Proposal

Smart Home: RFID Access Control and Automated Lighting System

ECE4007 Senior Design Project

Section L02, RFID Smart_Home Team Phillip Robinson, Team Leader David Meyers Nazar Trilisky Jared Santinelli

Submitted September 15, 2008

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.iii 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 OBJECTIVE...............................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 MOTIVATION ...........................................................................................................................................................2 1.3 BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................................................................2 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND GOALS ................................................................................................................... 3 3. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 4 4. DESIGN APPROACH AND DETAILS ...................................................................................................................... 5 4.1 DESIGN APPROACH ...................................................................................................................................................5 4.2 CODES AND STANDARDS ............................................................................................................................................8 4.3 CONSTRAINTS, ALTERNATIVES, AND TRADEOFFS .............................................................................................................8 5. SCHEDULE, TASKS, AND MILESTONES .............................................................................................................. 10 6. PROJECT DEMONSTRATION ............................................................................................................................. 11 7. MARKETING AND COST ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................... 12 7.1 MARKETING ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................................12 7.2 COST ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................................................13 8. SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................... 16 9. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 APPENDIX A. NON-REOCCURRING COSTS ............................................................................................................ 18 APPENDIX B. COST OF PARTS .............................................................................................................................. 19 APPENDIX C. REOCCURRING COSTS ..................................................................................................................... 20

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Smart Home system is an RFID access control and automated lighting system that will provide ID-based entry into a building and trigger the activation of a user-matched lighting scheme. This system will use an RFID authentication mechanism to communicate with a microcontroller that will release an electric door strike for access and turn on a set of lights corresponding to the pre-determined path of the user. The complete project will include RFID readers, an ICOP eBox computer, a microcontroller, electric door strikes, relays, light sensors, motion detectors, and timer circuits, along with necessary cables and basic circuit elements. The Smart Home system is designed for Multiple Dwelling Units (MDUs) and office buildings where implementation of a secure, energy efficient entry system is desired. Using an electronic door strike provides convenience of hands-free access. The unique identification of the entrant using passive RFID tags will permit tracking of individuals entering and exiting the premises. Using RFID to create an identification-based lighting scheme including photovoltaic (PV) switches and motion sensors is energy efficient because it allows unnecessary lights to be turned off. The expected outcome of the project is a prototype system including an entry/exit module and a room unit costing $451.97. The prototype will demonstrate correct identification of passive tags, both allowed and denied entry into the main door. It will illuminate correct lights to the users dwelling for 30 seconds. When the room unit identifies an authorized user, the PV switch integrated with the motion detector will control an entry light. A typical installation of the system in a 50-room building will cost roughly $38,600. This system can be modified to integrate with other home systems such as HVAC, security, or entertainment.
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Smart Home: RFID Access Control and Automated Lighting System 1. INTRODUCTION
The Smart Home system is an RFID access control and automated lighting system that will provide ID-based entry into a building and trigger the activation of a user-matched lighting scheme. This system will use an RFID authentication system to communicate with a microcontroller that will release an electric door strike for access and turn on a set of lights corresponding to the pre-determined path of the user. The complete project will include RFID readers, an ICOP eBox computer, a microcontroller, electric door strikes, relays, light sensors, motion detectors, and timer circuits, along with necessary cables and basic circuit elements. This projects design contains an aspect of a previous Georgia Tech ECE Senior Design project in Fall 2006. The previous project simply used RFID to allow electronic access to a door. The implementation of an identification-based lighting scheme will allow for building operators to save electricity and money by only turning on necessary lights and provide increased security by tracking individuals on the building property.

1.1 Objective
The purpose of this project is to automate entry into Multiple Dwelling Units (MDUs) and office buildings using RFID technology. This technology will be used in order to customize lighting conditions based on the individual who is attempting entry. Also, requiring the user to be authenticated upon entrance and exit at main entry points will allow for the monitoring of individuals entering and exiting the premises. This system will primarily be purchased and installed by builders and developers of MDUs and offices, although it can be adapted to single family residences.

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1.2 Motivation
The use of RFID for access control is becoming very popular because it can remove the manual aspect of entry involved with keys, keypads, and magnetic stripe cards while also increasing security due to unique identification. Using RFID for entrance into a building will not only increase convenience, but also allow for tracking of who has entered the building premises at a given time. This will increase building security and thus the safety of the occupants. Implementing adaptable lighting based on the user requesting entry and on the present natural light conditions will allow lights to be turned off when they normally would be left on in the absence of an occupant. For example, if it is dark just inside the door when an individual enters the unit, the entry light will automatically turn on upon entrance, eliminating the need to manually turn the light on or leave it on while the individual is away. Removing the need to leave such a light on will reduce the amount of electricity used, which enables both the user and building complex to save money. Currently, there are no widely available systems that combine electronic access control and user identification with a lighting automation scheme. Combining these two technologies creates a more complete entry system for residential and office buildings.

1.3 Background
The electronic access control industry has been shifting from basic systems to more complex mechanisms. In the past, keys, keypads, and magnetic stripe cards were used simply to open doors. These technologies are being phased out as more sophisticated systems such as smart cards and biometrics provide more security and more functionality like tracking of individuals entering and exiting buildings [1]. HID Corporation is a major competitor in access control for apartments and offices. The company implements systems that use magnetic stripe

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cards, Wiegand swipe cards, and RFID contactless cards. All three of these cards contain similar binary data, but use different interfaces between the card and the reader [2]. A previous project was completed that used RFID to automate entry through a door. This project used an RFID authentication system to communicate with a microcontroller which unlocked an electric door strike if access was permitted [3]. The Smart Home system will include similar functionality of this previous project as well as supporting automated lighting. Home automation systems, or domotics, have the goal of minimizing human labor while focusing on aspects such as security and environmental control [4]. There are products on the market that can adjust systems such as lighting, climate, audio, and video, such as the Cortexa My Home, which allows users to control these systems from one location [5]. Typically these automation systems require manual user input or make adjustments on a schedule, whether it is a learned schedule or pre-programmed timing. IVCi sells a system specifically dealing with the automation of lighting. Pre-set lighting conditions can be stored, but still require the user to select the desired setting [6].

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND GOALS

The Smart Home system will consist of the following key components: Automated entry and identification using RFID Electric door strikes Automatic hallway lighting Need-based foyer lighting with motion detector turn off Occupant tracking Prototype price less than $500

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The primary goal of the Smart Home product is to provide an electronic access control system that will automate entry to a building, identify the entrants and turn on specified lights. Upon proper authorization by the ICOP eBox computer at a main entry point, a microcontroller will trigger an electric door strike that will allow the individual to open the door and a sequence of lights in the hallway related to the user who entered will be turned on. The entrance and exit of these individuals will be monitored within the authorization point for security purposes. When the occupant reaches their specific door, RFID and electric door strikes will again be used to allow electronic access into the room. If the natural illumination directly inside the room is insufficient, a light will be triggered to turn on. These lights will then stay on until a motion detector determines the light is no longer necessary and triggers them to turn off. When leaving, the occupant activates the motion detector and a timer circuit will be triggered, turning the hallway lights on for a specified period of time so the individual can exit the building under appropriately lighted conditions.

3. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
The RFID tag in conjunction with the Phidget RFID reader will be used for keyless access to a building. The reader will communicate with the ICOP eBox, which will interface with the microcontroller, energizing the door strike and designated lights within the home. The relays will serve as an interface between the low voltage signals and 120 VAC line power. RFIDAuthentication The Phidget RFID reader receives data from the passive RFID tag. Communicating with the eBox via USB, it will compare the tag ID with a pre-determined database. Specifications for the RFID reader and eBox can be found in Table 1 below.

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Table 1. RFID and EBOX Specifications

Item
RFID Tag RFID Read Range RFID Reader Spacing Read Update Rate USB Connection ICOP eBox Memory

Specification
EM4102 protocol 3-4 inches 1 meter 30 updates/sec USB 1.1, USB 2.0 5 meters 128 MB

Description
Specifies tag to be passive, read only with frequency of 125 kHz Typical range for passive RFID Necessary spacing to prevent interference between readers Maximum number of RFID reads per second Protocol for eBOX and RFID readers Maximum length of USB connection before signal power is insufficient SDRAM size for eBox

Microcontroller The microcontroller will communicate with the eBox via an RS-232 connection. The program in the microcontroller will determine the appropriate outputs, activating a set of relays that control the door strikes and lights. The specifications of these components can be found below in Table 2.
Table 2. Microcontroller and Electrical Component Specifications

Item
Microcontroller Door Strike Relay Operation

Specification
RS-232 input 5 12 VDC output 7.3V DC 80 - 100 %

Description
Standard serial interface for communication Signal output used to drive relays Operating voltage needed to unlock door strike Operating voltage range for relay

4. DESIGN APPROACH AND DETAILS

4.1 Design Approach
The RFID Smart Home system merges a passive RFID reader/tag system interfaced with locks and light automation via an eBox and microcontroller that manage access depending on the tag. An overview of the RFID Smart Home system can be seen in Figure 1 below.

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Timer

Figure 1. Overview of RFID Smart Home system layout.

The EM4102 RFID tag, which contains a 64 bit identification code, will be read by the USB powered Phidget RFID reader. The tag must be placed 3-4 inches away from the RFID reader and is read via inductive coupling. Data is then transported to the eBox using a USB cable and a USB hub. Additional active USB cables will need to be connected in series with the standard USB to increase the distance the reader can be from the eBox to greater than five meters. The USB cable is connected to a USB hub to increase the number of USB ports available, because the eBox only contains 3 USB ports. A C program is run on the eBox to detect the data signal from the Phidget reader. The program then determines which Phidget reader is activated and interprets the tags data, which is compared against predetermined values. If the data matches one of the predetermined values then a signal is sent to the microcontroller to activate the appropriate lights and door strike. The microcontroller receives the signal over a serial cable from the eBox and the signal is multiplexed to the available I/O pins of the microcontroller. The microcontroller is programmed using C to send a 12 VDC signal to energize the coils of the single pole single throw relay. The 120 VAC, 16 A rated contacts close to energize the desired door switch or lights.

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Figure 2. Modular representation of RFID Smart Home system.

The RFID Smart Home can best be described modularly, as seen in Figure 2. The entrance/exit module contains the entrance reader, exit reader, USB hub, eBox, microcontroller, relays, and door strike. When an authorized user enters the main access point, denoted by the entrance/exit module, the eBox will store the users identification in the database. The microcontroller will use a 12 VDC output to trigger the door to be unlocked and lights in the hallway to illuminate for 30 seconds corresponding to the users identity. When the user exits by scanning a tag, the users exit will be logged in the database. When the room module RFID reader reads a tag, the entrance/exit module receives USB input and sends 12 VDC output to the corresponding relays. Upon receiving this signal, the door strike will unlock and the PV switch will activate. If the PV switch determines there is insufficient light, a relay controlling the foyer light will activate. A motion detector will keep the light on until motion is no longer detected at the doorway. When the user exits the room module, the motion in the doorway will trigger a timer circuit to turn on the hallway lights leading to the main access point. The timer circuit will keep the lights on for 30 seconds. The standard single pole single throw wall switch will be replaced with a double pole double throw (3-position)
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switch so the user can select whether the lights are controlled by the RFID Smart Home system or manually.

4.2 Codes and Standards

Table 3. Codes and Standards
Components Phidget RFID Reader Standard EM4102 Description EM4102 RFID tags are created with an EM4102 chip, a CMOS integrated circuit for use in Read-Only RF transponders. The Chip will send back 64 bits of data contained in a factor programmable memory array. USB x.x cable is a male/male cable with a maximum length of five meters. Active USB x.x cable is a male/female cable which contains a repeater hub and can be daisy chained with up to 3 three other active USB cables and a standard USB cable. A C program is used to process data from the Phidget RFID reader and send appropriate output to the microcontroller. Pin #5 of the serial cable supplies 5 VDC power to the microcontroller. The data output from the eBox will be transmitted on Pin #2. C is used to program the microcontroller, which controls the relays & switches. NEMA standard of industrial control and systems controllers, contactors and overload relays, is referenced too determined to power capacities of the relays. switches.

USB Cable

USB 1.1, USB 2.0

ICOP eBox Serial Cable

C API RS-232

Cypress Microcontroller Relays & Switches

C API NEMA: ICS 22000 (R2005)

4.3 Constraints, Alternatives, and Tradeoffs

Constraints Phidget reader cost of $56 is the biggest constraint of the RFID Smart Home. The entrance module contains two RFID readers and an additional reader is needed to automate each additional room. The production costs of the entrance module are approximately $300 and the production costs of each additional room module are approximately $156. As the system production cost rises with the automation of additional rooms, the product becomes less marketable. The distance between the Phidget reader and the eBox is limited to five meters using a standard USB cable. By using active USB cables, the distance can be extended to 25 meters by

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connecting a standard USB cable with four active USB cables. Each additional active USB cable increases the product cost by $20. RFID reader interference is another constraint. Destructive interference may occur if multiple readers are placed within one meter of each other. Thus, the entrance RFID reader and the exit RFID reader must be strategically placed to limit this effect. Alternatives Door strike vs. Electromagnetic lock Electromagnetic locks are an alternative method to electronically control door access. The advantage of this system is that the electromagnet can be bolted on to any existing door and the frame of the doorway does not have to be modified. The disadvantage to this system is that the electromagnet requires a constant supply of power and during power outages the door is unlocked. The door strike used by the RFID Smart Home only requires power during the unlock cycle, and remains locked during power outages. USB vs. Serial port eBox limitations Using a serial port I/O signals, 0 - 12V, can be transmitted directly to the eBox using a wire. The eBox only has one serial port which is used to interface to the microcontroller. The eBox contains three USB ports, which can process 0-5 V I/O signals. A USB hub can be used to increase the number of USB ports. The number of serial inputs is limited to the number of ports on the eBox. Trade-offs Wireless (Broadband Router) vs. Wired (USB) The extended range between the RFID reader and the eBox is the advantage of using a wireless connection. The eBox is already setup for a wireless connection but the Phidget readers are not. A wireless interface would have to be connected to each Phidget reader, increasing production cost. A wired method of communicating is less prone to interference, but is limited by distance. Unlocking a door: RFID access vs. Key access Using a standard key to open a door takes less technical knowledge, and a key can be cheaply and easy replaced at a local hardware store. The disadvantages of using a key are that a key wears out over time, it can be easily duplicated, the lock can be broken, and the correct key can be difficult to find on a keychain. A passive RFID tag is cheap, may last longer, is distinguishable from keys, and does not require the turn of a door handle.
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5. SCHEDULE, TASKS, AND MILESTONES

The Gantt chart in Figure 3 shows the tasks and milestones for the project.

Figure 3. Gantt chart outlining project schedule. RFID Smart_Home (ECE4007 L02) 10

Figure 3 also shows who is responsible for each task, although other group members may assist on unassigned tasks. The project has been broken up into three major milestones, the electrical circuitry, the microcontroller, and the RFID authentication. Each of these sections is scheduled for completion on November 12th. The most time consuming tasks will be programming the microcontroller and programming the eBox to communicate with the microcontroller and the RFID readers. Each subsystem will be tested individually before the final product is assembled to enable a more efficient integration of the complete system. The group will meet at least once a week to discuss progress on individual tasks.

6. PROJECT DEMONSTRATION
Entrance The entrance module and each room module is setup 4-5 meters away from each other and the power and communication interfaces will be connected. The system will be tested with three RFID tags (A,B and C) all of which are EM4102 compatible. Tag A belongs to the occupant of room A, Tag B belongs to the occupant of room B, and tag C does not belong to an occupant of this building. Tag A will first be placed 3-4 inches from the entrance RFID reader. The LED on the reader will energize, indicating that the reader has read the tag. The tag info is transmitted to the eBox over the USB cable through the USB hub. The eBox will recognize tag A as an authorized user and will signal the microcontroller to energize the relay for the door strike and the relays controlling the light path to room A. Lights are timed by the eBox to stay on for 30 sec (but in a real world application the lights will stay on for 10 minutes). The occupant of tag A is logged into the database of the eBox as being in the building. Next, tag B is tested, energizing the door strike and the illuminating the path to room B. Tag B is entered into

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the database. Tag C is next tested and the door strike remains in the locked position, thus demonstrating the RFID Smart Home security feature. Next tags B &C are tested at room As RFID reader and the door will remain locked. Tag A will next be read by room As RFID reader. The door strike will energize unlocking the door and power will be sent to the light inside the room. Tag As simulation will be repeated twice with different levels of lighting at the PV switch to show that the light will only come on when there is insufficient natural light. It will be demonstrated that when the motion detector no longer detects motion, the light will turn off. Exiting Upon exiting the room, the motion detector will activate the hall lights creating a path to the front door. The lights will be on a timer to stay on for 30 sec (but in a real world application the lights will stay on for 10 minutes). When leaving, users will activate the exit RFID reader, the door strike will unlock, and the user will be logged in the database as having exited the building.

7. MARKETING AND COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Marketing Analysis
The market currently provides many home automation products that focus on one particular task. Several of these single-task devices could be bought separately and combined to mimic the functionality of the proposed Smart Home system. An AP501 lock, like the Smart Home, allows the user to enter using RFID. The AP501 lock along with two tag keys costs $349.00[7]. A locksmith will charge roughly $125.00 to install such a deadbolt on an exterior, wooden door [8]. An INSTEON PowerLinc Controller allows the user to program a schedule for
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turning lights on and off. The Powerlinc Controller costs $69.99 [9]. Combining these components to create a system similar to the Smart Home product will cost approximately $34,882.47 for a 50-unit building. This system would cost 11% less than the average cost of the Smart Home system, as seen in Appendix C. Such a system could imitate only two features of the Smart Home product: automated lighting and door locks. Considering that this improvised system would not be controlled from a central computer and that it relies on a pre-set rather than adaptive schedule, the Smart Home system will be competitive despite its slightly higher price. There are numerous domotics products on the market that integrate nearly every system in a home such as climate control, security, entertainment, and lighting. For example, Best Buy offers the ConnectedLife.Home system that costs approximately $15,000 for a typical three bedroom single family residence [10]. Systems like the ConnectedLife.Home system are not implemented in MDUs or office buildings due to the high cost. The Smart Home system is designed for public residences and office buildings with an average cost of $38,600 for a 50-unit building. The distinguishing characteristic of the proposed Smart Home product is the recognition and identification of the user upon entering or exiting the house. Most other systems, such as ConnectedLife.Home and INSTEON, tend to act on a pre-set schedule. Smart Home, however, is more versatile because when making lighting and other decisions in the home it considers the identity of the user, motion, and the amount of light.

7.2 Cost Analysis

The prototype consists of an entry/exit module and a room module. The parts for the prototype will total $451.97 as shown in Table 4 below. The cost for research and development

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as well as production, including the cost of parts, yields a total of $62,956.50 as shown in the light gray, upper portion of Appendix A.
Table 4. Parts Cost Item ICOP Ebox PSoC (DIP-28 itself) USB hub (7-to-1) Phidget RFID Read Door strike Active USB Cable Active USB Cable Phidget RFID Read RFID tag Door strike Relay (5V) Three-position switch Motion detector Light sensor USB Cables Electrical Wiring Num. Doors in the prototype system Num. Doors in a typical unit Quantity 1 1 8 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 50 SKU1023 Seco-larm SD-995C SKU1023 Seco-larm SD-995C Type/Model MSeBox55205050305 EVAL1 - CY3210 Unit Price $104.00 $8.55 $17.85 $55.58 $55.00 $20.00 $20.00 $55.58 $1.00 $55.00 $1.00 $7.79 $11.95 $7.00 $3.09 $8.00 Price for prototype $104.00 $8.55 $17.85 $111.16 $55.00 $0.00 $0.00 $55.58 $2.00 $55.00 $5.00 $7.79 $11.95 $7.00 $3.09 $8.00 $451.97 $11,232.01 Price for typical unit $104.00 $8.55 $142.80 $111.16 $55.00 $40.00 $3,000.00 $2,779.00 $100.00 $2,750.00 $250.00 $389.50 $597.50 $350.00 $154.50 $400.00

KC7786

Total parts cost for the prototype

Total parts cost for a typical unit

The total cost for having a Smart Home product installed in a typical 50-unit building with one main access point averages to $38,600. That price includes: parts, transportation, installation, and any services that are needed during the life of the product. The breakdown of the cost of parts is shown in Table 4 above. The gray, upper part of the table highlights parts that are only used once per system installation, while the lower part of the table shows the parts that are used multiple times on a per-door basis. The complete part listing including sources for unit prices can be found in Appendix B.
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The non-reoccurring costs of the product add up to $83,831.50, yielding an adjusted nonreoccurring cost of $248.07 per unit sold based on 490 units sold over five years. Research and development of four engineers for three months at a salary of $51,000 per year comprises the bulk of non-recurring costs. A detailed breakdown of non-recurring costs is shown in Appendix A. Table 5 below shows the recurring costs for the first and fifth years of sale.
Table 5. Reoccurring Costs Year 1 Sales Volume(units) Unit Price Sales Revenue Non-Re Cost 1.Research and Development Redesign Engr Change Order 2. Production Parts Assembly Packaging Testing 3. Package 4. Marketing Non-Engr 5. Sales Non-Engr 6. Distribution shipping 7. Installation 8. Support Non-Engr Total Cost/Year Overhead % Ajusted Cost Cost/Unit % Profit/Unit Total Profit/Year Total Profit Profit/Unit 48 $38,000.00 $248.07 $1,824,000.00 $11,907.49 115 $37,000.00 $248.07 $4,255,000.00 $28,528.37 Year 5

$4,500.00 $1,900.00 11232.01 $35.00 $50.00 $75.00 $10.00 $539,136.48 $1,680.00 $2,400.00 $3,600.00 $480.00 $30,000.00 $30,000.00 $2,400.00 $288,000.00 $30,000.00 $946,003.97 $983,844.13 $1,929,848.11 $40,205.17 -5.80% -$105,848.11 $1,090,119.07 -$2,205.17 11232.01 $35.00 $50.00 $55.00 $10.00

$0.00 $0.00 $1,291,681.15 $4,025.00 $5,750.00 $6,325.00 $1,150.00 $0.00 $20,000.00 $5,750.00 $690,000.00 $20,000.00 $2,073,209.52 $2,156,137.90 $4,229,347.43 $36,776.93 0.60% $25,652.57

$50.00 $6,000.00

$50.00 $6,000.00

104

$223.07

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Sales revenue for year one is given by multiplying sales volume, 48, and unit price as shown in top left of Table 5. Likewise, parts cost is multiplied by sales volume, 48, to yield a total parts cost of $539,136.48 for year one. Installation cost (#7) assumes that a team of 10 technicians will be working for 30 hours at a rate of $20.00 per hour. Appendix C shows the detailed breakdown of the reoccurring costs. The total profit over a five-year period is estimated to be $1,090,119.07.

8. SUMMARY
Currently, the electrical circuitry subsystem is being designed and the necessary parts, such as PV switch, relays, and AC to DC converters are being ordered. The parts already on hand are being tested to ensure proper functionality. Correct operation of these parts is being verified and testing of interfaces is being performed. Once all circuit elements have been obtained, construction of the room module will take place. Separately, the eBox and microcontroller programs will be written.

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9. REFERENCES
[1] P. Ward. (2008, September 06). Easy Access. MEP [Online Magazine]. [cited 2008 Sept 13], Available: http://www.itp.net/news/529902-easy-access?start=0 [2] ID Corporation, How an HID Card is Read, [Company Website], [cited 2008 Sept 13], Available HTTP: http://www.hidcorp.com/documents/howHIDcardIsRead_wp_en.pdf [3] ECE 4006 B Senior Design Group 2. (2006, December). RFID User-Access Lock Entry System. Georgia Tech ECE Department, Atlanta, GA. [Online Report]. Available HTTP: http://www.ece.gatech.edu/academic/courses/ece4006/06fall/ece4006b/group02/RFID%20D esign.html [4] K. Sangani, Its No Place Like Home, Engineering and Technology, vol. 1, issue 9, pp. 46-48, Dec. 2006. [5] Cortexa Systems, Cortexa Intelligent Home Management: Products, [Company Website], [cited 2008 Sept 2], Available HTTP: http://www.cortexatechnology.com/products.php [6] - IVCi Home LLC, Lighting Control: Q and A with Richard Hollander, Managing Director, IVCi Home, [Online interview], [cited 2008 Aug 30], Available HTTP: http://www.ivcihome.com/newsletter0307part3.html [7] Sunnect Inc, The AP501 Lock, [Company Website], [cited 2008 Sept 11], Available HTTP: http://www.ap501.com/buy/product.php [8] CornerHardware, How to Install a Deadbolt Lock, [Company Website], [cited 2008 Sept 2], Available HTTP: http://www.cornerhardware.com/how_to_articles/how_to_install_a_deadbolt_lock/021 [9] SMARTHOME, Home Automation From your PC Using USB, [Company Website], [cited 2008 Sept 14], Available HTTP: http://www.smarthome.com/2414u.html [10] M. Brown. (2007, April 13). The High Cost of Home Automation. Maximum PC [Online Magazine]. Available HTTP: http://www.maximumpc.com/article/the_high_cost_of_home_automation

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APPENDIX A. Non-Reoccurring Costs

Number 1. Research and Development Employees Engineers Materials and Supplies Computer Systems Other Cap Equip Documentation Engineers Design for Testability Engineers 2. Production Setup Charges Engineers Non Engr Testing Design Engineers 3. Packaging Package design Non Engr 4. Marketing Non Engr 5. Sales Non Engr 6. Distribution Non Engr 7. Support Non Engr Total Non-Reoccurring Total 1 $30,000.00 2 $5,000.00 $83,831.50 1 $30,000.00 0.5 $1,250.00 1 $30,000.00 2 $5,000.00 1 $35,000.00 3 $8,750.00 1 $30,000.00 0.35 $875.00 1 $51,000.00 0.5 $2,125.00 1 1 $51,000.00 $30,000.00 0.1 0.1 $425.00 $250.00 2 $51,000.00 0.5 $4,250.00 1 $51,000.00 0.75 4 $51,000.00 3 $51,000.00 $219.00 $1,000.00 $500.00 $3,187.50 Salary/Yr Months Cost

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Appendix B. Cost of Parts

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Appendix C. Reoccurring Costs

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