NA-FxxxGx series

SED0911001 Ver2.0

Please read this book carefully before installing the thin-film PV system

SYSTEM DESIGN BOOK

~Thin-film PV system~
NA-FxxxGx

NA-FxxxGx series

Revision Record
SIGNATURE No. 1 DATE JUN.3.2009 CHANGE First Issue From chapter to chapter are totally revised. Number of series at line 2 NOV.4.2009 15 is revised. Change the description of PV module type in Appendix.
Appendix
th

PAGE
Approved by Checked by Prepared by

Chapter

21

NA-FxxxGx series

Content
.BEFORE INSTALLATION 1 .GENERAL WARNING 1 .INSTALLATION CONDITION 2
.1 LOCATION 2 .2 INCLINATION ANGLE AND DIRECTION OF THE PV MODULE 6 .3 NO NEGATIVE VOLTAGE ON SHARP THIN-FILM MODULE 8 .3.1 COUNTERMEASURES 10 .4 INVERTER 11 .5 CONNECTION OF THE MODULE 12

. SPECIAL NOTE OF THE THIN FILM PV MODULE SPECIFICATION15

.1 INITIAL AGING 15 .2 QUANTUM EFFICIENCY VS WAVELENGTH CHARACTERISTICS 15 .3 LONG TERM VARIATION AND SEASONAL VARIATION OF ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 16 .3.1 LONG TERM VARIATION OF ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS.....................16 .3.2 SEASONAL VARIATION OF ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS.......................16

. SPECIFICATION OF BALANCE OF SYSTEM (BOS) 17

.1 INVERTER 17 .1.1 MODULE POTENTIAL17 .1.2 CAPACITY17 .2 PROTECTION DEVICES18 .2.1 DIODE 18 .2.2 FUSE18 .3 DC DESIGNING AND SIZING CABLES.................................................................................20 .3.1 MINIMIZING OF THE VOLTAGE LOSSES20 .3.2 WITHSTAND VOLTAGE20 .3.3 CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY20

. SYSTEM DESIGN EXAMPLE 21

.1 EXAMPLE OF 1MW PV SYSTEM DESIGN21 .1.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION (10kW) 21 .1.2 SYSTEM IMAGE (10kW) 22 .1.3 EQUIPMENT LIST (10kW)22 .2 EQUIPMENT LIST PER CAPACITY OF PV SYSTEM22

. ESTIMATION OF THE GENERATING POWER 23 APPENDIX

APPENDIX EFFECTS OF SHADE

. BEFORE INSTALLATION a) Before designing a PV system with SHARP PV modules (Type NA-FxxxGx), please read this document carefully for correct design and installations. b) This document provides supplementary information as a guideline on the PV system design for system designers, installers, operators, and field engineers in charge of maintenance. We shall not guarantee the contents of this document, and shall not be responsible for any damage caused by the contents and accuracy of this document. c) Please check the latest electrical and mechanical specifications of the products (PV module, inverter etc.). d) Before designing PV system and installation please make sure the national and local rules and regulations, corresponding standards, required licenses etc. In most case, contact with local government, grid- company, or/and related agencies is necessary. e) Only qualified person such as qualified engineer shall install, operate and maintain PV system.

PICTRIAL INDICATION

Various pictorial indications are included in this manual. Such indications and their meanings are as follows. Read the specifications and installation manual, and follow their contents. Must do. Must not do.

No Good No Good Good Good

Not recommend. Recommend

. GENERAL WARNING Please see all the warnings written on each specification of PV systems and follow them. PV system shall be designed under the specification of all products. Please read the installation manual carefully and follow the instruction of each ground-required product. Keep non qualified person away from all PV system component.

. INSTALLATION CONDITION .1Location a) Read the specifications and manual carefully before installing the PV system, and carry out the installation procedures correctly.

Good b) It is recommended not to shade PV modules by surrounding trees, leaves, chimneys, Good buildings and other obstacles. In general, PV system is designed not to shade adjacent PV modules at noon in winter solstice in Europe. In Japan, PV system is generally designed not to shade adjacent PV modules from 9:00 to 15:00 in winter solstice. PV modules in shade make reduction of the output power of PV modules. Dirt build-up on the glass surface and/or shading for many hours may cause PV module decoloration. (See Appendix EFFECTS OF SHADE)

No Good No Good
Reduction of power generation

No Good No Good
At noon in winter solstice in Europe. From 9:00 to 15:00 in winter solstice in Japan.

Decoloration by dirt and/or shading for many hours.

SH ADE

Figure1.1 Effects of shade

Good c) When installing the PV system in a heavy snow area, it is recommended to fix a steel Good angle at the bottom head of the mounting structure in order to resist the weight of snow. If not so, the weight of heavy snow may bend down the frame of the PV module.

No Good No Good
PV module

Snow

Being bent down

PV module Steel Angle

Snow

Good Good Figure1.2 Countermeasure in a heavy snow area

Good d) When the PV system is installed at the area where thunderbolt may occur, it is Good recommended to use the Surge Protection Devices (SPD) with PV system. Combiner box Inverter

Figure1.3 Countermeasure at the area where thunderbolt may occur Good e) Example of the thunder protection system with air-termination rods Good It is recommended to make sure some points as shown below. 1. The safety distance S between an air-termination rod and the PV array complies with IEC61024-1. 2. Air-termination rods do not shade the PV modules.

Safety Distance

S
Rolling Sphere

Air-termination Rod

PV array

Shading Line

Figure1.4 Thunder protection system with air-termination rods

Good Good

f)

Equipotential bonding

It is recommended that the equipotential grid is bonded to incoming electrically conductive system to an electric room including controller, monitoring equipments, inverter etc. All metallic parts and electrical utilities are directly connected to the equipotential grid. Also, power lines are indirectly connected to the equipotential grid through Surge Protection Devices (SPD). In order to protect building from the lightning surge intrusion, it is recommended that bonding is as close as possible to the services entrance.

Air-termination rod

PV module

Electric room SPD AC DC

Combiner box

Equipotential grid

Figure1.5 Equipotential bonding

.2 INCLINATION ANGLE AND DIRECTION OF THE PV MODULE Good a) In order to generate the maximum power throughout the year, it is recommended that Good the PV module faces to the south. In general it is said that the best inclination angle of PV module is equal to the latitude of installation site. However if the installation site has low irradiance season such as rainy or snowy season, the inclination angle should be reconsidered to generate the maximum power throughout the year. Please refer to chapter b) for optimum inclination angle in cities in Europe.
North 0 W est 0 Surface Inclination angle

Azimuthsouth East 0 South 0

Figure1.6 Inclination angle and direction Good b) If the inclination angle of the PV module is 5 degrees or more, a certain amount of dirt on Good the PV module glass surface would be washed off by normal rain. However, dirt may build up on the glass surface according to ambient environmental conditions even if the inclination angle is 5 degrees or more. Dirt build-up on it may cause the decrease of output power. Dirt build-up on the glass surface and/or shading for many hours may cause PV module decoloration. When maintaining the output is required, clean the PV module glass surface only with a soft cloth using water, and keep the glass surface clean. No Good No Good
PV module Reduction of power generation

5
Decoloration by dirt and/or shading for many hours.

Good Good

PV module

Figure1.7 Inclination angle

c) The PV modules must be installed with the stripe lines in vertical position. The installation with the stripe lines in the horizontal position is prohibited. Because permanent damage could occur to an output characteristic of the PV modules, or corrosion of thin-film layer might appear if the PV modules are installed in the horizontal position and snow, dust and dirt cover some PV cells which are aligned with long side frame.

Prohibited

Shade or dirt

Reduction of certain current from cell

Reduction of all current from cell

Current

Output Power

Cell Cell

Shade and dirt

Figure1.8 Installation direction

.3 NO NEGATIVE VOLTAGE ON SHARP THIN-FILM MODULE The PV module shall be set positive voltage to ground (e.g. Mounting structure, frame). If not so, PV module has the possibility of corrosion and output power is reduced.

Na

Inverter

Na

Na
+

Voltage to ground [V]

Na
+

Inverter

Na

+
-

Na
+

+
-

Voltage to ground [V]

Figure1.9 No negative voltage on SHARP thin film module

REASON SHARP thin-film module is a superstrate design as shown below. If you do not take proper step as mentioned previously, electric potential of Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO), which is close to cover glass, would become all negative and it makes potential difference from module frame into TCO. There is the possibility that Na ion in glass moves to the TCO if the module has the big potential difference. In this case, the TCO close to frame has the possibility of corrosion and electrical characteristics change of PV module may occur.

0V
Na+

Cover Glass

Corrosion

TCO : Negative potential Thin film cell Conductor Module frame

Figure1.10 Module structure (superstrate design)

.3.1COUNTERMEASURES There are some solutions to keep PV module positive voltage to ground. Good a) Good Use inverter which can set DC electrical potential to positive voltage to ground by the control system, protection method, the wiring and structure etc. *Please read the details in the documents of Inverter published by manufacturers

Na
+

Inverter
+

DC +

Inverter

Use a suitable inverter to keep positive voltage of the DC side to ground.

AC

Na
+

Na
+

Voltage to ground [V]

Figure1.11 Inverter can set DC electrical potential to positive voltage to ground

b) Set the DC negative pole of the inverter to ground. Contact with the inverter manufacture and confirm the following points. 1. There is nothing wrong with the inverter which set its DC negative pole to ground. 2. This countermeasure mentioned above has no effect on protection functions (e.g. DC ground fault detection function) of the inverter. Inverter
Inverter

Na
+

DC +

AC

Functions

Na

Na
+

Figure1.12 Inverter sets its DC negative pole to ground 10

.4 INVERTER When grounding DC system, IEC (IEC 62109-2 (CD2) 7.102.3.3) requires two conditions for Inverter. 1. The voltage of the grounded array connection must stay below 1V. 2. The current through the connection may not exceed 1A. When one of the two conditions is not true, it is necessary to apply the protection device in order to interrupt the grounding current and the inverter has to switch off the grid within 0.3 seconds.

Na
+

+
Na
+

DC

Inverter

+ AC

To grid

Na
+

Disconnect within 0.3 seconds

1V 1A

Cut the connection

Figure1.13 IEC (IEC 62109-2 (CD2) 7.102.3.3) requirement in case of grounded DC system Inverters for thin-film module which can be grounded by negative pole must have the functions mentioned above. If you use an inverter which does not have the functions, ground-fault current flows in PV arrays. When earth fault or a person touching an unearthed conductor and earth simultaneously, it might cause energy hazard or electric shock.

Ground-fault current

*Quote from IEC 62109-2CD27.102.3.3 Some alternations are due to make the figure of negative pole grounding.

Figure1.14 Ground-fault current

11

.5 CONNECTION OF THE PV MODULE

Be sure to take proper measure (e.g. fuse for protection of PV module and cable from over current, and/or blocking diode for prevention of unbalanced strings voltage) to block reverse current flow.

When a part of PV module is in the shade, PV cell works as resistance. Then the reverse current flows from other strings to the failed strings, the module of which is covered by shade. PV module could be destroyed by this reverse current which is greater than maximum series fuse. Be sure not to flow the reverse current which is greater than maximum series fuse into PV module. It is recommended that protection device is connected according to the following procedures.

Connect the protection devices Current Protection device

Parallel connection without the protective measures is prohibited

I Cell
I=I+I

Maximum series fuse

Shade

Shade

Figure1.15 Connection of the PV module

12

Good a) IN CASE OF USING DIODE Good Using the diodes is recommended: Connect a diode or more in series every string or every two strings. It is necessary that it or they have enough IFAV* of the current from PV strings and enough VRRM** of system voltage. Please determine the diode (or diodes) specification in consideration of weather tight, ambient temperature, life time, failure rate and so on. Connecting more than two strings with the blocking point is prohibited because the possible reverse current from other strings may damage the module. Good Good or
1 string
+

Good Good
Blocking point More than 2 strings

Prohibited
+

2 strings 1 diode or more

Maximum fuse rate 5A

OK

I5A

Current

I5A

I5A I<5A

I5A I<5A I<5A

I<5A

I=I+I<10A

Shade Figure1.16 In case of using diode

Shade

Shade

13

b) IN CASE OF USING FUSE Fuses are available: Connect a fuse which has ratings 5 ampere and rated voltage DC greater than or equal to system voltage every string in accordance with IEC61730 (For instance, the type Helio Fuse, Ferraz Shawmut products, is available, as of May. 2009). More than one string with the fuse is prohibited because the possible reverse current from another array may damage the module. Prohibited

Rated ting 5A Rated voltage DCSystem voltage

+

1 string

More than 1 string

Maximum fuse rate 5A

OK

I5A

Current

I5A

I5A

I5A

5A I<5A

I=I+I<10A

Shade Figure1.17 In case of using fuse

14

NA-FxxxGx series . SPECIAL NOTE OF THE THIN FILM PV MODULE SPECIFICATION Following two points are unique thin film specifications which shall be considered for system design. .1 INITIAL AGING Due to initial aging of the thin-film module the maximum power decline 10% or more from an initial value within a few days. It will take several periods for the maximum power to reach the rating value. Please refer to specifications sheet for details. .2 QUANTUM EFFICIENCY VS WAVELENGTH CHARACTERISTICS The tandem structure is shown in Figure4.1. TCO stands for Transparent Conductive Oxide. Top layer cell is of amorphous silicon. Bottom layer cell is of microcrystalline silicon. The typical Quantum Efficiency (QE) characteristics are shown in Figure4.2. Tandem structure has a wide range of wavelengths of light to be converted into electricity. Amorphous silicon generates electricity with shorter wavelengths of light. Microcrystalline silicon generates electricity with long wavelengths of light.

Ligth Induce Incident light

Glasses glasis Glasses

T CO TCO

Top layer cell Top cell Bottom layer cell Bottom cell
Electrode electrode

Figure 4.1 Tandem structure

0.9 0.8 0.7
[electron/photon] QE [electoron/phton]

Amorphous silicon cell (Top cell)

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 350 450 550 650 750

Micro crystal silicon cell Microcrystalline silicon (Bottom cell)

850

950

1050

1150

Wavelength [nm]

Figure4.2 Quantum Efficiency versus Wavelength characteristics 15

NA-FxxxGx series .3 LONG TERM VARIATION AND SEASONAL VARIATION OF ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS This guide describes only reference information. These are not items guaranteed. Users shall consider the other information like a tolerance of other system devices. .3.1 LONG TERM VARIATION OF ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The data was calculated by expedite test. <Scope> All of thin-film PV module made by Sharp Corporation which PV cell has tandem (amorphous silicon / microcrystal silicon, 2-junction) structure (NA-F115G5, NA-F121G5, NA-F128G5) <Description> Thin-film PV modules have differences between initial electrical characteristics and nominal electrical characteristics as shown in the SPECIFICATIONs DATA SHEET. After installing modules outdoor, the electrical characteristics are changed from initial characteristics. An example of a long term variation of Pmax is shown in the DATA SHEET. Please refer to the DATA SHEET for Pmax. A predicted annual average value of each characteristic after 25 years is listed below. Voc: 99 100% (relative to nominal value) Vpm: 97 99% (relative to nominal value)
99 - 100% Voc Nominal value 97 - 99% Nominal value

Vpm

25 years

.3.2 SEASONAL VARIATION OF ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The data is based on exposure test in Japan and Germany. <Scope> All of thin-film PV module made by Sharp Corporation which PV cell has tandem (amorphous silicon / microcrystal silicon, 2-junction) structure (NA-F115G5, NA-F121G5, NA-F128G5) <Description> The electrical characteristics of thin-film PV modules have a seasonal effect. An example of a seasonal effect of Pmax is shown in the SPECIFICATIONs DATA SHEET. Please refer to DATA SHEET for Pmax. A predicted value of amplitude of a seasonal effect is listed below. Voc: 02% Vpm: 13%

0 +2% Voc 0 2% Vpm 1 3% 1 3% Nominal value Nominal value

16

NA-FxxxGx series . SPECIFICATION OF BALANCE OF SYSTEM (BOS) .1 INVERTER It is recommended to follow the selection procedure as shown below.
START
ELECTRIC MODE

Three-phase four-wire, single-phase two-wire, single-phase three-wire etc. Follow the electric mode in the installation site. The PV module shall be set positive voltage to ground. An inverter shall be used which can set the PV module potential to positive voltage to ground. Follow the recommended maximum PV generator power described in specification of the inverter. Rated output voltage of the inverter shall be equal to voltage at the point of
common coupling (PCC). If unable to do so, meet the voltage at the PCC using transformer.

MODULE POTENTIAL

CAPACITY

RATED OUTPUT VOLTAGE

NUMBER OF SERIES

Calculate the number of series considering PV output voltage under the temperature in the installation site and input voltage range of inverter. Comply with a local regulation in the installation site. Take measures not to cause trouble with the PV system as it is damaged by seawater and heavy snow.

PROTECTION COODINATION

LOCATION

END

Figure5.1 Selection procedure of inverter

.1.1 MODULE POTENTIAL An inverter shall be used which can set the PV module potential to positive voltage to ground. (e.g. Mounting structure, frame). Read .3 and .4 carefully.

.3 and .4 .1.2 CAPACITY Please read the specification of the inverter carefully and select the inverter in accordance with the recommended maximum PV generator power described in specification of the inverter.

If the recommended maximum PV power is not provided in the specification, the following condition is available. However, the following factor depends on ambient environment of installation site. Max. input DC power 1.11.2 PV generator power @STC 17

NA-FxxxGx series .2 PROTECTION DEVICES In case of parallel connection, please be sure to take proper measure (e.g. fuse for protection of module and cable from over current, and/or blocking diode for prevention of unbalanced strings voltage) to block the reverse current flow. The current may easily flow in a reverse direction. Good .2.1 DIODE Good It is recommended to use the diode which has higher repetitive peak reverse voltage (VRRM) than 2400V. Please determine the diode specification considering the following current and ambient environment etc. in the installation site. The current capacity of the diode varies according to the ambient environment. Output current Isc of PV module. Ambient temperature where the diode installed (e.g. combiner box, collection box). Life time. failure rate etc. If this is contravened, over current can easily break the diode. .2.2 FUSE (ABOUT FUSE) Fuse has rated current and melting current. Rated current is a maximum current that the fuse can continuously conduct without interrupting the circuit. If melting current flows, the metal wire within fuse rises to a higher temperature and either directly melts, or else melts a soldered joint within the fuse, opening the circuit. Therefore, Melting current Rated current *Please contact the fuse manufacturer about fuse used. Example

104

103 102 [sec] Melting time [sec] 101

100 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3

10

15

Current [I / I@ I] I / Rated

Rated current

Melting current

Figure5.2 Time-current characteristics of fuse 18

NA-FxxxGx series Fuse must comply with following 3 conditions. 1 Rated voltage is higher than system voltage (600V or 1,000V). 2 Rated current is higher than or equal to 1.25 times initial Isc at STC based on IEC. Rated current 1.25 times initial Isc at STC 3 Select melting current which does not allow current higher than Maximum series fuse to flow in
a reverse direction.

1 Rated voltage is higher than system voltage.

OK OK

I5A

3 I5A

2 1.25initial IscSTC

Figure5.3 conditions for using fuse

19

NA-FxxxGx series Good .3 DC DESIGNING AND SIZING CABLES Good It is recommended to follow three essential criteria: the minimizing of the voltage losses, the withstand voltage, the current carrying capacity of the cable. .3.1 MINIMIZING OF THE VOLTAGE LOSSES Sizing of the cable cross-sections takes into consideration economic potential (cable power loss vs cable cost etc.) and the need for as little voltage loss (also power loss) as possible. .3.2 WITHSTAND VOLTAGE The withstand voltage of the cable is higher than or equal to the system voltage (600V or 1,000V). .3.3 CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY Current carrying capacity is higher than or equal to 1.25 times initial Isc at STC. 1.25 times initial Isc at STC DC cable 1 Takes into consideration voltage loss (also power loss). 2 Withstand voltage system voltage 3 1.25 times initial Isc at STC Current carrying capacity Current carrying capacity

Fuse

Combiner box

Figure5.4 DC designing and sizing cables Please read the specification of the cable carefully and confirm the current carrying capacity. Current capacity of cable varies according to the ambient environment.

20

NA-FxxxGx series . SYSTEM DESIGN EXAMPLE Please follow the procedure below in designing the system. [ CONDITIONS of SYSTEM DESIGN EXAMPLE ] Grid-connected system (not stand alone system) .1 EXAMPLE OF 10kW PV SYSTEM DESIGN .1.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION (10kW) System capacity : 10kW PV module : NA-F121G5 (Thin-film PV module Pm=121W, Vpm=45.0V, Ipm=2.69A) Inverter : 10kW inverter with the grounding kit. (Rated output power 10kW) Inclination angle : 35 Azimuth : South Installation method : The modules are installed in vertical position, 2-column, ground-based. Connect PV modules with 8-series per string. 10kW system is in a configuration of 8-series11-string. Table 6.1 10kW system configuration Item Specification NA-F121G5 PV module /121W 10kW inverter Inverter with the grounding kit.

Seriesstrings 811 -

Quantity 88pcs 1unit

Total Capacity 10.65kW (121W 88pcs) -

21

NA-FxxxGx series .1.2 SYSTEM IMAGE (10kW)

PV Array DC Combiner box 10kW inverter

+ 8-series

Fuse

Grounding kit

11 strings Figure6.1 System image .1.3 EQUIPMENT LIST (10kW) Table6.2 Equipment list (10kW) PV module Inverter DC combiner box Mounting structure Specification Thin-film 121W 10kW 11 strings Quantity Unit 88 Pieces 1 Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit

.2 EQUIPMENT LIST PER CAPACITY OF PV SYSTEM Table6.3 Equipment list per capacity of PV system Specification PV module NA-F121G5 /121W Unit Capacity of PV system 10kW 20kW 30kW 264 (833) 3 3 1 40kW 50kW 100kW 88 176 (811) (822) 1 2 1 2 352 440 880 (844) (855) (8110) 4 5 10 4 5 10

Inverter 10kW Unit DC combiner box 11 strings Unit Mounting structure Unit * The number in parentheses is the number of series strings.

22

NA-FxxxGx series . ESTIMATION OF THE GENERATING POWER a) Calculation of the annual power generation (100kW system) This is calculation of the annual power generation for 28 cities. The numbers in the map represent the cities of the table in the next page.

25Guyana South America

22 21 20 19 18 12 16 17 14 13

28 27 26 11 9 10 5 7 4 6 3 2 15 1 8 24 23

*Estimated by SHARP. *The simulation data is not guarantee of the power generation.

The above estimated generating power is calculated based on the following condition. 1. Direction South 2. Inclination Optimum angle for each city 3. System capacity is 100kW 4. It is assumed that the temperature of the thin-film PV module is the average temperature of each city as shown by the table below plus 40. The temperature coefficient is calculated as -0.24%/. 5. Transformer efficiency is 100%. 6.The calculation formula for monthly power generation is as follows and the annual power generation is the sum of the monthly power generation.

Epd

U P K' Kpt K'' Po

P=100, Po=1000, K=0.84 Kpt=1-0.24*(T+18.4-25)/100, K=1

Epd : Power generation(kwh/day) U : Irradiation of global radiation(kWh/m2day) P : System output power(kW) Po : Correction irradiation(=kkW/m2) K' : Correction coefficient Kpt : Temperature coefficient K" : Other losses

23

NA-FxxxGx series b) Data of monthly average temperature and daily average irradiation
Country No.

City
(Optimum angle)

Average temperature [] Annual irradiation [MWh/m2]

Annual generated power [MWh/year]

Month Average temperature []

Average irradiation [kWh/m2day]

1.Valencia (35) 2.Alicante (35) 3.Murcia (35) 4.Almeria (34) 5.Sevila (32) 6.Madrid (34) 7.Cordoba (35) 8.Barcerlona (36) 9.Lisboa (32) 10.Faro
(near by Albuferia)

4 Spain 5

Portugal

10

11

(33) 11.Porto (34) 12.Utreccht (36) 13.Hamburg (37) 14.Munchen (39) 15.Palermo (32) 16.Brussels (34) 17.Luxemburg City (33) 18.Southampton (40) 19.Oxford (35) 20.Birmingham (36) 21.Leeds (38) 22.Edinburgh (39) 23.Marseille (35) 24.Montpellier (35) 25.Cayenne
(Guyana South America)

Holland

12

13 Germany 14

Italy

15

Belgium

16

Luxemburg

17

17.4 1.98 MWh/m2 155 MWh/year 17.9 2.04 MWh/m2 166 MWh/year 16.3 2.02 MWh/m2 166 MWh/year 18.5 2 MWh/m2 163 MWh/year 18.2 2.03 MWh/m2 165 MWh/year 13.9 1.93 MWh/m2 159 MWh/year 17.5 2.04 MWh/m2 166 MWh/year 16.3 1.68 MWh/m2 137 MWh/year 16.8 1.94 MWh/m2 158 MWh/year 17.2 2.22 MWh/m2 182 MWh/year 14.5 1.82 MWh/m2 150 MWh/year 9.7 1.15 MWh/m2 96 MWh/year 8.8 1.13 MWh/m2 94 MWh/year 7.8 1.37 MWh/m2 114 MWh/year 18.7 1.9 MWh/m2 155 MWh/year 9.7 1.1 MWh/m2 91 MWh/year 8.3 1.19 MWh/m2 99 MWh/year 10.7 1.32 109 9.7 1.11 92 9 1.05 87 9.7 1.08 90 8.5 1.08 90 14.9 1.84 151 13.8 1.71 141 MWh/m2 MWh/year MWh/m2 MWh/year MWh/m2 MWh/year MWh/m2 MWh/year MWh/m2 MWh/year MWh/m2 MWh/year MWh/m2 MWh/year

Jan 11 3.71 11.6 4.45 9 4.39 12.5 3.27 10.7 4.16 5.5 3.74 9.5 4.32 9.7 3.00 11.4 3.42 11.9 4.61 9.3 3.39 3.6 1.03 1.1 1.07 -2.2 2.03 12.8 3.10 2.5 1.16 0 1.07 4.9 1.68 4 1.16 3.1 1.07 4.1 1.10 3.2 1.10 7 3.32 5 3.16 26.1 3.94 8.1 3.07 5.4 2.32 1.8 1.74

Feb 11.6 4.25 12.4 5.07 10.3 5.04 13.0 3.78 11.9 4.64 7.0 3.96 10.9 4.82 10.4 3.61 12.3 3.89 12.6 4.89 10.1 3.79 3.5 2.35 1.1 1.82 -0.4 2.93 13 4.11 3.4 2.00 1.1 2.32 5.1 2.68 3.9 1.89 3.1 1.75 4.2 1.61 3.3 1.96 8.1 3.71 6.5 3.57 26.1 4.21 9.1 3.71 6.9 3.18 3.7 2.43

Mar 13.5 5.29 13.7 5.97 11.8 5.94 14.6 4.99 14.0 5.90 9.3 5.90 13.1 5.94 12.1 4.77 13.7 5.90 13.7 6.61 11.5 5.26 5.1 2.74 4.4 2.74 3.4 3.87 13.8 5.29 5.8 2.84 4 3.03 6.8 3.36 5.9 2.81 5.2 2.52 5.9 2.77 5.1 2.74 10.3 5.13 10.0 4.77 26.1 4.45 10.7 4.90 8.7 4.39 6.2 3.68

Apr 15.2 5.80 15.7 6.10 14.0 5.97 16.1 5.30 16.0 5.73 11.6 5.50 15.2 5.73 14 5.10 15.1 5.73 15.1 6.27 12.9 5.50 7.6 4.27 7.2 4.13 7.6 4.57 15.7 6.03 8.7 3.80 7.5 4.20 9 4.90 7.9 4.20 7.6 3.97 8.0 3.60 7.1 3.97 13.1 5.70 13.1 5.20 26.7 4.50 13.3 5.17 11.3 4.90 9.6 4.60

May 18.4 6.23 18.6 6.32 17.5 6.32 18.8 5.69 19.6 6.42 15.5 6.48 19.3 6.36 17.3 5.23 17.4 6.32 17.5 7.00 15.1 6.10 11.7 4.87 12.2 4.90 12.2 5.07 18.8 6.42 12.6 4.61 11.8 4.84 12.2 5.16 11.1 4.55 10.6 4.39 11.4 4.65 9.9 4.74 16.9 6.13 16.5 5.77 26.7 4.26 16.7 5.26 14.8 5.23 13.4 4.94

Jun 21.5 6.50 22.1 6.47 21.6 6.40 22.3 6.07 23.4 6.60 20.4 6.93 23.2 6.53 21 5.77 20.2 6.73 20.6 7.23 18.1 6.47 14.5 4.57 15 5.07 15.4 5.13 22.7 6.83 15.4 4.67 14.9 4.97 15.3 5.13 14.3 4.63 14 4.40 14.5 4.80 13 4.70 20.7 6.60 20.4 6.17 26.1 4.47 20.7 5.83 18.4 5.67 16.7 5.57

Jul 24.4 6.68 25.1 6.81 24.9 6.77 25.4 6.26 26.8 7.13 24.3 7.13 26.9 7.10 24.1 6.19 22.4 6.94 23.3 7.52 19.9 6.36 16.4 4.84 17.2 4.74 17.3 5.36 25.5 6.77 17 4.65 16.9 5.23 17.4 5.16 16.6 4.71 15.8 4.39 16.4 4.74 14.5 4.68 23.7 6.90 22.8 6.55 26.1 5.13 23.6 6.23 21.3 6.00 19.7 6.10

Aug 24.9 6.42 25.5 6.45 24.9 6.42 26 6.02 26.9 6.74 23.8 6.87 26.8 6.71 23.7 5.90 22.8 6.97 23.4 7.39 19.8 6.48 16.7 4.55 17.2 4.55 16.6 5.07 26.2 6.45 16.8 4.36 16.4 4.71 17.1 4.94 16.5 4.39 15.4 4.29 16.1 4.07 14.3 4.07 23.1 6.55 22.2 6.19 26.7 5.65 23.1 6.00 20.8 5.65 18.9 5.48

Sep 22.7 5.67 23.3 6.07 21.9 6.00 24.1 5.47 24.4 6.40 20.3 6.06 23.8 6.40 21.5 5.30 21.7 6.17 21.8 7.03 19 5.90 14.7 3.47 13.9 3.57 13.4 4.43 24 5.90 14.4 3.43 13.4 3.80 14.8 4.07 14 3.40 13.2 3.30 13.9 3.40 12.3 3.30 20.4 5.73 19 5.33 27.2 6.20 20.4 5.47 18.5 5.27 16.2 4.70

Oct 18.8 4.77 19.2 5.23 17.7 5.23 19.9 4.45 19.5 5.23 14.5 4.74 18.5 5.29 17.7 4.26 18.5 5.00 18.7 6.07 16.2 4.71 11.4 2.48 9.4 2.23 8.2 3.13 20.7 4.87 10.5 2.36 9.1 2.55 11.8 2.84 10.4 2.26 10 2.13 10.7 2.19 9.5 2.07 16.2 4.36 14.4 3.84 27.2 6.10 16.4 4.26 14.3 3.90 11.8 2.97

Nov 14.5 3.67 14.9 4.00 12.6 3.87 16.2 3.33 14.3 3.83 8.9 3.37 12.9 3.90 13.3 3.10 14.5 3.33 15.1 4.07 12.3 3.23 6.9 1.60 5 1.30 2.8 1.90 16.5 3.60 6.2 1.40 3.8 1.43 7.8 2.03 6.5 1.57 6 1.47 6.6 1.53 5.4 1.30 11 3.30 9.7 2.90 26.7 5.43 11.6 3.40 8.9 2.70 6.1 1.93

Dec 11.8 3.36 12.1 4.03 9.4 4.00 13.3 3.06 11.1 3.74 5.9 2.58 9.7 3.84 10.6 2.77 11.8 3.13 12.7 3.97 9.9 2.67 4.6 1.03 2.2 0.84 -0.9 1.45 14.1 3.07 3.5 0.84 1 1.00 5.7 1.29 4.7 0.87 4.2 0.84 4.8 1.03 3.9 0.81 8.1 2.84 5.9 2.68 26.1 4.32 8.8 3.00 5.9 2.19 2.7 1.42

18

19

UK

20

21

22

23

24

26.5 1.79 MWh/m2 143 MWh/year 15.2 1.71 141 12.9 1.57 129 10.6 1.39 115 MWh/m2 MWh/year MWh/m2 MWh/year MWh/m2 MWh/year

25 France 26

(5) 26.Perpignuan (35) 27.Toulouse (35) 28.Lyon (34)

27

28

*This data refers to the data of METEONORM.

24

NA-FxxxGx series

APPENDIX

NA-FxxxGx series

Appendix EFFECTS OF SHADE 1. Distance between arrays If solar arrays are shaded by mountains, buildings, electric poles, trees and so on, the power output might decrease. Therefore you will need to install the modules so as not to be shaded basically. Also, you will need to arrange them such as not to allow any array to be shaded by the array in front of it. It is recommended to have inclination angle of 5 degree or more, to avoid the possible decrease in power output due to dust and dirt getting deposited on the surface of the module. Refer to the following table about distance between arrays in each area and inclination. * [Conditions for calculation of distance between arrays] PV modules: NA-FxxxGx The modules are installed in vertical orientation, 2-column, ground-based. Distance between modules is 40mm long, 40mm wide. The solar arrays are not covered with shade at the noon time of December 21st.

TableA.1 Distance between arrays

Area Latitude Longitude N48.08 Germany (Munich) E11.35 Inclination 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Distance between arrays 1,490 2,221 2,935 3,627 4,291 4,922 5,516 6,068 1,066 1,588 2,099 2,594 3,069 3,520 3,945 4,340 1,006 1,500 1,982 2,449 2,898 3,324 3,725 4,098

41.53 Italy Roma E12.3

40.25

Spain Spein
Madrid 3.43

* Reference value

Inclination

Distance between arrays

Dimension between arrays

FigureA.1 Distance between arrays