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LESSON 2 Understanding refraction of light

What is meant by Refraction Refraction of light is a phenomenon where the direction and speed of light are changed ( change in velocity) when it crosses the boundry between two materials of different optical densities. Three ways in which a ray can travel through two mediums 1 When a ray of light travels from optically less dense medium to optically denser medium , the ray is bent towards the normal. After entering the denser medium the speed of light decreases.

When a ray of light crosses the boundry between two different mediums at a right angle or the incident ray parallel to normal, the ray is not bent but the speed of light is different. The angles of incidence and refraction are zero.
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Common terminology of refraction of light between two medium of different optical densities Normal : A line at right angles to the boundry of the surface of the medium. : A ray of light that

When a ray of light travels from optically denser medium to optically less dense medium , the ray is bent away from the normal. After entering the less dense medium the speed of light increases.

Incident ray is directed

onto to the boundry of the surface of the medium Reflected ray : A ray that is refracted when passing through the different medium. Angle of the incident incidence normal : The angle between ray and the

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Angle of the refracted refraction normal

The angle between ray and the

A material with a higher refractive index has a higher density. The value of refractive index , n 1 The refractive index has no units.

The refrective index can be also defined as , n = speed of light in vacuum (air) speed of light in medium 0r And The law of refraction The first law : The ratio of the sine of the angle ( Snells Law) of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant. The second law: The incident ray, the normal and the refracted ray all lie in the same plane Refractive index (n) Refractive index,n is defined as, n = sin i sin where n = Refractive index i = the angle in medium less dense r = the angle in denser medium n = Real depth Apparent h depth Or

Example 1 The diagram shows a ray of light passing from air to the block X.

Calculate the refractive index of the block X.

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Solution Draw the ray light after it passes through a point P and determine the angle of refraction when the ray light entering the air again. Solution

Example 2 The diagram shows a ray of light passing from a glass block to air. [ Refractive index of glass = 1.54 ] Example 4 The speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 ms-1 and the speed of light in glass is 2 x 108 ms-1 . Determine the refractive index of glass. Solution

Determine the value of the angle . Solution

Example 5 The apparent depth of a fish is 0.50 m. Calculate the real depth of the fish. [ Refractive index of water = 1.33) Solution

Example 3 The diagram shows a light ray entering in a glass prism. [ Refractive index of glass = 1.51 ]

Example 6 The figure shows an man observing the base of a swimming pool . The base of the pool appear to be shallower. The real depth of the swimming pool is 2.0 m. [ Refractive index of water = 1.33 ]

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(a)

What is the apperent depth of the swimming pool?

(b) In figure above ,draw a ray diagram from point Z to show how the point Z appear shallower. Experiment to investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction. Hypothesis: The angle of refraction increases as the angle of incidence increases. Aim of the experiment : To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction. Variables in the experiment: Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence Responding variable: Angle of refraction Fixed variable: Refractive index List of apparatus and materials: Glass block, ray box, white paper protractor,power supply . Arrangement of the apparatus:

The procudere of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable. The glass block is placed on a white paper. The outline of the sides of the glass block are traced on the white paper and labelled as ABCD. The glass block is removed. The normal ON is drawn. By using a protractor , the angle of incidence is measured = i The glass block is replaced again on its outline on the paper. A ray of light from the ray box is directed along incidence line. The ray emerging from the side CD is drawn as line PQ. The glass block is removed again. The point O and P is joined and is drawn as line OP. The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other angles of incidence. Tabulate the data: Sinus i Sinus r Analysis the data: Plot the graph Sin r against Sin i

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Experiment to investigate the relationship between real depth and apparent depth. Hypothesis: The apparent depth increases as the real depth increases. .Aim of the experiment : To investigate the relationship between apparent depth and the real depth Variables in the experiment: Manipulated variable: real depth Responding variable: apparent depth Fixed variable: Refractive index List of apparatus and materials: Pin,ruler,water,retort stand ,tall beaker Arrangement of the apparatus:

A pin is placed at the base of the beaker as object O. The another pin is clamped horizontally onto the retort stand as image position indicator, I The beaker is filled with water. By using a ruler ,the real depth of the pin is measured = H The pin O is seen vertically above the surface of the water. The position of pin I is adjusted until parallax error between the pin O and the pin I is non- existent. By using the ruler again ,the position of pin I is measured as the apparent depth = h The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other value of H Tabulate the data: H h Analysis the data: Plot the graph h against H

The procudere of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable.

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TUTORIAL
1 When light travels from one medium to another, refraction take place. Refraction is caused by the change in the A B C D 2 amplitude of light rays intensity of light rays strength of light rays velocity of light rays

An observer cannot see the coin in an empty glass as shown in Figure(a). However , he can see the coin when the glass is filled with water as shown in Figure(b).

Figure (a) Figure (b) The observer can see the coin in Figure (b) due to A the light B the C the D the 3 total internal reflection of refraction of llight reflection of light diffraction of light

Which of the following is not caused by the refraction of light ? A B A fish in pond appears nearer to the surface of the water The sunlight reaches to the earth in a curve path

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C D colour

A ruler appears to bend at the water surface. The sea water appear in blue

Which of the following diagrams correctly shows the path of the light ? [ Medium P denser medium and Medium Q less dense ]

Figure shows a light ray travelling from medium R to medium S.

The diagram shows a light ray travels from liquid L to liquid M.

Which of the following is true? A B C The speed of light in medium R is larger than the speed of light in medium S The optical density of medium R is larger than the optical density of medium S The refractive index of medium R is larger than the refractive index of medium S

Which of the following diagrams correctly shows the path of the light ? [ Refractive index of liquid M > Refractive index of liquid L ]

The diagram shows a light ray directed into a glass block. Which is the angle of refraction?

The diagram shows a light ray which travels from the air to the glass.

6 A light ray travels from medium P to medium Q.

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What is the refrective index of the glass? A Sin R C Sin S 9 Which of the following formulae can be used to determine the refractive index of a medium? A B C Angle of incidence Angle of refraction Apparent depth Real depth Speed of light in vacuum Speed of light in the medium Sin Q Sin R D Sin R Sin S Sin Q B Sin P

[ Refractive index of oil = 1.4 ] A 44.4o 45.6o C 54.5o 55.4o E 58.9o B D

12 The diagram shows a light of ray travels from the air into a glass block.

What is the refractive index of the glass block? A 1.38 1.45 C 1.51 1.62 E 1.74 B D

10 The diagram shows a light ray travels from the air into medium X.

What is the refractive index of medium X? A 0.85 1.24 C 1.31 1.41 E 1.58 B D

13 The speed of light in the air is 3 x 108 ms-1 . What is The speed of light in a plastic block? [ Refractive index of plastic = 1.2 ] A 1.0 x 108 ms-1 108 ms-1 C 2.0 x 108 ms-1 8 ms-1 10 E 3.0 x 108 ms-1 B D 1.5 x 2.5 x

11 The diagram shows a light ray travels from the oil into the air.

What is the value of k?

14 The diagram shows a boy appearing shorter when he is in a swimming pool. The depth of the water in the pool is 1.2 m.

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[ Refractive index of water = 1.33 ]

[ Refractive index of plastic block = 1.2 ] .

What is the apparent depth of the pool? A C E 0.1 m 0.9 m 1.6 m B D 0.3 m 1.1 m 10-8 s s

What is the time taken for the light travels from point P to Q? A C E 2. 5 x 10-8 s 1.5 x 10-7 s 2.5 x 10-7 s D B 2x

2 x 10-7

15 The diagram shows a coin is put at the base of the beaker. The image of the coin appears to be 5 cm from the base of the beaker.

17 The diagram shows a light of ray from the air into a glass block to find the relationship between the angle of incidence i and the angle of refraction, r.

What is the refractive index of the liquid? A 8 C 8 E 19 14 16 The diagram shows a light ray travels from air the plastic block. The speed of light in the air is 3 x 108ms-1. 11 5 D 13 8 13 B 5

The following results were obtained as show in the following table. Angle of Angle of Sinus Sinus inciden refracti i r ce,i on,r 30o 19o o 40 25o 50o 30o o 60 35o o 70 38o (a) Complete the above table (b) Plot a graph sinus i against sinus r

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........................................... ................ ........................................... ................

(e) The speed of light in the air is ialah 3 x 108 ms-1,determine the speed of light in the glass block.

18 Figure(a) shows a mother observing the legs of her son in the pool . His legs appear to be shorter because of a light phenomenon. (c) Based on your graph (i) State the relationship between i and r. ........................................... ................. (ii) Name the law involved. ........................................... ................. (iii) Determine the gradient of the graph.

Figure (a) (a) (i) Name the light phenomenon involved.

(d)

When the glass block is replaced by a diamond block, (i) what will happen to the gradient of the graph.

.. (ii) Explain how the phenomenon occurs. .. ..

........................................... ................. (ii) give one reason for your answer in (d)(i).

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.. (iii) In Figure(b) , draw a ray diagram from point P to the eye to show how the legs appear shorter.

................................................. ................... (b) When H = 4.5 m and the refractive index of water is 1.33, determine the value of h.

(c) What happen to value of h

Figure(b) (b) The depth of water is 0.4 m. Calculate the distance of the image of the foot at point P from the surface of the water. [ Refractive index of water = 1.33 ]

when the pond is poured with water of refractive index 1.40 ? .

19 Figure(a) shows an object in a small pond. The depth of the water in the pond is H. The image of the objet appears to be h from water surface.

(d) A glass tube is immersed vertically in the surface of the water pond at a depth 0.5 m as shown in Figure(b).

Figure(a) (a) State the relationship between H and h

Figure (b) When H = 4.5 m and the refractive index of water = 1.33 , how far the base of pond appear closer to the surface of the water?

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