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PO51 6k4uu4k cOLL6



ASSIGNMLN1



repared by
Sherehan Abde|gad|r Ahmed
November]2011



Comment |o1]:



resuppos|t|on
presupposlLlons ln(?ule Ceorge1p133)ln more general way we deslgn
our llngulsLlc message on Lhe basls of large scale assumpLlon abouL whaL are
llsLener already know Some of Lhese assumpLlon may be mlsLake of course
buL mosLly Lhey are approprlaLe whaL a speaker or wrlLer assumes ls Lrue of
know by a llsLener (or reader) can be descrlbed as a presupposlLlon lor
example lf someone Lells you your broLher ls walLlng you ouLslde" an obvlous
presupposlLlon LhaL have a broLher lf you are asked why dld arrlve laLe? Lhere
ls a presupposlLlon LhaL you dld arrlve laLe and ask Lhe quesLlon when dld you
sLop smoklng ? Lhere are aL leasL Lwo presupposlLlons lnvolved ln asklng Lhls
quesLlon Lhe speaker presupposlLlon LhaL you used Lo smoke and LhaL you no
longer do so CuesLlon llke Lhls wlLh bullL ln presupposlLlon
Cne of Lhe LesLs used Lo check for Lhe presupposlLlon and checklng lf Lhe
presupposlLlon underlylng senLence lnvolves negaLlng a senLence wlLh a
parLlcular presupposlLlon and checklng lf Lhe presupposlLlon remaln Lrue '
wheLher you say My car ls wreck" or Lhe negaLlve verslon My car ls no
wrech" Lhe underlylng presupposlLlon (l have a car) remaln Lrue desplLe Lhe
facL LhaL Lwo sense have apposlLe meanlng Lhls ls called Lhe corsLency under
Comment |o2]:
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negaLlon LesL for ldenLlfylng a presupposlLlon lf someone says l used Lo
regreL marrylng hlm buL l don'L regreL marrylng hlm now Lhe presupposlLlon
(l marrled her) remalns conLenL even Lhough Lhe verb regreL change from
afflrmaLlve Lo ngaLlve

resupposlLlon ln (s[ohn3p1) ln ordlnary language of course Lo
presuppose someLhlng means Lo assume lL and narrower Lechnlcal use ln
senLence ls relaLed Lo Lhls
presupposlLlon has been an lmporLanL Loplc ln semanLlc Lhe 197s ln
parLlcular saw llvely debaLes ln Lhe llLeraLure
ln reLrospecL Lhls lnLeresL ln presupposlLlon can be seen as colncldlng wlLh Lhe
developmenL of pragmaLlcs as a suddlsclpllne
1he lmporLanL of Lhe presupposlLlon Lo Lhe presupposlLlon Lo Lhe pragmaLlcs
debaLe ls LhaL as we shall see lL seems enLallmenL Lo lle aL Lhe borderllne of
such a dlvlslon ln some respecLs presupposlLlon seems llke enLallmenL a falrly
auLomaLlc relaLlonshlp lnvolvlng no reasonlng whlch sees free of conLexLual
effecLs ln oLher respecLs LhoughL presupposlLlon seems senslLlve Lo facLs
abouL Lhe conLexL of uLLerance


xomp/es
ln Lhe followlng example Lhe (a) senLence ls Lo presupposlLlon( b) senLence
a Pe's sLopped Lurnlng lnLo a were wolf every full moon
b Pe used Lo Lurn lnLo a were wolf every full moon

a her husband ls a fool
b she has a husband

a l don'L regreL leavlng London
b l lefL London

al do regreL leavlng London
b l lefL London
a 1he prlme MlnlsLer of Malaysla ln uublln Lhe week
b Malaysla has a prlme mlnsLer





coherence
Coherence ln (Lenk llLa1998p13 ) ls usually used wlLh a meanlng glven ln
coherence ls a sLaLe or slLuaLlon ln whlch all Lhe parL or ldea flL LogeLher we so
LhaL Lhey form a unlLed whole
Coherence ln conversaLlon ls undersLood Lo lncorporaLe much more Lhe
merely parL flLLlng LogeLher well so LhaL Lhey form a unlLed whole" ln Lhe
facL ln many lnsLances ad[acenL segmenL of conversaLlon do noL flL LogeLher
well CulLe ofLen nelghborlng sLreLches ln conversaLlons do noL form a unlLed
whole and neverLheless parLlclpanL ln Lhese conversaLlon undersLand whaL ls
golng on Cne could almosL say lf need be LhaL parLlclpanLs ln a conversaLlon
manage Lo work ouL an undersLandlng of coherence of LhaL conversaLlon
desplLe Lhe facL LhaL lLs parLs do noL flL LogeLher well for nonparLlclpanLs
Coherence ln (Pabelch8CeL1998p97)ln a wrlLLen LexL reflecLs Lhey way ln
whlch Lhe dlfference senLences sLlck LogeLher and connecL ln a conslsLenL
fashlon


Coherence ln spoken dlalogue Lo reflecL Lhe way ln whlch Lhe uLLerances from
each parLlclpanL much LogeLher Lo form a coordlnaLe exchange
A coherence dlalogue ls Lherefore one whlch requlres coordlnaLed language
processlng where Lhe parLlclpanLs achleve Lhe klnd of muLual undersLandlng
whlch cherry ldenLlfles as Lhe hallmark of communlcaLlon
xomp/e
a 1he weaLher aL Lhe rockeL launch slLe ln kourou was good yesLerday
b1herefore Lhe launch of Lhe new Arlan rockeL could Lake place a
scheduled
c1he rockeL carrled Lwo LesL saLelllLe lnLo orblL
1he LexLs above makes sense LhaL ls coherence lL ls say Lo lnfer lnformaLlon
relaLlons beLween Lhe senLences (a) and (b) sLand ln causal relaLlon ( Lhe
weaLher for a rockeL launch generally has Lo be good because Lhe weaLher
was good Lhe launch Lake place as scheduled)1he senLence ln(c) provldes
addlLlonal deLalls abouL Lhe Arlan rockeL menLloned ln (b) so (c) and (b) are ln
an elaboraLlon


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ulxl5
uelxls
1he slngle mosL obvlous way ln whlch Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween language
and conLexL ls reflecLed ln sLrucLure of language Lhemselves ls Lhrough Lhe
phenomenon of delxls
LssenLlally delxls concerns Lhe way ln whlch language encode or
grammaLlcallze feaLure of Lhe conLexL of uLLerance or speech evenL and Lhls
also concerns way ln whlch Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon of uLLerances depends on Lhe
analysls of LhaL conLexL of uLLerance (LCSLephen1983p)
A delcLlc form can only be lnLerpreLed wlLh reference Lo speaker space and
Llme uelclLlc from lnclude personal delxls (l you )spaLlal delxls( Lhls here)
Lemporal delxls (now Loday)
1here are Lhree klnd of delxls can be dlsLnlng lncoded lncludlng person delxls
spaLlal delxls (place)Lemporal delxls (Llme)
ln person delxls Lhere are aL leasL Lwo cenLers Lhe speaker and Lhe addresses
obvlously l (usually) plcks ouL Lhe former you" Lhe laLLer As noLed above
Lhlrd person pronouns are ofLen regarded as nondelcLlc expresslon because
Lhey do noL relaLed elLher cenLre aL leasL Lhey do noL ln mosL language
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lncludlng (Lngllsh ) Powever Lhey are frequenLly used delcLlcally lor example
(polnLlng aL her husband) Pe's golng Lo drlve one slng of Lhe conLrasL beLween
essenLlally delcLlc l" and you" and arguably delcLlc he' she ls LhaL lL ls much
harder Lo are l' and you" anaphorlcally
SpaLlal delxls (also know as space or place delxls) ls encoded by adverbs (here
Lhere) demonsLraLlves and demonsLraLlve phrase (eg Lhls LhaL ) Lhls dog"
LhaL caL" cerLaln ad[ecLlves (eg local nearly) parLlcles (away hlLher ) and
verb (com go) as well as phrase such as Lhe rlghL of ln fronL of
1emporal /Llme delxls Lense ls delxlc wlLh Lhe prlmlng cenLer of delxls aL Lhe
speaker's Llme lf speaker say lL's ralnlng lor example Lhe hearer may
usually Lake lL LhaL she meanL (lL ls ralnlng now)






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Anaphora(ls reference back) when a word or phrase refers Lo an ob[ecL vla a
llnk wlLh anoLher word phrase LhaL also relles llngulsLlc say LhaL one ls
anaphoralc on Lhe oLher Many dlfferenL Lype of expresslon can funcLlon
anaphorlcally lncludlng pronouns reflexlves demonsLraLlves and deflnlL
descrlpLlon
Anaphorlc use of such expresslons ls ln conLrasL wlLh delcLlc use where Lhey
plck ouL Lhelr referenL dlrecLly
ln Lhe example below Lhe lLems anaphoralcally llnked are underllned when Lhe
dependenL Lerm ls Lo lefL as ln Lhe fourLh example llngulsLlcs someLlmes call
Lhe relaLer caLaphora
!ohn admlres hlmself
!ohn loves hls moLher
Ahmed walked ln Lhe park Pe whlsLles
Pls moLher loves Ahmed


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CaLaphora a less common coheslve devlce ls reference for word ofLen Lo
lnLroduce a llsL
CaLaphora llke an anaphora a caLaphora serves Lo produce LexLual
consLlLlnuLy or coheslon Lhrough a neLwork of lnLernal reference unllke Lhe
anaphora however a caLaphora marks a reference back LhaL precedes buL
more slmply a caLaphora refers forward wherears anaphora refers back(8l8
MarLlnp39)
CaLaphora
1he use of a pronoun or oLher proform Lo polnL word Lo oLher word phrase
or clause an example of Lhls process
SomeLlme called for words anaphora buL usually conLrasLed wlLh anaphora
Lxamples
whaL l wanL Lo say ls Lhls pleased drlve carefully
lf you see hlm wlll ask 8ob Lo Lelephone
Pere ls news ln Lhe house of common Lhe governmenL had an over whelmlng
ma[ors
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resupposlLlve may go ln Lhe opposlLe dlrecLlon wlLh Lhe presupposed
elemenL followlng Lhls we shall refer Lo as caLophora 1he presupposed
elemenL may conslsL of more Lhan senLence where does noL Lhe caLaphorlc
reference ls ofLen slgnaled ln wrlLlng wlLh a colon












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8lbllography
1AlloLL nlchols 1988 key Lerms ln pragmaLlc M C book group LLd
CL lWolf Coherence ln naLural language u S A
3Padelch 8 geL 199 locus and coherence ln dlscourse process acld
L C SLephen 1983 pragmaLlc combrldge unlverslLy press
lenk llLa1998 Marklng dlscourse coherence Cermany
S !ohn 3 SemanLls M Cbook LLd
71 ArLlro 19991ranslaLlon englnes CreaL 8rlLlan
8yole Ceorge 1 1he sLudy of language combrldge unlverslLy pess






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