CFD { Solution Algorithms

SOE3213/4: CFD Lecture 3

3.1

N-S Equations

r:u = 0 1 @p @ux + r:(uux ) = +  r2 ux @t  @x

@uy 1 @p + r:(uuy ) = +  r2 uy @t  @y @uz 1 @p + r:(uuz ) = +  r2 uz @t  @z
1 @p  @x

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Transport equation form, with source

Two main problems 1. The equation is non-linear 2. The source term involves p NSE  3 equations for 4 variables, +1 constraint equation.

    

Need p to nd u, need u to nd p Equations solved sequentially Iterate until all elds correct

Several dierent approaches used to solve these equations. 2 main ones : PISO { Pressure Implicit Splitting of Operators { for time dependent ows SIMPLE { Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations { used for steady state problems

3.2

PISO

 

Eqn (2) if we know p, ux, can nd ux . Eqns (2{4), (1) combined 3 equation for p given the ux :

r: A rp 
Flux has to satisfy continuity (1)

= ( ux term)

PISO algorithm as follows : 1. Guess p, ux (values from previous timestep) 2. Use equation (2) to nd ux , uy etc. 3. Solve pressure equation for p 4. Correct ux to satisfy continuity
Start

Guess p, flux (values from previous timestep)

Use equation (3) to find ux, uy, uz

Solve pressure equation to get p

Correct flux to satisfy continuity

Next timestep? N

3.3

SIMPLE

Could iterate PISO until steady-state. More usual to use SIMPLE. 2

r:u = 0 1 @p r:(uux ) =  @x +  r2 ux
1 @p r:(uuy ) =  @y +  r2 uy 1 @p r:(uuz ) =  @z +  r2 uz (5)

1. Guess an initial pressure eld p 2. Use equation (5) to create a velocity eld u from this pressure eld 3. Find a correction pH to the pressure eld

p = p + pH
4. Correct the velocity ( ux) to obey continuity. In theory, p and u should now be the desired solution. In practice, it is necessary to repeat this procedure as an iterative process. If new solution p , u adopted at each step 3 algorithm becomes unstable. Thus, use underrelaxation : 5. Underrelax solution

pn+1 = p + (1 )pn  is underrelaxation parameter. At each step of the iteration, the error in the solution (the residual) should decrease { residuals for all variables should be monitored to ensure this.

Start

Guess p *

Find u* from momentum eqn.

Find pressure correction p Find flux correction

Correct fields p**= p* + p

Update fields (underrelaxation)

Tolerance achieved? y

3.4

Initial/Boundary Conditions

Initial condition { state of p and u at all points in the ow.

       

most uid ow problems parabolic or hyperbolic part on initial conditions

3 solution depends in

specify known values for p and u, or make sensible guess may need to timestep until the eect of the I.C. absent Steady viscous ows { elliptic however methods parabolic { need starting conditions

Boundary conditions { largely specify what the solution will be 3 main types of b.c. { walls, inlets, outlets Walls { u = 0 parallel to the wall (unless the wall is moving in which case the uid will share the motion) Fluid inlet { specify u. Fluid outlet { specify p

N.B. If b.c. incorrectly specied, problem becomes ill posed { no solution possible. 4

3.5

Full solution { recap

   

Build mathematical model of the problem

{ (NSE, turbulence, combustion. . .

Discretise the equations on a mesh

{ converts mathematical model to dierence equations

Solve the discretised equations

{ inverting discretised matrix equation { NSE nonlinear, 3 PISO and SIMPLE

Analyse the results

{ check results make sense physically, { check numerical solution, eg. mesh independence { process data to extract information
Using commercial code :

       

Dene the geometry Generate the mesh Switch on physical models Specify physical constants Specify boundary/initial conditions Specify numerical parameters Run the solver Postprocess results