CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

First Conditional (Type I)

The Iirst conditional (also called conditional type is a structure used Ior talking about
possibilities in the present or in the IutureType 1: if + present + future
Example:
II I have the money, I will buy this car
II it's sunny, we'll go to the park
Peter will be sad iI Susan leaves
II you cook dinner, I'll wash the dishes
Among other variations the structure if + present + present is also possible It is used when the
results are habitual or automatic Example: II a commodity is in short, supply prices tend to rise
2 Second Conditional (Type II)
The second conditional (also called conditional type 2 is a structure used Ior talking about
unreal situations in the present or in the IutureType 2: if + past + conditional
Example:
II I had the money, I would buy this car (Since I do not have the money I cannot buy any new
car The action in type 2 is characterized by unreality
II I were you, I would drive more careIully in the rain
II dogs had wings, they would be able to Ily
Paula would be sad iI Jan leIt
3 Third Conditional (Type III)
The third conditional (also called conditional type 3 is a structure used Ior talking about unreal
situations in the past In other words, it is used to talk about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in
the past Type 3: if + past perfect + perfect conditional
Full form : II I had studied harder, I probably would have passed the exam
Contracted form :II I'd studied harder, I probably would've passed the exam
Example:
II I had had the money, I would have bought this Audi (But I did not have it, and so did not
buy
II you had driven more careIully, you would not have had an accident (You had an accident
because you didn't drive careIully enough
II we had played a little better, we could have won the game(We didn't play well, so we lost the
game
The action in type 3 is characterized by impossibility.
While type and type 2 Iocus on the present or future, the time in type 3 is the past and
signiIies a completed action in the past The condition, thereIore, cannot be IulIilled because the
action in the iI-clause did not happen

GERUND
erund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah ing, misalnya swimming,
eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing Bila diperhatikan, gerund mempunyai bentuk
yang sama dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berIungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan
present participle sebagai kata siIat yang menerangkan kata benda

Dalam kalimat, gerund berIungsi sebagai:
a subjek (subfect
b pelengkap subjek (subfective complement
c objek langsung (direct obfect
d objek preposisi (obfect of preposition
e aposisi (appositive


Subject
erund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
- $wimming is good service.
- Your singing is very beautiful.
- $tudying needs time and patience.
- !laying tennis is fun.
- #eading nglish is easier than speaking it.

Subjective Complement
erund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di
antara subfect dan subfective complement, contoh:
- My favorite sport is 7unning.
- My favorite activity is 7eading.

Direct Object
erund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enfoy dancing.
- She likes dancing.
- Thank you for your coming.
- I hate a7guing.

Object of Preposition
erund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi Preposisi yang sering dipakai
adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.
- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no obfection to hea7ing your story.
- You will not be clever without studying.
- They are good at telling funny stories.
- n sleeping I met you in the park.

Appositive
erund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
- My hobby, fishing, is interesting.
- I do not like qua77elling, a useless fob.
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat
sebagai appositive (fishing adalah aposisi dari my hobby, begitu juga contoh kalimat
dibawahnya


Sub|unctive
The subjunctive is a special, relatively rare verb Iorm in English
Structure of tbe Sub|unctive
The structure oI the subjunctive is extremely simple For all verbs except the past tense oI be, the
subjunctive is the same as the bare inIinitive (inIinitive without "to":
be (past) be (present) a|| other verbs (past present)
l were
you were
he she lL were
we were
you were
Lhey were
l be
you be
he she lL be
we be
you be
Lhey be
l work
you work
he she lL work
we work
you work
Lhey work

The subjunctive does not change according to person (I, you, he etc
Use of the Subjunctive
We use subjunctives mainly when talking about events that are not certain to happen For
example, we use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody:
O wants to happen
O hopes will happen
O imagines happening
Look at these examples:
O The President requests that you be present at the meeting
O It is vital that you be present at the meeting
O II you ere at the meeting, the President would be happy
The subjunctive is typically used aIter two structures:
O the verbs: ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest that
O the expressions: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital that
Here are some examples with the subjunctive:
O The manager insists that the car park be locked at night
O The board oI directors recommended that he join the company
O It is essential that we vote as soon as possible
O It was necessary that every student submit his essay by the weekend
Notice that in these structures the subjunctive is always the same It does not matter whether the
sentence is past or present Look at these examples:
O Present: The President requests that they stop the occupation
O Past: The President requested that they stop the occupation
O Present: It is essential that she be present
O Past: It was essential that she be present
The use oI the subjunctive as above is more common in American English than in English,
where should + infinitive is oIten used:
O The manager insists that the car park should be locked at night
O It was essential that we should vote as soon as possible


We usually use the subjunctive ere instead oI "was" aIter if (and other words with similar
meaning Look at these sentences:
O II I ere you, I would ask her
O Suppose she ere here What would you say?
Why do e say "I ere", "he ere"?
We sometimes hear things like "iI I ere you, I would go" or "iI he ere here, he would tell
you" Normally, the past tense oI the verb "to be" is: I was, he was But the if I were you
structure does not use the past simple tense oI the verb "to be" It uses the past subjunctive oI
the verb "to be" In the Iollowing examples, you can see that we oIten use the subjunctive Iorm
ere instead oI "was" aIter:
O if
O as if
O ish
O suppose
Formal

(The ere Iorm is correct at all
times
Informal

(The as Iorm is possible in inIormal, Iamiliar
conversation
II I ere younger, I would go II I as younger, I would go
II he eren't so mean, he would buy
one Ior me
II he asn't so mean, he would buy one Ior me
I wish I eren't so slow! I wish I asn't so slow!
I wish it ere longer I wish it as longer
It's not as iI I ere ugly It's not as iI I as ugly
She acts as iI she ere Queen She acts as iI she as Queen
II I ere you, I should tell her
Note: We do not normally say "iI I was you", even in
Iamiliar conversation
Some Iixed expressions use the subjunctive Here are some examples:
O Long live the King!
O God bless America!
O eaven fo7bid!
O e that as it may, he still wants to see her
O ome hat may, I will never Iorget you
O We are all citizens oI the world, as it we7e