Power Engineering Foundation

Synchronous Machines

Synchronous Machine
Synchronous machine are AC machine that have a field circuit supplied by an external DC source. Generator Motor Mechanical Power Electrical Power Electrical Power Mechanical Power Dc current is applied to the A three phase set of stator rotor winding, which produces currents produces a rotating a magnetic field. magnetic field, which causes the rotor magnetic field to The rotor of the generator is align with it. then turned by a prime mover, producing a rotating magnetic Since the stator magnetic field field within the machine. is rotating, the rotor rotates as it tries to keep up with moving This rotating magnetic field stator magnetic fields induces a three-phase set of supplying mechanical power to voltages within the stator a load. windings of the generator. Two terms commonly used to describe winding in machine: Field windings windings that produce the main magnetic field in a machine. (field windings are on the rotor (also call rotor winding) Armature windings windings where the main voltage is induced. (stator winding)

The Speed of Rotation of a Synchronous Generator Synchronous The electrical frequency produced is locked in or synchronized with the mechanical rate of rotation of the generator. Generator's rotor consists of an electromagnet to which DC is supplied. The rate of rotation of the magnetic fields in the machine is related to the stator electrical frequency given by
fe = nm P 120

The internal generator voltage

E A = k

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Power Engineering Foundation The Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Generator

Synchronous Machines

The per-phase equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator is shown below.

The internal filed circuit resistance and the external variable resistance have been combined into a single resistor RF. The equation describing V is

V = E A jX S I A R A I A

The Phasor Diagram of a Synchronous Generator The phasor diagram is to shows the relationship among the voltages within a phase (E, V, jXSIA and RAIA) and the current IA in the phase. Figure below shows these relationships when the generator is supplying a load at unity power factor, lagging power factor and leading power factor. Unity P.F (1.0)

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Power Engineering Foundation Lagging P.F

Synchronous Machines

Leading P.F.

This phasor diagram can be compared to the phasor diagrams of generators operating at lagging and leading power factors. Notice that, for a given phase voltage and armature current, a larger internal generated voltage EA is needed for a lagging loads than for leading loads. Therefore, from equation E A = k , a larger field current is needed with lagging loads to get the same terminal voltage. ( = constant frequency). Alternatively, for a given field current and magnitude if load current, the terminal voltage is lower for lagging loads and higher for a leading loads. In real synchronous machines, the XS is normally much larger than the RA, so RA is often neglected in the qualitative study of voltage variation.

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Power Engineering Foundation Power and Torque in Synchronous Generators

Synchronous Machines

In generators, not all the mechanical power going into a synchronous generator becomes electric power out of the machine. The power losses in generator are represented by difference between output power and input power shown in power flow diagram below.

The power-flow diagram of a synchronous generator The input mechanical power is the shaft power in the generator given by equation:

Pin = app m
The power converted from mechanical to electrical form internally is given by Pconv = ind m Pconv = 3E A I A cos where is the angle between E A and I A The real electric output power of the synchronous generator can be expressed in line and phase quantities as

Pout = 3VT I L cos Pout = 3V I A cos and reactive output power

Qout = 3VT I L sin Qout = 3V I A sin

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Power Engineering Foundation

Synchronous Machines

In real synchronous machines of any size, the armature resistance RA is more than 10 times smaller than the synchronous reactance XS (Xs >> RA). Therefore, RA can be ignored. Figure below shows the simplified phasor diagram with the armature resistance ignored.

The vertical bc in phasor diagram above can be expressed as either EAsin or XSIAcos. Therefore
I A cos = E A sin Xs

and substituting into output power equation yield

P= 3V E A sin Xs

where angle between E A and V

Note: Since the resistance are assumed to be zero, there are no electrical losses in this generator and the above equation is both Pconv and Pout (Pout = Pconv) Notice also that the maximum power that generator can supply occurs when = 90o.
P= P= 3V E A sin(90 o ) Xs 3V E A Xs

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Power Engineering Foundation

Synchronous Machines

From equation Pconv = ind m , the alternative equation of induced torque can be expressed As

ind =

3V E A sin

m X s

Measuring Synchronous Generator Model Parameters

Three quantities that must be determined in order to completely describe the behavior of a real synchronous generator: The relationship between field current and flux (and therefore between the field current and EA) The synchronous reactance The armature resistance

Open Circuit Test on Generator i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) The generator is turned at the rated speed. The terminals are disconnected from all loads. Field current is set to zero. Increase the field current gradually in step. Measure the terminal voltage at each step of field current. With the terminals open, IA = 0, so EA is equal to V. Thus plot a graph EA or VT versus IF as below. The graph is known as open circuit characteristics (OCC).

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Power Engineering Foundation Short Circuit Test i) ii) iii) iv)

Synchronous Machines

Adjust the field current to zero. Short-circuit the terminal of the generator through a set of ammeters. Measure the armature current IA or the line current IL as the field current is increased. Plot a graph IA versus IF. The graph is known as short circuit characteristics (SCC).

Notice that when the terminals of the machine are short-circuited, the armature current IA is given by
IA = EA R A + jX S

and its magnitude is given by IA = EA

2 R A + jX s2

The resulting phasor diagram during SCC is shows below.

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Power Engineering Foundation

Synchronous Machines

From above test, the value of XS can be measured. The internal machine impedance is given by
2 Zs = R A + X s2 =

EA IA

Since Xs>>RA, Xs E A V ,OC = -----equation (1) IA IA

If EA and IA are known for a given situation, then the synchronous reactance XS can be found using the below approach. i) Get the internal generated voltage EA form the OCC at that field current. ii) Get the short circuit current flow IA, SC at that field current from the SCC. iii) Find XS by applying equation (1) above.

Voltage Regulation in Synchronous Generator

VR =

Vnl V fl V fl

x100%

PF = unity synchronous generator has a small positive VR. PF = lagging synchronous generator has a fairly large positive VR. PF = leading synchronous generator has a negative VR
Synchronous Motor

V = E A + jX S I A + R A I A E A = V jX S I A R A I A

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Power Engineering Foundation

Power Flow of Synchronous Motor

Synchronous Machines

Example 1
A 4000kVA, 20kV, 50Hz, 4-pole, Y-connected three-phase synchronous generator is shown as single phase equivalent circuit below. If the generator is operating at 0.85 lagging power factor, determine:

j10/phase 0.05/phase

20kV

i) ii) iii) iv)

The phase current. The generated emf. Maximum power supplied by the generator. Maximum torque.

(Answer will be discussed in class)

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Power Engineering Foundation

Synchronous Machines

Example 2 A 200 kVA, 480-V, 50 Hz, Y-connected synchronous generator with a rated field current of 5 A has shown in figure example 2 was tested, and the following data were taken:

1. VT,OC at the rated IF was measured to be 540V 2. IL,SC at the rated IF was found to be 300 A 3. When a DC voltage of 10 V was applied to two of the terminals, a current of 25 A was measured. Find the values of the armature resistance and the approximate synchronous reactance in ohms that would be used in the generator model at the rated conditions.

Figure example 2
The Effect of Load Changes on a Synchronous Generator Operating Alone.

A diagram below has referred to understanding the operating characteristics of a synchronous generator operating alone.

What happens when we increase the load on this generator? 1. When load was increase real and/or reactive power will increase increases the load current (IA). 2. Field resistor (RF) has hot been changed Field current (IF) is constant flux () is constant. 3. The speed ()of a prime mover is also constant the magnitude of the internal generated voltage (EA=k) is constant.

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Power Engineering Foundation

Synchronous Machines

If EA is constant, just what does vary with a changing load? Constructing a phasor diagram with showing an increase in the load, we will examine what is the parameters will changes when load is increase.

Case 1 (Lagging P.F.) Examine a generator operating at a lagging power factor as shown in figure (a) above. If more loads is added at the same power factor, the |IA| increases but remains at the same angle with respect to V as before. Therefore, the armature reaction voltage jXSIA is larger than before but at the same angle.

Since E A = V + jX s I A , jXsIA must stretch between V at an angle of 0o and EA, which is constrained to be of the same magnitude as before the load increase. If the constrains are observed, then it is seen that as the load increases, the voltage V decreases rather sharply.
Case 2 (Unity P.F.) The voltage V decreases only slightly when the load increases. Case 3 (Leading P.F.) The voltage V rises when the load increases.

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Power Engineering Foundation

Synchronous Machines

General Conclusions 1. If lagging loads (+Q or inductive reactive power loads) are added to a generator, V and the terminal voltage VT decrease significantly. 2. If unity power factor loads (no reactive power) are added to a generator, there is a slight decrease in V and the terminal voltage VT. 3. If leading loads (-Q or capacitance reactive power loads) are added to a generator V, and the terminal voltage will rise. IMPORTANT Normally, it is desirable to keep the voltage supplied (terminal voltage) to a load constant, even thought the load itself varies. HOW CAN TERMINAL VOLTAGE VARIATIONS BE CORRECTED FOR?

To keep the voltage supplied to a load constant, the magnitude of EA can be varied in order to compensate for changes in the load by controlling by varying the flux in the machine following EA=k. For example, suppose that a lagging load is added to a generator. Then the terminal voltage will fall and its must be restored to previous level. How to restore the terminal voltage as previous level? Decreasing the field resistor, RF increase IA increases EA increases (EA=k) V increases. *The process can be reversed to decrease the terminal voltage.
Example 3 A 480 V, 60Hz, -connected, four pole synchronous generator has the OCC shown in figure example 3. This generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.1 and an armature resistance of 0.015. At full load, the machine supplies 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging. Under full-load conditions, the friction and windage losses are 40 kW, and the core losses are 30 kW. Ignore any field circuit losses.

1. What is the speed of rotation of this generator? 2. How much field current must be supplied to the generator to make the terminal voltage 480 V at no load? 3. If the generator is now connected to a load and the load draws 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging, how much field current will be required to keep the terminal voltage equal to 480 V? 4. How much power is the generator now supplying? How much power is supplied to the generator by the prime mover? What is this machine's overall efficiency? 5. If the generator's load were suddenly disconnected from the line, what would happen to its terminal voltage? 6. Finally, suppose that the generator is connected to a load drawing 1200 A at 0.8 PF leading. How much field current would be required to keep VT at 480 V? (Answer will be discussed in class)

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Power Engineering Foundation

Synchronous Machines

Figure example 3 Which type of load (leading or lagging) needed a larger field current to maintain the rated voltage? Which type of load (leading or lagging) placed more thermal stress on the generator? Why?

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Power Engineering Foundation

Synchronous Machines

Example 4 A 480-V, 50Hz, Y-connected, six pole synchronous generator has a per-phase synchronous reactance of 1.0. Its full load armature current is 60 A at 0.8 PF lagging. This generator has friction and windage losses of 1.5 kW and core losses of 1.0 kW at 60 Hz at full load. Since the armature resistance is being ignored, assume that the I2R losses are negligible. The field current has been adjusted so that the terminal voltage is 480V at no load.

a. What is the speed of rotation of this generator? b. What is the terminal voltage of this generator if the following are true? 1. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF lagging 2. It is loaded with the rated current at 1.0 PF 3. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF leading c. What is the efficiency of this generator (ignoring the unknown electrical losses) when it is operating at the rated current and 0.8 PF lagging? d. How much shaft torque must be applied by the prime mover at full load? How large is the induced counter torque? e. What is the voltage regulation of this generator at 0.8 PF lagging? At 1.0 PF? At 0.8 PF leading? (Answer will be discussed in class)

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