CHAPTER 2 : CARBON COMPOUND COMPOUND ORGANIC COMPOUND "all compound that contain carbon elements" "except: carbonate compound

(CaCO3) : hydrogen carbonate (CaCHO3) : cyanide compound (HCN) : oxide carbon (CO2, CO) HYDROCARBON compound that only contain Carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) only example : o Petroleum gas, Petrol INORGANIC COMPOUND "all compound that not contain carbon elements" " all including the 4 on the left" " example : Silica (Si)

Saturated compound - molecule that made of single bond ( - )

Unsaturated compound - molecule that made of double bond (=)

o
o

Kerosene , Diesel Fuel oil

COMBUSTION OF HYDROCARBON PRODUCT - Hydrocarbon is a good source of fuel because it can form a reaction that can emit(membebaskan) a lot of heat when burn in the air [exothermic reaction] Hydrocarbon + Oxygen gasses carbon dioxide + water

- Example : CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O [observation : CO2 gas will turn lime water into chalky]
ALKANE

Alkanes are family of hydrocarbons. General molecular formula for alkanes is CnH2n +2 IUPAC name for alkanes is end with -ane Number of Carbon Name

- Alkanes has SINGLE covalent bond

Molecuar formula [CnH2n +2]

Structural Formula Expended H HCH H H H HCCH H H H H H HCCCH H H H Condensed

Methane

CH4

CH4

Ethane

C2 H6

CH3CH3

Propane

C3 H8

CH3CH2CH3

Butane

Pentane

Hexane

Heptane

Octane

Nonane

10

Decane

ALKENES

Alkenes has a DOUBLE covalent bond General molecular formula for alkenes is CnH2n IUPAC name for alkenes is end with -ene Number of Carbon Name Molecuar formula [CnH2n] Structural Formula Expended HC=CH H H H HC=CCH H H H Condensed

Ethene

C2 H6

CH2CH2

Propene

C3 H8

CH2CHCH3

Butene

Pentene

Hexene

Heptene

Octene

Nonene

10

Decene

;p=PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Alkanes and alkenes are bonded with a COVALENT BOND So both of the alkanes and alkenes have SAME physical properties. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ALKANES Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane ALKENES Ethene Propene Butane Pentene Hexene Heptene Octene Nonene Relative Molecular Mass increases as moved down the group RMM Boiling Point Melting Point Melting Point increases as moved down the groupBoiling Point of alkanes and alkenes is high. Density Density increases as moved down the groupAll alkanes and alkenes less dense than water. Solubility Electric Conductivity

Boiling Point increases as movedBoilingthe group down Point of alkanes and alkenes is high.

All alkanes and alkenes dissolve in organic compound only but not dissolve in water

All alkanes and alkenes cannot conduct electricity - Because there is no free moving ions

Decane

Decene

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ALKANES Complete Combustion :[excess oxygen] - Alkanes that COMPLETELY burn in the air will produce carbon dioxide (CO2) , water (H2O) and release heat. The bigger the number of Carbon attached, more SOOT produced. 2C2H6 (g) +7O2 4CO2 + 2H2O (l) 2CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) Incomplete Combustion : [limited oxygen] In incomplete combustion, more sooty flames are produce because more carbon and carbon monoxide produce. CH4 (g) + O2 (g) CO (g) + H2O CH4 (g) + O2 (g) C (g) + H2O ALKENES Complete Combustion :[excess oxygen] C2H4 (g) + O2 CO2 + H2O (l) C3H6 (g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

Incomplete Combustion : [limited oxygen] C2H4 (g) + O2 (g) CO (g) + H2O (l) C3H6 (g) + O2 (g) C (g) + H2O (l)

Substitution Reaction : 1. Halogenations - When alkanes react with halogen (Group 17) and exposed in ultraviolet rays @ sunlight. CH4 (g) + Cl2 (g) CH3Cl + HCl

Substitution[penggantian] :

1.

Halogenations [penggantian H dengan kumpulan Halogen] [chlorination] H H HC=CH + Ethane [Bromination] H H H C = C H + Br Br Ethene Bromine H H HC CH Br Br 1,2-dibromoethane H H HC CH Cl Cl 1,2-dichloroethane

Cl Cl Chlorine

" If ethane is passed through bromine water or in tetrachloromethane, the brown colour of bromine is decolourised immediately

2. Hydrogenation [penukaran double bond kpd single bond] H H HC=CH + Ethene 3. H H Ni/Pt HH HC CH 200OC H H Hydrogen Ethane

Hydration [addition of water to form alcohol]

H3PO4

H H HC=CH + Ethene 4.

H OH
300O, 60 atm

Water

H H HC CH H OH Ethanol

With Hydrogen Halides H H HC CH H Cl chloroethane

H H HC=CH + Ethene

H Cl hydrogen Chloride

5.

With acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution Ni/Pt KMnO4 200OC Ethane potassium manganate (purple) H H HC CH OH OH ethan-1,2-diol

H H HC=CH +

6.

KMnO4 is an oxidising agent Purple color of potassium manganate turn colourless. Polymerisation H H C=C H H ethene H C H H C H H H CC H H
n

H H C=C H H ethene

polymerisation

polyethane

DIFFERENCES