada.

TROUBLESHOOTING FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLASTS

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T RO U B L E S H O OT I N G

T RO U B L E S H O OT I N G

ELECTRICAL TEST EQUIPMENT

The following equipment is recommended for testing fluorescent fixtures: True RMS Voltmeter (voltage ranges 0 to 1000 Volts AC and frequency range of at least 500 KHz for electronic measurements. Ammeter (clamp-on type acceptable) for magnetic ballast current measurements and electronic ballast input current measurements. Ranges: 0 to 10 amperes AC with at least one range 0 to 250 milli-Ampere (mA). Magnetic ballast input and output voltage and current frequencies are 60 Hz. Input voltage and current frequencies for electronic ballasts are 60 Hz, but the output frequency of most electronic ballasts is above 40 KHz.

should be done with the fixture properly de-energized and the circuit locked and tagged according to Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) requirements.

LAMP SOCKETS
When installing Philips Advance ballasts, socket type and socket wiring are important. Good lamp pin-tosocket contact and correct socket wiring are required to produce flicker free operation and ensure longest lamp life. There are several types of lamp sockets. Some sockets are dedicated to a particular lamp type. Most socket wiring errors relate to sockets used for T8 instant start and rapid or programmed start installations.

INSTANT START VS. RAPID START SOCKETS FOR DIMMING

When using dimming ballasts in fixtures, sockets must be of the RAPID START type. Many fixtures with T8 Instant Start electronic ballasts use jumpered or shunted Instant Start sockets. Controllable ballasts require two distinctly separate wires for each lamp socket. If you encounter shunted or jumpered sockets in a retrofit application, they must be removed and replaced with Rapid Start sockets.
Improper socket application will damage the ballast and void the ballast warranty. Refer to ballast wiring diagram for proper installation.

TROUBLESHOOTING ALL FLUORESCENT FIXTURES

SAFETY FIRST: Voltage and current measurements present possibility of exposure to hazardous voltages and should be performed only by qualified personnel. Many troubleshooting techniques require measurement with input voltage applied requiring extra precautions to avoid electrical shock. Use proper safety equipment such as eye protection and gloves when performing electrical measurements. If possible, any work performed on a lighting system, including inspection, troubleshooting and maintenance,
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INOPERATIVE FIXTURE
Often a fixture becomes inoperative due to causes not attributable to the ballast. It is therefore important to examine all fixture components before removing the ballast for replacement. We recommend the following general procedures for both magnetic and electronic ballast: 1. Replace or check all lamps to ensure satisfactory operation. 2. As lamps are removed, examine all sockets to ensure they are not damaged or broken and are making proper and positive contact with the lamps. 3. If starters are required, check each starter and replace, where necessary. 4. Examine all electrical connection within the fixture, including at the lamp sockets, to ensure conformance with the wiring diagram on the ballast. The following troubleshooting techniques in this guide will be presented separately for magnetic and electronic ballasts due to the many differences in operating characteristics and parameter measurement limitations.

NOTES

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LAMPS NOT STARTING

Replace Lamps With Known Good Lamps
New Lamps Do Not Light

Lamps Light

If Lamps Were Recently Replaced, Go To "Measure Voltage At Sockets"

Open Channel Cover To Visually Inspect Condition Of Ballast And Connections. Check Lamps And Ballast For Matching
Everything Okay

If Improper Correct

Measure Voltage At Sockets Using Tables On Pages 39,41,44

Everything Okay

No Voltage At Any Socket

Voltage Out Of Tolerance

All Voltages Measure Low

Check Grounding Of Fixture And Ballast

Check Supply Voltage And Fuse or Circuit Breaker

Everything Okay

Cut Leads To Socket With Voltage Out Of Tolerance Measure Voltage At Ballast

Check Supply Voltage

Everything Okay

Check Spacing Between Lamps And Sockets Lamp Must Be Seat In Socket
Everything Okay

Replace Ballast

Voltage At Ballast Out Of Tolerance Replace Ballast Voltage At Ballast Within Tolerance Problem With Wiring Or Socket

Low Supply Voltage Check Power Distribution System

Close Fixture Lamps Should Light

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T RO U B L E S H O OT I N G

CYCLING
The National Electrical Code (NEC) and UL stipulates that most magnetic ballasts installed indoors must contain a cutout device that protects the ballast from overheating. If abnormal ambient conditions cause the ballast to overheat, the thermal protection device disconnects the ballast from the power source. Once cooled, the switch in the protection device reconnects the ballast to the power source and the lamps restart.

If the conditions persist, the ballast will switch off again repeatedly in a process called cycling. Most electronic ballasts do not contain this thermal protection device but protect the ballast from overheating by other means. If the ballast does contain a thermal switch, it could cycle from excessive heating.

LAMP CYCLING
Open Channel Cover To Visually Inspect Condition Of Ballast And Connections. Check Lamps And Ballast For Matching Everything Okay If Improper Correct

Measure Ambient Temperature Everything Okay

High Ambient Temperature

Check For Insulation Above Fixture

Remove Insulation

Check Supply Voltage Everything Okay

High Supply Voltage Consult Power Company

Reduce Ambient Temperature Or Replace Ballast With A Cooler Operating Ballast

If Not Possible Replace Ballast With Cooler Operating Ballast

Ballast May Be Inoperative

Test Ballast Electrically

Remote Mount Ballast

Remote Mount Ballast

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LAMP SWIRLING
Cold temperatures usually cause lamplight swirling or spiraling, where the light appears to swirl or spiral inside the tube. In this case, shield the lamps from the cold draft, from air-conditioning or other sources by using a plastic jacket available from distributors. Make sure the plastic jacket is rated for the lamp/ballast combination. This problem may also be caused by low input voltage or lamp and ballast incompatibility. Check the input voltage, which should be the ballast rated voltage 7.5 percentage or change the lamp to a known good lamp. If the condition still exists, change the ballast.

While this condition is not desired, it is an aesthetic condition, and is not an indication that the ballast or lamp is not operating electrically correct. Striations should have no-long term effect on lamp performance or life. Fluorescent lamp striations have been experienced ever since fluorescent lamps have been in existence. For better understanding of this condition and possible corrections, it is best to divide the applications into those with full wattage lamps and those with energy saving lamps. It is also important to understand that lamps are rated for use in certain temperature ranges. In general, full wattage lamps can be operated at much lower temperatures than energy saving lamps. Typically, energy saving lamps have a minimum temperature of 60F, or in some cases even higher temperatures may be recommended. User should verify lamp operating temperature requirements with the particular lamp manufacturer to insure proper application.

FLUORESCENT LAMP STRIATIONS

Fluorescent lamps can provide an energy efficient light source in many applications, however, under certain conditions; there can be an undesirable visual aspect, commonly known as striations. Striations are a series of bright and dim areas in a fluorescent lamp, sometimes moving down the length of the lamp and sometimes taking the appearance of a standing wave. Striations are determined by lamp physics. Striations are common in lamps made with heavy fill gases such as Krypton. This phenomenon is exacerbated when these lamps are operated at low temperatures. This can be due to a low overall ambient temperature or more localized air blowing across the lamp. Although it is much more common in energy saver lamps, it can also occur in full wattage lamps.
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FULL WATTAGE LAMPS EXAMPLE F32T8 (32 WATT)

With full wattage (non-energy saving) type of fluorescent lamps, striations, although less likely, can occur. When full wattage lamps exhibit striations, it usually is result of one or both of the following conditions. Low lamp currents - If the lamps currents get too low (i.e. deep dim operations), striations can occur. In dimming ballasts, this is typically overcome by additional circuitry.
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The light output of a fluorescent lamp is directly related to its bulb wall temperature and operating environment, particularly its ambient temperature. Airflow across the lamp(s) - Many times airflow across a lamp will produce lamp striations. This is commonly experienced where the lamp(s) is in close proximity to an air vent. Typically, shielding or deflecting the flow of air to the lamp will rectify this condition. Ambient Temperature - Fluorescent lamp output is directly proportional to its bulb wall temperature. Every lamp has its optimum temperature for maximum light output. If extreme cold ambient temperatures exist, the light levels will be visually less and lamp striations may occur. It may be possible to reduce or eliminate this condition by using lamp tube guards or utilizing a luminaire that retains more heat in the lamp compartment. Please contact the lamp manufacturer for information regarding the use of tube guards with their lamps.

If striations are experienced with energy saving lamps, it is first recommended to verify if they are due to cool air blowing across the lamps or too low ambient temperatures as is covered in full wattage lamps above. If ambient temperature conditions are in the proper range and the conditions mentioned above are not the cause, then the lamp striations could be attributed to lamp characteristics. When these energy saving T8 lamps are utilized with electronic ballasts, especially those with reduced light output this condition could occur. It is not an indication that the ballast is at fault, that the lamps will fail prematurely, or that the overall performance will suffer. It is a "cosmetic" effect, which may or may not be objectionable. As ballast technology continues to expand, there are now available electronic ballasts that can reduce lamp striations with energy saving F32T8 lamps such as Philips Advance's Optanium series of ballasts. Lamp striations may occur with electronic ballasts without anti-striation technology with energy saving F32T8 lamps such as 30W, 28W, or 25W. It is important to understand that ballasts with anti-striation circuitry cannot always remedy lamp striations in applications where airflow or colder temperatures are the cause. It is also important to remember that striations, although sometimes a visual nuisance, will have no lasting effect on lamp performance and life and typically will not influence light levels on the work plane of normal fluorescent lamp applications and are only typically perceivable when looking directly at the lamp.
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ENERGY SAVING LAMPS EXAMPLE F32T8 (30), (28), OR (25) WATT

With the recent introduction of many new energy saving fluorescent lamps in the market, especially Krypton containing energy saving versions of the F32T8, there is a possibility of more lamp striation occurrences. Energy saving lamps are more temperature sensitive. Again, it is recommended to verify if the application of energy saving lamps is proper for the application with desired lamp manufacturer. Energy saving lamps, typically are not rated for use below 60F, nor with dimming ballasts.
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PREHEAT
To measure starting current and operating current, connect the ammeter between the colored high voltage secondary leads of the ballast and the lamp. To determine starting voltage, remove lamp and connect voltmeter between respective primary and secondary leads of each lamp according to ballast wiring diagram.
Starting Voltage (Minimum) (Open Circuit) 108 108 108 180 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 176 176 132

TROUBLESHOOTING PREHEAT INSTALLATIONS

One of the major causes of trouble with a Preheat circuit is mis-wiring of the fluorescent ballast. This condition can be noted by short lamp or starter life, nonstarting of lamp, or premature failure of the ballast. For example, with a two-lamp ballast, the starter leads from the two pairs of lamp holders may be crossed. If both starters open at the same time, the lamps will start. However, if one lamp starts before the other, the non-starting lamp may blink on and off for a long time before starting if it will start at all. To determine if wired correctly, short the terminals of a fluorescent starter with a fine bare wire. Remove all starters from the fixture but leave the lamps in. Insert the short starter in one starter slot. If the fixture is wired properly both ends of the same lamp will glow. If cross-wired, one end of each lamp will glow.
S Lamp S Lamp S Lamp S Lamp

Lamp Type F4T5 F6T5 F8T5 F13T5 F14T8 F14T12 F15T8 F15T12 F18T8 F19T8 F20T12 F25T12 F30T8 F40T12 F90T17

Operating Current (Ampere) .17 .16 .145 .165 .365 .38 .305 .325 .385 .355 .38 .46 .355 .43 1.50

Starting Current (Ampere) .16-.25 .16 -.25 .16 -.25 .18 -.27 .44 -.65 .44 -.65 .44 -.65 .44 -.65 .35 -.80 .35 -.80 .44 -.65 .41-.95 .40-.65 .55 -.75 1.45 - 2.2

Black White

Ballast

Red Blue

Black White

Ballast

Red Blue

There have been many installations of Preheat fluorescent lighting in which two lamp ballasts are operating with one lamp on and one lamp out, or with shorted starters. These conditions will cause premature ballast failures due to the ballast coils being operated above their coil temperature limitation. Thus, it is advisable to immediately replace inoperative lamps and starters.

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Other causes of difficulty could be (1) low or high circuit voltage, (2) improper lamp holder contact, (3) pinched wires or (4) improper lamps.

TROUBLESHOOTING SLIMLINE AND INSTANT START INSTALLATIONS

To determine starting voltage, lamp must be removed and voltmeter connected between the respective primary and secondary leads of each lamp as designated on ballast label. For series-sequence ballasts, the red lead must be in position while measuring the starting voltage of the remaining lamp.

SLIMLINE & INSTANT START

There are two common electromagnetic ballast circuits for the two-lamp operation of Slimline lamps: The Lead Lag circuit and the Series Sequence circuit. Electronic ballasts operate the lamps in parallel. The Lead Lag Slimline Ballast operates one lamp independently of the other. Thus, if one lamp becomes inoperative, the other lamp will still light. There are two legs in the Lead Lag circuit: one leg of the circuit is called the lead section and contains an inductive coil and a capacitor in series with the lamp. The other leg just contains an inductive coil and is called the lag section. This is how the name "Lead Lag" was derived. It is permissible to use Lead Lag Slimline Ballasts for starting of Slimline lamps down to temperatures of 0F and above. The Series Sequence Slimline Ballast was introduced in order to reduce the size, weight, and cost of the Slimline Ballast. In this circuit, two lamps operate in series, with the lamps starting in sequence. If one lamp becomes inoperative, the other will not fully light or light at all. Short lamp life or premature end blackening can be due to (1) low supply voltage, (2) improper lamp-socket contact or (3) mis-wiring of the ballast.

Lamp Type F24T12 F36T12 F40T12/IS F40T17/IS F42T6 F48T12 F64T6 F72T8 F72T12 F96T8 (200mA) F96T8 (265mA) F96T12

* Starting Voltage (Minimum) 270 315 385 385 405 385 540 540 475 675 675 565

* For Single Lamp, measure voltage between Red & White leads. For Two Lamp (SERIES SEQUENCE), measure voltage between Red & White Insert lamp in Red & White position, then read voltage between Blue & Black. For Two Lamp (Lead Lag), measure voltage between Red & White and Blue & White leads. For Electronic (parallel), measure voltage between Red & Blue leads.

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The open circuit voltage of a Slimline Ballast, in many cases, is great enough to start a lamp with one lamp filament de-activated. This lamp will become extremely black at one end and will flicker. If the lamp is not replaced, the ballast will overheat and eventually fail. If an Electromagnetic Slimline Ballast is operated with one lamp on and one lamp off, the ballast will experience higher coil temperatures which could result in premature ballast failures. In cases of short ballast life, check this factor. Electronic Slimline ballasts generally are not affected by lamp failure.
Lamp Lamp Red Series Sequence| Ballast Blue White Black Lamp

RAPID START
To measure starting voltage, connect voltmeter between the highest reading Red lead and Blue lead with lamp removed. To measure filament voltage on a single lamp unit, read voltage between Red-Red and Blue-Blue leads. For two lamp units, read voltage between Red-Red, Blue-Blue and Yellow-Yellow leads.

White Black

Lamp

Lead Lag Ballast

Red Blue

CORRECT

CORRECT

Lamp

White Black Series Sequence| Ballast

Red Blue

Lamp

INCORRECT

Lamp

Lamp

White Black Series Sequence| Ballast

Red Blue Red Lamp

Rapid Start 430 MA. Lamp Type F14T12 F15T8 F15T12 F20T12 F17T8 F25T8 F25T12 F30T12 F32T8 F40T8 F40T10 F40T12 FC6T9 FC8T9 FC12T9 FC16T9 FC8T9 & FC12T9 FC12T9 & FC16T9

Starting Voltage (Minimum @ 50 F) Single Lamp 108 108 108 108 140 170 200 150 200 250 200 200 150 180 200 205 Two Lamp 157 157 157 157 210 260 256 215 300 385 256 256 225 230 230

Filament Voltage 7.5 - 9.0 7.5 - 9.0 7.5 - 9.0 7.5 - 9.0 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5

Wh. Lamp Blk.

Parallel Ballast

Blue Blue

INCORRECT

CORRECT

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Rapid Start 800 & 1500 MA. Lamp Type F24T12/HO F36T12/HO F48T12/HO F60T12/HO F72T12/HO F84T12/HO F96T8/HO F96T12/HO F48PG17/VHO F48T12/VHO F72PG17/VHO F72T12/VHO F96PG17/VHO F96T12/VHO Starting Voltage (Minimum) Single Lamp Two Lamp 0F -20 F 50 F 50 F -20 F 0F 110 140 85 225 145 195 155 115 190 260 195 235 203 155 240 310 256 290 240 210 290 325 365 350 283 260 340 395 420 410 280 330 360 430 455 445 450 775 330 360 295 465 490 480 160 160 225 225 300 300 205 205 270 270 355 355 240 240 310 310 400 400 250 250 350 350 470 470 265 265 360 360 470 470 300 300 400 400 500 500

T RO U B L E S H O OT I N G

Filament Voltage 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.6 - 4.8 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.5

This voltage range between starting cold and starting hot is a very narrow band of voltage, which must be closely controlled in order to prevent either failure of the lamps to start or instant starting of the lamps with cold cathodes, which is detrimental to the lamps. In order to stay within this range of voltage, it is necessary to excite the gas within the lamps by means of an external voltage, which is applied to the gas within the lamps to create ionization. This external excitation is created by means of the capacity that is present between the lamp and the reflector or channel. In order to act effectively, the fixture must be connected to ground and the white lead of the ballast connected to ground lead of power supply. Thus it is stated on the label of Rapid Start ballasts "MOUNT LAMPS WITHIN 1/2 INCH (3/4 INCH or 1 INCH) OF GROUNDED METAL REFLECTOR." The majority of new fluorescent installations today use ballasts of the Rapid Start design. High Output (800 MA), and Very High Output (1500 MA) lamps are of the Rapid Start design. Refer to the figure on page 47. BLUE-BLUE, YELLOW-YELLOW, RED-RED LEADS are the built-in filament windings which supply a voltage of 3.4 to 4.5 volts to the lamp cathodes. If the cathodes are not properly heated, premature lamp end blackening will result.

NOTE: Electronic ballasts generally provide starting

voltages higher than those listed in the above tables. These open circuit voltages are listed on the ballasts label. Filament voltages for electronic and electromagnetic ballasts are the same.

TROUBLESHOOTING RAPID START INSTALLATIONS

The Rapid Start circuit (described on page 9) eliminates the annoying flicker associated with starting Preheat systems. Rapid Start circuits also simplify maintenance since no starter is used. The Rapid Start lamp operates on the principle of utilizing a starting voltage, which is insufficient to start the lamps while the cathodes are cold, but is sufficient to start the lamps when the cathodes are heated to maintain emission temperature.
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The lack of heating could be due to: 1. Improper seating of the lamp within the socket. 2. Broken sockets. 3. Broken lamp pins. 4. Too great of socket spacing. 5. Damaged lamp cathode(s). 6. Ballast lead wire not properly connected to socket. 7. Low supply voltage. 8. Inadequate ballast filament voltage. 9. Improper wiring. To determine if there is adequate voltage at the lamp cathodes, measure the voltage at the socket terminals. The voltage at the sockets should read between 3.4 and 4.5 volts. If there is adequate voltage, the lamp end blackening can be due to conditions 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. If the voltage is not adequate, it can be due to one or more of conditions 6, 7, 8, or 9. If random starting of Rapid Start lamps is experienced, be sure the fixture is properly grounded. As previously stated, for completely reliable starting in Rapid Start circuits it is necessary to have a starting aid. The starting aid should be an electrically grounded metal strip at least 1 inch wide and extending the full length of the lamp. The lamp should be within 1/2 inch of the grounded strip for 40-watt lamps and smaller (3/4 inch for T8 lamps) and 1 inch for higher output lamps.

If, under high humidity conditions, Rapid Start lamps start slowly or do not start at all although the cathodes are properly heated, this may be due to dirt on the lamps which is offsetting the silicon coating on the lamps, or it may be due entirely to a poor silicon coating. If it is a new installation (in operation only a few months) which experiences random starting under high humidity conditions, in most cases it will be due to low supply voltage or poor silicon coating on the lamps. When random starting is experienced under high humidity conditions in an installation in operation for a longer period of time this is usually due to dirt on the lamps. Wash the lamps in water to remove the dirt. Sometimes with two lamp Rapid Start series ballasts only one lamp will light to full brilliance and the other will not light. Refer to the figure below. If the lamp between the Red leads and Yellow leads is lit and the other lamp is out, look for a pinched Yellow lead. If the lamp between the Red and Yellow leads does not light and the other does, it is probably due to a short within the ballast.
LAMP BLUE BLUE YELLOW YELLOW LAMP RED RED

BLACK

WHITE

FIG .I

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MODIFIED RAPID START (HYBRID)

This type of ballast starts and operates the lamps similar to Rapid Start Ballasts, so troubleshooting procedures are the same as Rapid Start. The only difference is the filament heating voltage is eliminated after the lamps ignite so the 3.4-4.5 volts specified cannot be measured during normal operation.

the fixture or the fixture has not been connected in the junction box. Lighting control systems are used primarily for energy management and are supplied and installed by independent installers contracted by the lighting control supplier. Philips Advance controllable ballasts can be operated and tested independent of the control system and should be independently tested for proper operation without the control system. It is important to examine all of the components listed above before randomly replacing any of them. This Fixture Troubleshooting Guide for electronic ballasts will assist in correcting deficiencies due to lamps, fixture wiring and ballasts. The first two items should have been checked or bypassed as suggested in the Note.
RAPID START AND INSTANT START INSTALLATONS

ELECTRONIC BALLAST TROUBLESHOOTING GENERAL PROCEDURES

The same safety precautions must be used when troubleshooting, inspecting or maintaining electronic ballasted lighting. However, most recently developed Philips Advance electronic ballasts are now controlled by an integrated circuit. Troubleshooting procedures for these products will be addressed in a separate section. Often when a fixture appears to be inoperative, the cause can be attributed to these possible items: Fixture Voltage Supply Lighting Control Systems Lamps Fixture Wiring Ballasts NOTE: It is assumed at this point of the troubleshooting procedure that input voltage is available at the fixture. Usually loss of voltage to a fixture will involve more than one fixture, however, fixtures in new installations have had components replaced without success due to lack of available voltage at
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Check for fixture supply voltage and for failed lamps first.
Instant or rapid start electronic ballasts without integrated circuit control, such as the one and two lamp REL/VEL/GEL models, will show similar symptoms as magnetic fluorescent systems. The electronic rapid start should follow the same charts for magnetic rapid start fixtures on pages 30 & 31. Make sure that the lamp sockets are rapid start sockets as discussed earlier. Due to the higher starting voltage of instant start electronic ballasts, it is generally not recommended to measure these voltages in the field.
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NOTE: It is very difficult to accurately measure open circuit volt due to the combination of high frequency and higher voltage required to start lamps with electronic ballasts. The presence of the voltage can be determined but the voltage value will probably not be accurate when using most portable meters used in the field. The presence of voltage does indicate the electronic ballast is operating. Instant start ballasts can have a single lamp not lit and the remaining lamps all operating. Replacing the individual lamp should correct the problem. If not, check the wiring and lamp sockets in the fixture to verify that the ballast is connected per the circuit diagram on the ballast label. If all lamps are out, check the availability of fixture supply voltage and check open circuit voltage, as noted above, to verify ballast operation. Change the ballast if supply voltage is available and there is no open circuit voltage.

ballasts could be instant start or of the programmedstart type. If a ballast is a "Programmed-Start" type it will have an IC. Many instant start ballasts today also utilize an IC. One way to identify if an instant start ballasts utilizes an IC is if it has lamp "EOL" (end-of-lamplife) protection or is rated "UL Type CC". Also, the ballast label label may indicate that it has an IC Ballasts operated by integrated circuits are designed to start and control the lamp(s) in a fixture(s) to maximize lamp life and to sense lamp operation. Due to lamp operation sensing, a defective lamp or lamp connection and/or defective or incorrect fixture wiring will cause the ballast to shut down (cease to supply output to the lamps) and all lamps connected to that ballast will go out or not start. The integrated circuit designs sense for high lamp voltage (sometimes caused by poor lamp pin to lamp socket connection), open filament (cathode) and failure of a lamp to start. Any one or a combination of these conditions will cause a fixture to not operate properly. Because of the sensing circuits special troubleshooting techniques must be used, voltage measurement, in most conditions, will not determine the problem(s).

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT BALLASTED SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING PROCEDURES

Many electronic ballasts today utilize Integrated Circuits or IC's. These IC's perform and /or control many functions of the ballasts. These IC ballasts sometimes are diffcult to troubleshoot in the field since they are "smart" and may shut themselves off during abnormal conditions. Abnormal conditions could be, poor connections between the ballast, lampholder, and lamp or when a lamp reaches its end-of-life. IC
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FIXED LIGHT OUTPUT LINEAR AND COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP FIXTURE TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
Contained in this Guide are wiring diagrams and procedures for evaluating light fixtures using fixed light output, 1, 2, 3, and 4 lamp ballasts. The procedures are contained in troubleshooting flow charts and fixture wiring diagrams. In general, the flow chart will methodically help determine the cause of fixture malfunction. Just replacing lamps that "appear" to be defective can mask other possible problems within the fixture. The quick fix is not necessarily the right one. Replacing defective lamps may allow the fixture to operate again for a short time but will later exhibit the same problem. Defective lamps should be replaced once the problem is corrected. DO NOT immediately remove any lamp(s) from the inoperative fixture. Examination of the existing lamp(s) may give clues to the cause of the fixture problem. All lamps require adequate cathode heating for proper lamp operation and lamp life. If the cathodes are not adequately heated, premature lamp end blackening will result. Inadequate cathode heating may be due to: 1. Improper seating of lamps in the lamp sockets 2. Damaged/broken sockets 3. Broken/poorly crimped lamp pins
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4. Too great of socket spacing causing poor lamp pin connections 5. Damaged lamp cathode(s) 6. Ballast lead wire not connected at ballast or lamp socket 7. Inadequate ballast filament voltage 8. Improper fixture wiring Other troubleshooting items to be aware of include: Pinched wires in a fixture and leads that are not secured to lamp sockets and/or connector terminals on the ballast will eventually lead to ballast failure due to intermittent arcing. Poor connections within the system can lead to lamp/ballast failure. Several particular items that have been found to cause most fixture problems are: 1. Poor lamp pin crimps 2. Wire out of lamp socket(s) 3. Wire out of ballast connector terminal 4. Lamp not seated properly in socket(s) 5. Incorrect fixture wiring at ballast and/or lamp sockets To take proper electrical measurements, if necessary, high frequency test equipment is required. See the section on page 26 regarding high frequency measurement equipment.

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The pages that follow will provide a systematic approach for troubleshooting most problems that arise regarding fixtures using ballasts with Programmed Start technology. For those situations when these documents do not assist in correcting the problem, the fixture manufacturer should be con tacted to coordinate with the lamp and ballast manu facturers for further actions. NOTE: Programmed Start Ballasts include lamp end-of-life circuitry. This circuit is included to maximize lamp life when one lamp fails in the circuit. The feature enables the ballast to detect when lamps fail and safely remove power from the lamps by going into a shutdown mode. The ballast also goes into a shutdown mode when it detects lamps not properly placed in the sockets. When troubleshooting the circuit, make sure to replace inoperative lamps or make sure lamps are placed properly in the sockets. Programmed Start ballasts also include a re-strike feature that will restart the lamps after the failed lamp has been replaced. Open circuit voltage cannot be measured due to lamp end-of-life circuitry.

Troubleshooting Guide for Field Installations (Chart B)

All Lamps Out Scenario
Start Here

Fixture Operational

None

Lamp Out Quantity?

Bring Lamps to Full Output

All

Proper Supply Voltage to Ballast?

No

Correct Voltage Problem

Yes

Power Wires Secured @ Ballast? Yes

No

Resecure Hot & Common Wires

Ballast is shutdown

Proper Wiring At Lamp Sockets?

No

Rewire Socket per figures 1, 2, or 3 and Replace Lamp(s)

Yes

Lamps Start?

Remove lamps and reinsert after min. 3 seconds

No

Loose wiring at connector?

Yes

Re-insert wire into the connector

No

Yes

Switch With Known Good Lamp

Lamps Start?

No

Replace Defective Ballast

Diag. 138

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FIXED LIGHT OUTPUT 4-LAMP T5HO FIXTURE TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

Contained in this Guide are wiring diagrams and directions for evaluating light fixtures. The evaluation procedure is contained in three flow charts for various situations: 1. Initial fixture construction in the factory (page 60), chart A 2. All lamps out in a fixture after installation in a facility (page 61) chart B 3. Some lamps out in a fixture after installation in a facility (page 62) chart C Supporting these flow charts are schematic wiring diagrams: 1. 4-2 Switching (page 63) diagram 1 2. 3-2 Switching (page 63) diagram 2 3. 3-1 Switching (page 64) diagram 3 In general, the flow charts will methodically help to determine the cause of fixture malfunction. Just replacing lamps that "appear" to be defective can mask other possible problems within the fixture. The quick fix is not necessarily the right one. Defective lamps should be replaced once the problem is corrected. DO NOT immediately remove any lamp(s) from the inoperative fixture. Examination of the existing lamp(s) may give clues to the cause of the fixture problem.
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This application requires adequate cathode heating for proper lamp operation and lamp life. If the cathodes are not adequately heated, premature lamp end blackening will result. Inadequate cathode heating may be due to: 1. Improper seating of the lamp within the socket 2. Damaged/broken sockets 3. Broken/poorly crimped lamp pins 4. Too great of socket spacing causing poor lamp pin connections 5. Damaged lamp cathode(s) 6. Ballast lead wire not connected at ballast or lamp socket 7. Inadequate ballast filament voltage 8. Improper wiring Other troubleshooting items to be aware of include: pinched wires in a fixture and leads that are not secured to lamp sockets and/or connector terminals on the ballast will eventually lead to ballast failure due to intermittent arcing. Poor connections within the system can lead to lamp/ballast failure.

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Several particular items that have been found to cause most fixture problems are: 1. Poor lamp pin crimps 2. Wire out of lamp socket 3. Wire out of ballast connector terminal 4. Lamp not seated properly in socket 5. Incorrect fixture wiring at lamp sockets To take proper electrical measurements, if necessary, high frequency test equipment is required. See the section on page 26 regarding high frequency measurement equipment. The pages that follow will provide a systematic approach for troubleshooting most problems that arise regarding fixtures utilizing the 4-lamp T5HO programmed start ballast. For those situations when these documents do not assist in correcting the problem, the fixture manufacturer should be contacted to coordinate with the lamp and ballast manufac turers for further actions. NOTE: T5/HO Programmed Start Ballasts include lamp end-of-life circuitry. This circuit is included to maximize lamp life when one lamp fails in the circuit. This feature enables the ballast to detect when lamps fail in the circuit and safely remove power from the lamps by going into a shutdown mode.The ballast also goes into a shutdown mode when it detects lamps are not properly placed in the sockets. For four lamp ballasts, when one lamp goes out only its
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companion lamp goes out. The other two lamps remain lit. When troubleshooting the circuit, make sure to replace inoperative lamps or make sure lamps are placed properly in the sockets. Programmed Start ballasts also include a re-strike feature that will restart the lamps after the failed lamp has been replaced. Open circuit voltage cannot be measured due to lampe end-of-life circuitry.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Factory Installation (Chart A)

Note: Assuming proper input voltage applied
Start Here

Troubleshooting Guide for Field Installations (Chart B)

All Lamps Out Scenario
Start Here

Fixture Operational

None

Lamp Out Quantity?

Bring Lamps to Full Output

Test the ballast

All

Are all lamps lit?

Yes

Wiring Fine

Proper Supply Voltage to Ballast?

No

Correct Voltage Problem

Yes

No
Power Wires Secured @ Ballast? Yes No Resecure Hot & Common Wires

Potential Wiring Issue

Compare to "schematic wiring diag (fig 1, 2, or 3)"

Ballast is shutdown

Identify Wiring Issue and Fix

Proper Wiring At Lamp Sockets?

No

Rewire Socket per figures 1, 2, or 3 and Replace Lamp(s)

Yes

Are all lamps lit?

Yes

Wiring Fine

Lamps Start?

Remove lamps and reinsert after min. 3 seconds

No

Loose wiring at connector?

Yes

Re-insert wire into the connector

No

No

Yes

Replace Ballast

Defective Component in Ballast

Switch With Known Good Lamp

Lamps Start?

No

Replace Defective Ballast

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Diagram 1
Troubleshooting Guide for Field Installations (Chart C)
Partial Lamps Out Scenario
Start Here

INPUT
(Hot) (Neutral)
250V, 1mA (neutral or any hot)

OUTPUT
Advance 4 Lamp T5/HO Ballast
Red

Black White Grey (-)

Fixture Operational

None

Which lamps do not operate?

Bring Lamps to Full Output

Yellow Brown Orange

F54T5/HO, FT55W, FT36/39W, F58T8 Lamp

Blue

Partial Red, Orange, Blue Yellow, Blu/Wht, Brown Is the control lead (grey wire) switched on?

Blue/White

Proper wiring at Red, Orange, Blue lamp socket?

Switch control wire "on"

F54T5/HO, FT55W, FT36/39W, F58T8 Lamp

Yes

F54T5/HO, FT55W, FT36/39W, F58T8 Lamp

Fix control lead (grey wire) wiring at ballast

Proper wiring of control lead (grey wire) at ballast?

No

F54T5/HO, FT55W, FT36/39W, F58T8 Lamp

Yes

T5/HO Sockets
No

Proper wiring at Yellow, Blu/wht, Brown lamp socket?

4-2 Switching

T5/HO Sockets

No

Yes Rewire Socket and Replace Lamp

Diagram 2
INPUT
(Hot) (Neutral)

OUTPUT
Blue/White

Yes

Black White Grey (-)

Lamps Start?

Remove lamps and reinsert after min. 3 seconds

Advance 4 Lamp T5/HO Ballast

Red

No

Loose wiring at connector?

Yes

Re-insert wire into the connector

250V, 1mA (neutral or any hot)

No

Yes

Yellow Orange
F54T5/HO, FT55W, FT36/39W, F58T8 Lamp

Blue

Switch With Known Good Lamp

Lamps Start?

No

Replace Defective Ballast

Brown

F54T5/HO, FT55W, FT36/39W, F58T8 Lamp

F54T5/HO, FT55W, FT36/39W, F58T8 Lamp

T5/HO Sockets

3-2 Switching

T5/HO Sockets

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Diagram 3
INPUT
(Hot) (Neutral)
250V, 1mA (neutral or any hot)

MARK 7 0-10V TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

OUTPUT
Orange

Black White Grey (-)

Advance 4 Lamp T5/HO Ballast

Red

Blue/White
Blue
F54T5/HO, FT55W, FT36/39W, F58T8 Lamp

Contained in this Guide are wiring diagram and directions for evaluating Mark 7, T8 4 - Lamp light fixtures. Other Mark 7 controllable ballasts for compact lamps and 1, 2 and 3 lamp ballast configurations operate the same. However, the wiring diagrams and lamp sockets are different. Refer to the Advance Atlas or go to www.philips/advance.com for the correct wiring diagrams. The evaluation procedure is contained in three flow charts for various situations:

Brown
Yellow

F54T5/HO, FT55W, FT36/39W, F58T8 Lamp

F54T5/HO, FT55W, FT36/39W, F58T8 Lamp

T5/HO Sockets

3-1 Switching

T5/HO Sockets

1. Initial fixture construction in the factory - what measures to take (page 69) chart A 2. All lamps out in a fixture after installation in a facility (page 70) chart B 3. Some lamps out in a fixture after installation in a facility (page 71) chart C Supporting these flow charts are two wiring diagrams and a table for 4-lamp ballasts: 1. Schematic wiring diagram (page 72) figure 1 2. Fixture wiring diagram (page 72) figure 2 3. Mis-wiring table (page 73) Table 1 In general, the flow charts will methodically help to determine the cause of fixture malfunction. Just replacing lamps that "appear" to be defective can mask other possible problems within the fixture. The quick fix is not necessarily the right one. Defective lamps should be replaced once the problem is corrected.

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DO NOT immediately remove any lamp(s) from the inoperative fixture. Examination of the existing lamp(s) may give clues to the cause of the fixture problem. Lamps in dimming applications require adequate cathode heating throughout the dimming range in order to operate properly. Too little or too much voltage to the lamp sockets will decrease lamp life. For example, mis-wired lamp sockets might double the cathode heater voltage at the sockets during the dimming mode. This doubling of heater voltage will eventually cause the lamp end to blacken and the filament to fail. If this happens, the lamp may still light at full light output, but will not light when attempting to start in the full dim mode. For this reason, when possible, troubleshooting should be completed with the lamps in the full dim mode. The full dim mode puts the lighting system into the worse case scenario. Full dim is achieved by simply connecting the violet and grey wires together. Evaluation of the system during this situation will provide for the most beneficial results. If the cathodes are not adequately heated, premature lamp end blackening will result. The lack of heating may be due to: 1. Improper seating of the lamp within the socket 2. Damaged sockets 3. Broken/poorly crimped lamp pins 4. Too great of socket spacing causing poor lamp pin connections 5. Damaged lamp cathode(s)
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6. Ballast lead wire not properly connected at ballast or lamp socket 7. Inadequate ballast filament voltage 8. Improper wiring Other troubleshooting items to be aware of include: When the light output setting is above ~30%, a single lamp failure will cause all four lamps to shutdown. Conversely, if the light output setting is below ~30%, only the failed lamp will go out. Once the light output is raised above ~30%, then all the lamps will go out. Pinched wires in a fixture and leads that are not secured to lamp sockets and/or connector terminals on the ballast will eventually lead to ballast failure due to intermittent arcing. Poor connections within the system can lead to lamp/ballast failure. Several particular items that have been found to cause most fixture problems are: 1. Poor lamp pin crimps 2. Wire out of lamp socket 3. Wire out of ballast connector terminal 4. Lamp not seated properly in socket 5. Incorrect fixture wiring at lamp sockets

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To take proper electrical measurements, if necessary, high frequency test equipment is required. See the section on page 26 regarding high frequency measurement equipment. The documents that follow will provide a systematic approach for troubleshoot most problems that arise regarding fixtures utilizing the 4-lamp dimming ballast. For those situations when these documents do not assist in correcting the problem, the fixture manufacturer should be contacted in order to coordinate with the lamp and ballast manufacturers for further actions. NOTE: Mark 7 controllable ballasts include end of lamp life circuitry. This circuit is included to maximize lamp life when one lamp fails in the circuit. This feature enables the ballast to detect when lamps fail in the circuit and safely remove power from the lamps by going into a shutdown mode. The ballast also goes into a shutdown mode when it detects lamps are not properly place in the sockets. When troubleshooting the circuit, make sure to replace inoperative lamps or make sure lamps are place properly in the sockets. These ballasts also include a re-strike feature that will restart the lamps after the failed lamp(s) has been replaced. Open circuit voltage cannot be measured due to end of life circuitry

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Mis-Wiring Table for VZT4S328LLB

Dim level
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%

(Table 1)

Lamp Patten RED

off off off off normal normal normal normal normal normal off off off off off off dim dim dim dim dim bright bright bright normal normal normal normal normal normal normal normal normal normal normal normal

YELLOW BROWN
normal off off off off off off normal normal normal normal off off off off normal dim off normal normal normal off off dim off off off off dim dim bright normal normal normal normal normal normal normal off off normal off off off off normal normal bright off off off normal normal off normal normal dim off off dim normal off bright off off dim dim dim dim normal normal normal

BLUE
normal normal normal off normal normal off normal off off dim dim bright off dim dim bright off normal bright dim off dim bright dim dim bright normal bright normal normal dim dim off dim bright

Possible Causes
Short between Red and Yellow wires or switch of Red and Yellow wires Short between Red and Blue/White wires or switch of Red and Blue/White wires Short between Red and Brown wires or switch of Red and Brown wires Short between Red and Blue wires Short between Yellow and Blue/White wires Short between Yellow and Brown wires Short between Yellow and Blue wires or switch of Yellow and Blue Short between Blue/White and Brown wires Short between Blue/White and Blue wires or switch of Blue/White and Blue wires Short between Blue and Brown wires or switch of Blue and Brown wires Short between Red and Yellow wires Short between Red and Blue/White wires or switch of Red and Blue/White wires Short between Red and Brown wires or switch of Red and Brown wires Short between Red and Blue wires Short between Red wire and fixture housing Switch of Red and Yellow wires Short of Yellow filament Short between Blue wire and fixture housing Short of Red filament Red or Yellow filament open Switch of Blue/White and Blue wires Short between Yellow and Blue wires or switch of Yellow and Blue Short between Yellow wire and fixture housing Short of Blue/White filament Short between Yellow and Blue/White wires Short between Yellow and Brown wires Short between Blue/White wire and fixture housing Switch of Red and Blue wires Short between Brown wire and fixture housing Switch of Yellow and Brown wires or Blue/White filament open or Blue/White wire not in socket Switch of Blue/White and Brown wires Short of Brown filament Brown filament open or Brown wire not in socket Short between Blue and Brown wires or switch of Blue and Brown wires Short of Blue filament or Blue filament open or Blue wire not in socket Short of Yellow filament

Blue Brown

Red Yellow

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INDEX
Ballast Efficiency Factor ................................................................... 13 Ballast Factor ................................................................................ 13 Ballast Function .............................................................................. 7 Ballast Sound ................................................................................ 18 Circuits: Instant Start ................................... 9 Preheat ......................................... 8 Programmed Start ............................ 8 Rapid Start ........................................ 9 Slimline Instant Start ........................ 8 Class P Thermal Protection ................................................................. 15 Cold Weather Operation ....................................................................... 20 Crest Factor ................................................................................... 6 EMI/RFI ..................................................................................... 17 Fluorescent Lamps ......................................................................... 4 Fuse Protection .............................................................................. 16 Incandescent Lamps ........................................................................ 4 Inoperative Fixture .......................................................................... 28 Lamp Cycling ................................................................................ 32 Lamp Swirling ............................................................................... 34 Lamp Striations ............................................................................. 34 Lamps Not Starting ......................................................................... 30 Light Output .................................................................................. 5 Power Factor ................................................................................. 15 Sound Ratings .............................................................................. 19 Supply Voltage and Frequency .......................................................... 12 Temperature Effects ........................................................................ 20 Total Harmonic Distortion ................................................................. 14 Troubleshooting: Instant Start ................................... 41 Modified Rapid Start ........................ 48 Preheat ........................................ 39 Rapid Start .................................... 44 Slimline Instant Start ........................ 41

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www.philips.com/advance

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