Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts

8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds

Bond energy- the energy required to break a given chemical bond ionic bonding- the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions ionic compound- a compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form a cation and an anion coulombs law- E=2.31X10-19 (Q1Q2/r), where E is the energy of interaction between a pair of ions, expressed in joules; r is the distance between the ion centers in nm; and Q1 and Q2 are the numerical ion charges bond length- the distance between the nuclei of the two atoms connected by a bond; the distance where the total energy of a diatomic molecule is minimal covalent bonding- a type of bonding in which electrons are shared by atoms polar covalent bond- a covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally because one atom attracts them more strongly than the other 8.2 Electronegativity- the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself

8.3

Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments

dipole moment- a property of a molecule whose charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge

8.4 Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds
-when two nonmetals react to form a covalent bond, they share electrons in a way that completes the valence electron configurations of both atoms - when a nonmetal and a representative-group metal react to form a binary ionic compound, the ions form so that the valence electron configuration of the nonmetal achieves the electron configuration of the next noble gas atom.

Sizes of Ions
isoelectronic ions- ions containing the same number of electrons

8.5

Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds

Lattice energy- the energy change occurring when separated gaseous ions are packed together to form an ionic solid

Lattice Energy Calculations 8.6 Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds

any compound that conducts an electric current when melted will be classified as ionic

8.7 The Covalent Chemical Bond: A model Models: An Overview 8.8 Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions
single bond- a bond in which one pair of electrons is shared by two atoms double bond- a bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms triple bond- a bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms

Bond Energy and Enthalpy

Enthalphy= energy required to break bonds-energy required to form bonds

8.9

The Localized Electron Bonding Model

localized electron model- a model which assumes that a molecule is composed of atoms

that are bound together by sharing pairs of electrons using the atomic orbitals of the bound atoms lone pairs- an electron pair that is localized on a given atom; an electron pair not involved in bonding bonding pairs- an electron pair found in the space between two atoms 8.10 Lewis Structures- a diagram of a molecule showing how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule duet rule- hydrogen forms stable molecules where it shares two electrons octet rule- the observation that atoms of nonmetals tend to form the most stable molecules when they are surrounded by eight electrons

8.11 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Boron- electron-deficient Sulfur- exceeds octet rule Third-row elements can exceed the octet rule when it is necessary to exceed the octet rule for one of several third-row elements, assume that the extra electrons should be placed on the central atom 8.12 Resonance- a condition occurring when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule. The actual electronic structure is not represented by any one of the Lewis structures but by the average of all of them

Odd-Electron Molecules Formal Charge- the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule or polyatomic ion
derived from a specific set of rules 1. Take the sum of the lone pair electrons and one-half the shared electrons. This is the number of valence electron assigned to the atom in the molecule 2. Subtract the number of assigned electrons from the number of valence electrons on the free, neutral atom to obtain the formal charge. 3. Sum of the formal charges of all atoms in a given molecule or ion must equal the overall charge on that species.

8.13 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model

molecular structure- the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule valence shell electron-pair repulsion model- a model whose main postulate is that the structure around a given atom in a molecule is determined principally by minimizing electron-pair repulsions linear structure- 180 degree bond angle trigonal planar structure- 120 degree bond angles tetrahedral arrangement- 109.5 degree bond angle trigonal pyramid- one side is different from the other three trigonal bipyramid- the molecular structure that produces minimum repulsion in a molecule with 5 electron pairs octahedral structure- molecular structure that produces minimum repulsion in a molecule with 6 electron pairs square planar structure- arrangement of 6 electron pairs and 4 surrounding atoms

The VSEPR Model and Multiple Bonds

A double bond should be counted as one effective pair in using the VSEPR model

Molecules Containing No Single Central Atom

The VSEPR ModelHow Well Does It Work?