Chemistry Midterm Exam Review

Terms Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element. An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom. a compound is a substance that can be broken down into simple stable substances. Each compound is made from atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded. Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter that is present. Such properties include volume, mass, and the amount of energy in a substance. Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter present. Examples include melting point, boiling point, density, and ability to conduct electricity and transfer energy as heat. A chemical change is a change in which one or more substances are converted into di erent substances. Also known as a chemical reaction. A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains ints own identities and properties. Homogeneous mixtures are uniform in composition. Heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform throughout. Groups (families) of the Periodic Table are the vertical columns of the table. Periods of the Periodic Table are the horizontal rows of the table.

A system is a specic portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or observation. A hypothesis is a testable statement regarding data from an experiment. Accuracy refers to the closeness of measurements to the correct or accepted value of the quantity measured. Precision refers to the closeness of a set of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way. The Law of Denite Proportion is the fact that a chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound. Law of Multiple Proportions: If two or more di erent compounds are composed of the same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the rst element is always a ratio of small whole numbers. Daltons Atomic Theory -All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms. -Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of di erent elements di er in size, mass, and other properties. -Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed. -Atoms of di erent elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds. -In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element. The atomic number of an element is the number of protons of each atom of that element. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have di erent masses. An atomic mass unit is exactly 1/12 the mass of a Carbon-12 atom. Average atomic mass is the weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element. Avogadros Number is the number of particles in exactly one mole of a pure substance. 6.02 x 10^23. The molar mass of a pure substance is the mass of one mole of that substance.

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that determining both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle simultaneously is impossible. The Quantum Theory is the study of the structure and behavior of the atom and the subatomic particles from the view that all energy comes in tiny, indivisible bundles. The Aufbau Principle is the principle that states that the structure of each successive element is obtained by adding one proton to the nucleus of the atom and one electron to the lowest-energy orbital that is available. The Pauli Exclusion Principle is the principle that states that two particles of a certain class cannot be in exactly the same energy state. Periodic law states that the repeating chemical chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elements. A lanthanide is a member of the rare-earth series of elements, whose atomic numbers range from 58 to 71. An actinide is a member of a series of heavy radioactive elements that extends from atomic number 90 to atomic number 103. An alkali metal is one of the elements of Group 1 of the periodic table (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium). An alkaline earth metal is one of the elements of Group 2 of the periodic table (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium). Transition elements are metals that can use the inner shell before the outer shell to bond. Main group elements are elements of the s-block or p-block of the periodic table. A halogen is one of the elements of Group 17 of the periodic table (ourine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astanine). Halogens combine with most metals to form salts. Atomic radius is one-half of the distance between the center of the identical atoms that are not bonded together. Ionization energy is the energy required to to remove an electron from an atom or ion.

Electron a nity is the energy needed to remove an electron from a negative ion to form a neutral atom or molecule. Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons. An ionic bond is a force that attracts electrons from one atom to another, which transfers a neutral atom into an ion A covalent bond is a bond formed when atoms share one ore more pairs of electrons. A polar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which a pair of electrons shared by two atoms is held more closely by one atom. A nonpolar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are equally attracted to both bonded atoms. A chemical formula is a combination of chemical symbols and numbers to represent a substance. Bond energy is the energy required to break the bonds in 1 mole of a chemical compound. A Lewis Structure is a structural formula in which electrons are represented by dots; dot pairs or dashes between two atomic symbols represent pairs in covalent bonds. Resonance is the bonding in molecules or ions that cannot be correctly represented by a single Lewis Structure. A formula unit is the collection of atoms corresponding to an ionic compounds formula such that the molar mass of the compound is the same as the mass of 1 mol of formula units. Lattice energy is the energy associated with constructing a crystal lattice relative to the energy of all the constituent atoms separated by innite distances. A polyatomic ion is an ion made of two or more atoms. Metallic bonding is when positively charged metal ions are attracted to the electrons around them.

The VSPER theory predicts some molecular shapes based on the idea that pairs of valence electrons surrounding an atom repel each other. A dipole is a molecule or part of a molecule that contains both positively and negatively charged regions. A hydrogen bond is the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule. The London Dispersion Force is the intermolecular attraction resulting from the uneven distribution of electrons and the creation of temporary dipoles.