Alec Herczeg Test Prep Topic Five

AP Objectives:
1. A reaction that takes place in aqueous solution is carried out in water the word aqueous refers to the Latin word aqua which means water. 2. Electrolytes are compounds that are good conductors of electricity. Weak and non-electrolytes are poor conductors of electricity and non-conductors of electricity, respectively. It is likely to have electrolytes form when the product of a reaction is an ion, because the electrical charge of ions picks up the current more easily. Commonly, electrolytes form when there is an acid, a base, or a salt in the reaction. It is unlikely to have a covalently bonded compound be an electrolyte. 3. In order to find the individual ion concentrations when the compounds are dissolved in water, one must simply find the number of moles of the ion and divide by the number of liters of the aqueous ion. 4. Full equations are balanced equations of the reactions, the ionic equation is a more simplified version of the balanced equation where each non-gaseous, non-solid and non-liquid component is split into the basic ionic pieces of the compound, and net ionic equations are ionic equations for only the pieces of the equation that form a precipitate or other notable product. 5. Certain compounds, such as compounds containing nitrates, are generally soluble, while others are not. Solubility is important in the reactions to find out if a precipitate would be formed in the reaction or not. 6. When iodates are precipitated, often the solution forms a white precipitate. 7. Based on the Bronstead Lowery definition of acids and bases, an acid is a donor of hydrogen ions. 8. Based on the Bronstead Lowery definition of acids and bases, a base is an acceptor of hydrogen ions. 9. A stronger acid or base will almost completely ionize and dissolve in water, forming many ions. A weaker acid or base will only partially dissolve, not forming as many ions. 10. All neutralization reactions between acids and bases result in the formation of water and a salt. 11. Reactions with calcium bicarbonate will often result in a gas being formed when acid is added. A test to check if a compound contains bicarbonate would be to drop some acid on it and see if any gas forms. 12. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons. 13. The oxidation number of a compound is very important to redox reactions without oxidation numbers it can be difficult to tell which compound is being oxidized and which is being reduced. 14. Many oxides lose oxygen and accept electrons, and many polyatomic ions that are negative will accept electrons. 15. Redox reactions come in many forms, a few of the more important ones being synthesis, which involves the creation of a compound by two or more reactants, decomposition which is the opposite of synthesis, combustion between organic compounds and oxygen gas, single and double replacement where a more reactive compound replaces a less reactive one, as well as other types like metal replacement where more reactive metals take the place of less reactive ones. 16. The more reactive a compound is, the more likely it is to displace another compound in a displacement reaction. Any compound higher up on the reactivity series will replace any compound lower than it.

17. Disproportionation occurs when a single reactant in a redox reaction is oxidized as well as reduced simultaneously. 18. Titration is the addition of an acid to a base or a base to an acid such that the resulting product is a neutral solution. 19. If 100 milliliters of a 1 molar acid is added to 50 milliliters of an unknown molar base, one can use mole calculations to determine the molarity of the unknown base. In this case, the molarity of the base would be 2 moles per liter.

IB Objectives:
1. 8.1.1: According to Bronsted-Lowry, an acid is a hydrogen donor and a base is a hydrogen acceptor. According to the Lewis definition of acids and bases, bases donate electrons and acids accept them. 2. 8.1.2: A species could be both a Bronsted-Lowry acid and a Lewis acid, by donating its protons, the acid could also be seen as accepting electrons. Either is correct. 3. 8.3.1: Answered in AP Objectives question number nine. Electrical conductivity is stronger in stronger acids and bases. 4. 8.3.2: Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid are all examples of strong acids. Carboxylic acid and carbonic acid are examples of weak acids. All group one hydroxides and barium hydroxides are strong bases, while ammonia and amines are weak bases. 5. 9.1.1: Answered in AP Objectives question number twelve. 6. 9.1.2: Answered in AP Objectives question number thirteen. 7. 9.1.3: The oxidation numbers of metal compounds are represented as roman numerals next to the element name. For example, iron (II) oxide. The oxidation number of iron in this case is two. 8. 9.1.4: If the oxidation number of a compound in a redox reaction goes from high to low, that means it accepted electrons, showing that it underwent reduction. The opposite is true for a compound undergoing oxidation. 9. 9.2.1: Half-reactions are the parts of the equation showing either just the compound being oxidized or just the compound being reduced. 10. 9.2.2: Adding together the two half-reactions, one can find out the entire equation after balancing with either hydrogen ions or water. 11. 9.2.3: The oxidizing agent is the element or compound in the reaction causing another element or compound to be reduced. The opposite is true for the reducing agent. By donating electrons, a compound is being oxidized as well as assisting the reduction of the other. 12. 9.2.4: As stated above, the oxidizing agent is what is being reduced and the reducing agent is what is being oxidized. 13. 9.3.1: As seen in the displacement reactions of metals and halogens, the halogens are more reactive than the metals and therefore displace the metals. They are also stronger oxidizing agents. 14. 9.3.2: A redox reaction is more likely to take place in a reaction where an element or compound higher up on the reactivity series and an element or compound lower on the reactivity series is involved, because the subsequent displacement allows for more transfers of electrons.p