www.moffatt.

tc

INDEX

accelerated ohmic decay, 8 due to uniform straining, 50 Acheson, D. J., 252 Allan, D. W., 318 AlfvCn, H., 43, 245 AlfvCns theorem, 43,65 AlfvCn waves, 245 non-linear interaction of, 247 a-effect, 150-3 a a pseudo-scalar, 151 and regeneration of poloidal field, 152,230-3 for helical wave motion, 162 for random u-field, under first-order smoothing, 165-9 in Braginskiis theory, 189-90, 191 in weak diffusion limit, 171, 174 laboratory detection of, 167-9 modification by Lorentz force, 252-7 non-isotropic case, 153 relation with helicity, 152-3, 165 role of diffusion for, 164 with space-periodic velocity fields, 204-5 a2-dynamos, 199 case of anisotropic aij,202-5 driven by buoyancy forces, 307-18 free modes of, 199-202 in a spherical geometry, 205-9 numerical investigations of, 210-12 with antisymmetric a ( z ) ,209-12 with uniform a,199-209 ao-dynamos, 199 free modes of, 212-15 numerical investigations of, 234-43 transition to (Y 2-dynamos, 242 with concentrated generation and shear, 216-19 with periods of stasis, 233-4

Altschuler, M. D., 103, 243 Ampkres law, 23 AndrC, J. D., 286f, 287 Andrews, D. G., 279 Angel, J. R. P., 107 angular momentum operator, inversion of, 18-19 anti-dynamo theorems, 4 impossibility of dynamos with axisymmetry, 113-18; with planetwo-dimensional motion, 121-2; with purely toroidal motion, 11821; with simple topology, 117-18 Anufriev, A. P., 91, 276 averaging, for double-scale situations, 146-7; compatibility of spatial and temporal means, 150; spatial, 147; temporal, 147 for weakly asymmetric systems, 17980 axisymmetric fields, 20-1 Babcock, H. D., 94,101 Babcock, H. W., 94,101,105 Backus, G. E., 4,9, 110, 115, 119, 142-4 Barraclough, D. R., 80, 81 Batchelor, G. K., 7,46,48,62, 146, 147,281,286,287,296 Bessel functions, zeros of J,+; (x), 39 Betchov, R., 283 Biermann, L., 7 112 Bondi, H. & Gold, T;, Boussinesq approximation, 262, 265, 298 Braginskii, S . I., 6, 87, 88, 91, 113, 179-96,235,261,264,267,303, 307

338

INDEX differential rotation-contd. effects of, on fields of dipole and quadrupole symmetry, 69 field distortion by, 53-70 generation of toroidal field by, 6570 in disc dynamo, 4 diffusive effect on development of toroidal flux, 66 on increase of dipole moment, 41 diffusivity, magnetic, 35 in Earths core, 88 in Earths lower mantle, 88 in solar convection zone, 96 turbulent, see under turbulent diffusion Dillon, R. F., 276 dimensionless numbers dynamo number, 223,235 Ekman number, 298 magnetic Ekman number, 305 magnetic Prandtl number, 88,294 magnetic Reynolds number, 47 Pkclet number, 48 Prandtl number, 309 Rayleigh number, 309 Reynolds number, 47 Rossby number, 298 dipole moment, 24 behaviour of, under free decay, 40-2 diffusive increase of, 4 1, 112 for axisymmetric field, 26 rate of change of, 111-3 dipole symmetry, 219,220, 224, 234 disc dynamo coupled, 3 18-24 homopolar, 2 displacement current, neglect of, 23 Drobyshevski, E. M. & Yuferev, V. S., 70-5 Durney, B. R., 97,240 dynamic equilibration due to mean flow modification, 303-7 due to reduction of a-effect, 257-62 dynamo action associated with rotors, see under rotor dynamos definition of, 109

Brissaud, A., 282, 286 Bullard, Sir Edward, 2,5,83,88, 118 Bullard-Gellman formalism, 5, 137-42 computational procedure, 139 interaction diagram, 140 Bumba, V. & Kleczek, J. K.,95 Busse, F. H., 92, 120, 256, 308, 313-18 butterfly diagram, 101 obtained from numerical solution of ao-dynamo, 238-9 Cauchys solutionof the vorticity equation, 46 Chandrasekhar, S.,4, 29, 309 Chapman, S . & Bartels, J., 79 Childress, S., 204, 205, 308 Clebsch variables, limitations of, 16 conductivity, electric, 34 of Earths core, 88 of Earths lower mantle, 88 Cook, A. E., 318,320,322-3 Coriolis force, and interaction with buoyancy force, 262-4 Cowling, T. G., 4, 6, 113, 243 Cowlings theorem, 6, 113-17, 141, 179 neutral point argument, 115-17 not applicable at X-type neutral points, 211 not applicabledtomean fields, 152 Cox, A., 84, 85 Cramers theorem, use of, in obtaining realisability conditions, 160f cross-helicity, 247 and maximisation of energy transfer, 294 Curie point, 1 cyclonic turbulence, 8 as random superposition of cyclonic events, 152-3 Deinzer, W., 241 differential rotation and criteria for neglect of diffusion, 5 6-7 and diffusive development of toroidal flux, 66 and non-axisymmetric fields, 70

INDEX dynamo action-contd. impossibility of, see under antidynamo theorems in disc dynamos, 3, 112f necessary conditions for, 109-1 1, 117,120-1 with periods of stasis, 142-4 dynamos driven by buoyancy forces, 307-18 in cylindrical annulus, 3 13-18 in finite amplitude BCnard convection, 309-13 Earth core-mantle coupling in, 91-2 core-mantle interface of, 89-91, 276-9 density distribution in, 85-6 flotation and sedimentation in core of, 87, 145-6 internal structure of, 76, 84-8 length of day of, 87 precession of angular velocity vector of, 91-3 temperature distribution in, 86 Earths magnetic field, 1 archaeomagneticevidence, 83 correlation with gravitationalfield, 89-90,276 dipole wobble and tilt, 84 paleomagneticevidence, 83-4, 89 reversals of, 12, 84, 131, 318-24 secular variation of, 82,83, 195 spherical harmonic analysis of, 79-83 westward drift of, 83,89 Eddy, J. A., 97f, 98 EDQNM closure, 288, 292 effective variables for nearly axisymmetric system, 191 in Cartesian geometry, 185-7 and matching to external field, 194-5 electric current, relation to magnetic field, 23 Elsasser, W. M., 5,46, 139f Eltayeb, I. A., 264,268,270 energy cascade, 281-2 effect of helicity on, 282-8 equipartition of energy, 8

339

Faradays law of induction, 33 Ferraro, V. C. A., law of isorotation, 65 first-order smoothing approximation, 156 and determination of aij,165-7 and determination of p i j k , 169-70 conditionsfor validity of, 156, 164 correction to, 192f limitations of, 166 flux expulsion and fine structure of solar field, 104 by meridional circulation,. 64-5 for a horizontal band of eddies, 63 for circular streamlines,57-62 for general flows with closed streamlines,62-4 relation to skin effect, 59-60 flux function, 21, 53 flux, magnetic, 14 change of, through a moving circuit, 32-3 freezing of, 43 geometrical pumping of, 74 maintenance of rope of, 49-50 sheets of, 63 topological pumping of, 70-5 force-free fields, 26-31 in a spherical geometry, 29-3 1 in free modes of a*-dynamo, 200 of finiteextent, nonexistence of, 28 of infinite extent, 27-8 free decay, characteristictime of for the Earth, 89 for the Sun, 94 free decay modes in a sphere, 36-40 toroidal, 38 poloidal, 39 Frisch, U., 257,287,288f, 292 Gailitis, A., 131-7 galactic dynamo, 2 model of, with concentrated generation, 221-30 Parkers model, 222,228-9 spheroidal model, 230 Galilean invariance, 33-4

340

INDEX Jupiter magnetic field of, 1, 76 internal structure of, 78-9 Kennedy, G. C., 86,145 kinematic theory, 10 formal statement of the problem, 108-9 kinematically possible velocity fields, 35 Khan, M. A., 90 Kolmogorov, A. N., 281 Kovasznay, L. S . G., 7 Kraichnan, R. H., 8, 156f, 172f, 174f, 175-8,284-5,287,294-5. Krause, F., 6, 148, 152,206, 210,239, 240,262 Kuiper, G. P., 95 Kumar, S., 142 Lagrangian transformation of induction equation, 182-5 including weak diffusion, 187-8 limitation of approach, 192-4 Lagrangian variables, 3 1 Landstreet, J. D., 107 Larmor, Sir Joseph, 1 , 2 Lehnert, B., 249 Lkorat, J., 257, 280f, 292 Levy, E. H., 242 Liapounov, A. M., 322 Liepmann, H., 157 Lighthill, Sir James, 157 Lilley, F. E. M., 141 lines of force, 14 knots in, 16, 30-1 linkage of, 15, 27,28, 30 stretching of, 44 Loper, D. E., 88,91,92 Lortz, D., 122 Lowes, F. J., 70, 82,90, 130-1 Lust, R., 26 magnetic buoyancy and formation of sunspots, 97 Gilman model of, 273 stability analysis of, 270-5 magnetic field axisymmetric, 20, 26

geomagnetic elements, 80-1 Gibson, R. D., 6, 123, 125, 130, 141, 192 Gilman, P. A., 272,273 Golitsyn, G. S., 290 Greenspan, H., 251,298,306-7,316 Gubbins, D., 139, 141 Hale, G. E., 99 helicity, 14-17 as a property of the energycontaining eddies, 287 generation of, due to interaction of Coriolis and buoyancy forces, 262-4 in flow over a bumpy surface, 278 in magnetic buoyancy instability modes, 275 in magnetostrophic waves, 269-70 maximal, 250; not preserved by Navier-Stokes equations, 285-6 of A, conservation of, when A =0, 44-5 of B, identically zero situation, 117-8 . of U, conservation of, 47 helicity fluctuations, effect of, 175-8 Herzenberg, A., 9,70, 122, 123, 129, 137,143 Hide, R., 1, 78, 79, 88, 89, 90, 91, 252,262,264,276 Higgins, G. H., 86, 145 Howard, R., 95
I

Ibbetson, A. & Tritton, D. J., 280 induction equation, 35 Lagrangian transformation of, 182-5 poloidal ingredient of, 51 toroidal ingredient of, 52 inertial range, 281 and form of helicity spectrum, 286 modification of, due to large-scale field, 294-5 interaction diagram, 140 for stasis dynamo of Backus, 144 Irving, E., 84 Jambs, J. A., 77, 83,84 Jepps, S . A., 236,261,262

INDEX magnetic field-contd. Clebsch representation of, 16 flux function of, 21 flux of, 14,32 line of force of, 14 in neutron stars, 107 in White Dwarfs, 107 multipole expansion of, 24 poloidal, 19 representations of, 17-22 scalar potential of, when J =-0, 24 toroidal, 19 two-dimensional, 2 1 vector potential of, 13 magnetic Reynolds number, 47 based on a-effect, 208 for Earths core, 89 for rotor dynamos, 131 for solar convection zone, 96 magnetic sign invariance, 289 magnetic stars, 105-6 magnetostrophic balance, 252 for waves, 252 in Malkus & Proctor dynamo, 305, 3 17 in flow near core-mantle interface, 277 in magnetic buoyancy problem, 272, 273 Malin, S. R. C., 89, 90, 276 Malkus, W. V. R., 91, 92, 304, 308, 311,316,317 mass conservation, equation of, 35-6 Maunder, E. W., 100,101 mean electromotive force, 148 influence of higher field derivatives, 202 for nearly axisymmetric system, 180 for nearly rectilinear system, 188 linearly related to mean field, 149-50 mean-field electrodynamics, 145 et seq. used in buoyancy-driven dynamos, 311,317 meridional circulation and preferred mode of magnetic excitation, 214-5, 235-6 effect of, on free decay rate, 114-5 flux expulsion by, 64-5

341

Mestel, L., 106 Munk, W. H. & MacDonald, G. J. F., 87,91 Murthy, V. R. & Hall, H. T., 77 Nagarajan, S., 8 non-oscillatory modes of am-dynamos, 235,241-2 of galactic dynamo model, 225,228 numerical investigations for laminar dynamo models, 137-42 of a2-dynamos, 210-2 of am-dynamos, 234-43; including back-reaction, 261-2 of MHD turbulence: using EDQNM closure, 287-8,292-3; using Fourier transform, 293-4 to determine a ( t )and @(t)in weak diffusion limit, 172f, 174f Ohms law, 34,151 Orszag, S. A., 288 oscillatory modes of ao-dynamos, 235,236,241-2 of galactic dynamo model, 225-6, 230 Parker, E. N., 6, 8, 54, 57, 97, 99, 152, 153, 170, 174f, 209,212,221, 228,230,270 Parker, R. L., 60-1 Patterson, G. S.,293,294,297 Pekeris, C. L., 142 Pichackchi, L. D., 118 Piddington, J. H., 221 planetary magnetic fields, 76-9 poloidal-toroidal decomposition, 20 potential electric scalar, 33 magnetic scalar, 24 magnetic vector, 13 Pouquet, A., 257,289f, 290,292,293, 294,297 Preston, G. W., 2, 105, 106 Proctor, M. R. E., 62,74,22Of, 304, 305-6,317,323 quadrupole moment, 24 for axisymmetricfield, 26 quadrupole symmetry, 220,224,235

342

INDEX
Sun-contd. granulation of, 95 Suns magnetic field, 94-105 coupling between poloidal and toroidal ingredients, 103, 239 fine structure, 103-5 general poloidal field, 101-5; reversals of, 101-3 sunspots, 4,94,96-101 butterfly diagram, 101 distribution in latitude, 101 formation of, 97,238 migration of, 101; explained in terms of dynamo waves, 2 13-14 polarity rules, 99-101 Taylor, Sir Geoffrey, 170, 172 Taylor, J. B., 299 Taylor constraint, 298-303 Toomre, A., 92 topological pumping, 70-5 contrasted with geometrical pumping, 74-5 symmetric and asymmetric, 73 torsional oscillations, when Taylor constraint violated, 301-3 Tough, J. G., 192 Townsend, A. A., 7 turbulence and random waves, 145-8 axisymmetric, 154 energy spectrum function of, 159, 162 helicity spectrum function of, 160, 162 isotropic, 151; with helicity conceptual experiment, 161 mirror symmetry, 151f reflexional symmetry, 151 spectrum tensor of, 157-62 with helicity, 280 et seq. turbulent diffusion associated with random motions, 154,170 effect of helicity fluctuations on, 175-8 in Sun, 96 in weak molecular diffusion limit, 173-5

Radler, K.-H., 148, 155, 240, 262 6, Radler, effect, 155-6 realisability conditions and consequence for mean helicity, 283-4 as a consequence of Cramers theorem, 160f for magnetic spectrum tensor, 290 reflexional symmetry for a vector field, 17 lack of: in disc dynamo, 4; in magnetic buoyancy modes, 275; in turbulence, 7, 151, 160 Rikitake, T., 11, 318 Roberts, G. O., 204 Roberts, P. H., 6, 79, 88, 92, 133, 142, 148,210,235,236,237,238, 241,242,264,268,269, 303, 318,320,322-3 Rochester, M. G., 91 rotational constraints and dipole tilt, 84 and torsional oscillations, 298-303 release of, by growing magnetic field, 256 rotor dynamos, 9,122-37 of Lowes & Wilkinson, 130-1 with n spheres, 123-5 with ring vortices, 131-7 with three spheres, 125-7 with two spheres, 127-30 Saffman,P. G., 8 scalar transport analogy, 48 Schluter, A., 7,26 Soward, A. M., 11,88, 182, 185, 191, 192,194,259-61,303,308-13, 323 stasis dynamo, 9, 142-4 of ao-type 233-4 Steenbeck, M., 6,7,148, 152, 167, 206,210,238-9,262 Stenflo, J. O., 104 . Stewartson,K., 92,264,268-9 Stix, M., 103, 104, 148, 230, 239, 240, 242,261-2 Stokes operator, 53 Sun, 1 differential rotation of, 95, 240

INDEX
turbulent diffusion-contd. of magnetic field, 154, 170 of passive scalar field, 172 possibly negative, due to helicity fluctuations, 177-8 Vainshtein, S. I., 257,310,311, 316 vector potential, 13 equation for, 51 Veronis, G., 308 viscosity for Earths core, 88 for solar convection zone, 96 vorticity analogy, 7, 46 in turbulent dynamo context, 296-7 vor t icity analogy-contd. one-way character of, 46

343

waves, influenced by Coriolis and Lorentz forces, 248-52 magnetostrophic, 252; excitation of, 264-70 weak diffusion limit, Lagrangian approach to, 170-5 Weir, A. D., 142f Weiss, N. O., 57f, 62, 73, 211 Woltjer, L., 45, 107, 247 Wrubel, M. H., 94 Zeldovich, Ya. B. 122, 257