Inverse Design of 2-D Airfoil Via Vibrational Genetic Algorithm

JOURNAL OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGIES JULY 2006 VOLUME 2 NUMBER 4 (7-14)

INVERSE DESIGN OF 2-D AIRFOIL VIA VIBRATIONAL GENETIC ALGORITHM

Y. Volkan PEHLIVANOGLU
Turkish Air Force Academy Aeronautics and Space Technologies Institute Yeilyurt/Istanbul v.pehlivan@hho.edu.tr

Abdurrahman HACIOGLU
Turkish Air Force Academy Aeronautics Engineering Dept. Yeilyurt/Istanbul hacioglu@hho.edu.tr

ABSTRACT Within this study, it is aimed to provide an efficient algorithm for inverse design of 2-D airfoil in different flow conditions. For this purpose, as a stochastic search method, current vibrational genetic algorithm (VGA) is improved and used to accelerate the algorithm for inverse design. From the results obtained, it is concluded that VGA decreased the required time for optimal airfoil solution beside its simplicity. Low population rate and short generation cycle are the main benefits of vibrational genetic algorithm. Keywords VGA, Inverse design, 2-D airfoil

1.

INTRODUCTION

The frontiers of wing airfoil design using numerical optimization methods coupled with computational fluid dynamics are Hicks and his friends [1]. Hicks used the gradient-based method as an optimization tool and the potential flow solver as a computational fluid dynamics tool. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be useful beyond merely simulating a fluid flow, and be utilized for the purpose of design optimization in order to cut down the cycle time for a new product design. This, however, may be a prohibitive proposition for the needed computational and human resources if, as often is the case, a large matrix of candidate designs or design variables are involved. Improving the accuracy and efficiency of this process can reduce its cost and increase its effectiveness [2]. The simplest approach to optimization is to define the geometry through a set of design parameters, which may, for example, be the weights i applied to a set of shape functions bi(x), so that the shape is represented as

(2)

may now be estimated by making a small variation i in each design parameter in turn and recalculating the flow to obtain the change in . These methods also generally introduce line searches to find the minimum in the search direction which is defined at each step. The main disadvantage of this approach is the need for a number of flow calculations proportional to the number of design variables to estimate the gradient. The computational costs can thus become prohibitive as the number of design variables is increased. An alternative approach is to cast the design problem as a search for the shape that will generate the desired pressure distribution. This approach recognizes that the designer usually has an idea of the kind of pressure distribution that will lead to the desired performance. Thus, it is useful to consider the inverse problem of calculating the shape that will lead to a given pressure distribution. The method has the advantage that only one flow solution is required to obtain the desired design. Unfortunately, a physically realizable shape may not necessarily exist, unless the pressure distribution satisfies certain constraints. Thus the problem must be very carefully formulated; otherwise it may be ill posed. However, the difficulty would be circumvented by treating the inverse

f ( x) = i bi ( x)

(1)

Then a cost function is selected which might, for example, be the drag coefficient at a final lift coefficient, and is regarded as a function of the parameters i. The sensitivities (the gradient vector):

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Inverse Design of 2-D Airfoil Via Vibrational Genetic Algorithm

problem as a special case of the optimization problem, with a cost function which measures the error in the solution of the inverse problem [3]. For the gradient-based method, finding a fast and accurate way of calculating the necessary gradient information is essential to developing an effective design method since this can be the most time consuming portion of the design process. This is particularly true in problems which involve a very large number of design variables as is the case in a typical multi-dimensional shape optimization [4]. The second essential is the construction of an efficient search procedure which utilizes the gradient [5]. Several methods were studied to reduce the computational cost of gradient calculation resulting to discrete sensitivity analysis [6] and [7], finite difference method, implicit evaluation method, or control theory approach [8] and [9]. However, the distribution of an objective function of a design problem is usually multi-modal, and thus, one could only hope for a local optimum neighboring the initial design point by using the gradient-based methods. Therefore, to find a global optimum, one must start the optimization process repeatedly from a number of initial points and check for consistency of the optima obtained. In this sense, the gradient-based methods are neither efficient nor robust for design automation. Therefore, there is a need for high fidelity modeling of the separate disciplines. For that reason, several different methods are also studied like simulated annealing [10], [11] and artificial neural networks [12] to solve a multi-modal and multi-disciplinary problems. Other approach which has become increasingly popular is genetic algorithm. Genetic algorithms are robust and have high fidelity for multi-modal and multi-disciplinary problems. The first studies for the design of wing sections using genetic algorithm are introduced by Obayashi and Takanashi [13], Quagliarella and Della Cioppa [14]. Obayashi and Takanashi studied the genetic optimization of target pressure distributions for inverse design methods. Quagliarella and Della Cioppa studied a genetic Algorithm applied to the aerodynamic design of transonic airfoil. In addition to them, Cao and Blom introduced multi-element airfoil optimization via genetic algorithm [15]. The study of Jones, Crossley, and Lyrintzis can also be given an example of multi-disciplinary study in terms of aerodynamic and aero acoustic optimization of airfoils via a parallel genetic algorithm [16]. Although genetic algorithms are robust and have high fidelity they would be sometimes extremely expensive when each evaluation of the cost function requires intensive computation, as is the case in aerodynamic

problems, mainly computational fluid dynamics calculations. However, there are different ways of accelerating and improving the performance of the genetic algorithms. These are multi-processing, using of improved genetic operations, and a hybridization of genetic algorithm with other algorithms like gradientbased algorithm, artificial intelligent, and fuzzy algorithm. Because of independent cost function calculations genetic algorithms are completely proper methods for full parallel processing. In addition to this ability, there is no any limitation of computer number for parallel processing as it is in computational fluid dynamics, mainly, because of grid block number limitation. Doorly and Peiro studied a parallel genetic algorithm for aerodynamic optimization [17]. Hybridization is also other recent popular application. Vicini and Quagliarella coupled a genetic algorithm with a gradient-based optimization routine and applied to aerodynamic shape design problems [18]. Tse and Chan developed a hybrid method which couples micro genetic algorithm and artificial network methodologies for airfoil design and optimization problem [19]. The other way is to use an improved genetic operator for more efficient genetic algorithm. De Falco and his co-workers developed breeder genetic algorithm which makes faster convergence for aerodynamic design and optimization [20]. Hacioglu improved a new mutation technique for more efficient genetic algorithm and named vibrational genetic algorithm (VGA) which is also applicable for other optimization problems [21]. De Falco and his team have also introduced a new mutation operator called Mijn to get faster convergence and shorter computational time [22]. In this article, the use of improved genetic operator, mainly vibrational mutation technique, is emphasized for the purpose of accelerating the genetic algorithm. As mentioned before, in inverse design of 2-D airfoil problem, the pressure distribution is known or predicted and the geometry of the airfoil is investigated. Within the article, In the first test case, NACA 0012 airfoil is selected as the test airfoil and the Cp distribution of this airfoil under subsonic flow conditions is chosen as the target distribution. In the second test case, NACA 4412 airfoil is selected as the second test airfoil and the Cp distribution of this airfoil under transonic flow conditions is chosen as the second target distribution. GA and VGA are selected to investigate the airfoil shapes which generate the predicted pressure distributions. After each algorithm run, the results based on fitness values are compared.

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Inverse Design of 2-D Airfoil Via Vibrational Genetic Algorithm

2.

METHODOLOGY

As a stochastic method, genetic algorithm (GA) is an emergent optimization algorithm mimicking of the natural evolution, where a biological population evolves over generations to adapt to an environment by selection, recombination, and mutation. When GA is applied to optimization problems, fitness, individual, and genes usually correspond to an objective function value, a design candidate, and design variables, respectively. In genetic algorithms, accumulated information is explored by the selection mechanism, while new regions of the search space are explored by means of genetic operators such as crossover and mutation operators. One of the key features of the GAs is that they search from multiple points in design space, instead of moving from a single point. Furthermore, these methods work on function evaluations alone and do not require derivatives or gradients of the objective function. These features lead to the advantages such as robustness, suitability to parallel computing, and simplicity. Owing to these advantages over the analytical methods, GAs have become increasingly popular in a broad class of design problems [23]. The Vibrational Genetic Algorithm (VGA) is a kind of genetic algorithm which is mainly based on a vibration concept. It is well defined in [24, 25, and 26]. By periodically applying a vibrational mutation operator to all genes of the whole population, individuals are spread out through the design space. Therefore, it becomes possible to escape from local optimums and then to obtain a global optimum quickly. Although vibrational mutation operator causes high mutation rate resulted in the disturbances of the individuals randomly, elitism concept lets the design process stay on the right path. On the other hand, wide spreading makes it possible to use a small population size for the genetic process. Surface Representation and Initial Population In an aerodynamic optimization problem the optimum design is an unknown shape, and the performance of the optimization process partly depends on how well the geometry representation method can approach the optimum shape [27]. On the other hand, at the beginning of the optimization, a GA needs a group of initial population (probable solutions). First way consists of using randomly produced solutions formed by a random number generator. In article test cases, the initial population for inverse design process is created by using a random number generator operator under the consideration of real coded encoding. Each curve is represented by Bezier curves defined as follows:

x(t ) =
y (t ) =

i =0
m

i C m t i (1 t )

m i

xi

i =0

i C m t i (1 t )

m i

yi

(3)

i Cm =

m! i! (m i )!

where t is the parameter of the curve whose values vary uniformly between [0, 1]. The (xi, yi) are the coordinates of the control points which define the curve coordinates (x(t), y(t)). m is the total number of control points (the total number of genes) in the chromosome. In test cases, curves are governed by 10 control points. Two control points of them are known points such as leading edge and trailing edge. So, the total unknown number of control points is 8. The sample initial population is given in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Sample initial population curves Fitness Function and CFD Solvers Once an aerodynamic shape representation is defined, a numerical optimization method coupled with a suitable flow analysis tool (flow solver) is used to find a solution [28]. Two types of CFD solvers are used in this article. These solvers are 2-D vortex-panel solver for incompressible, inviscid, subsonic flows and 2-D full potential solver for inviscid, compressible, transonic flows. The fitness function i (fitness value) for ith individual among population is defined by: 1 i =
Fi ( y) Fi ( y) =
upper

(cpur cpui )2 ds +

lower

(cpl r cpli )2 ds

cpru : upper reference pressure coefficient cpiu : upper pressure coefficient value of ith individual cprl : lower reference pressure coefficient cpil : lower pressure coefficient value of ith individual

(4)

The fitness ratio Fri is defined by:

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Inverse Design of 2-D Airfoil Via Vibrational Genetic Algorithm

Fri =

i
i =1

.p

(5)
Target Pressure Distribution Initial Population Reproduction Continuous Curve Creation CFD Calculation

p : population number

Reproduction Phase After fitness value evaluations, the algorithm goes through the reproduction phase. Reproduction phase contains crossover and mutation applications. For VGA case, an affined combination crossover is taken into consideration under the descriptions which are below:
1 + 2 = 1 1 = t.u 0.5
0 u 1

(6) (7)

Fitness Value Calculation

x1' = 1 x1 + 2 x2 x = 2 x1 + 1 x2
' 2

Convergence Y Stop

N Selection

where t is experimentally determined value, x1 and x2 are the previous gene values, x`1 and x`2 are the next generation gene values. The vibrational mutation operator is defined by 3.
y = y 1 + ga ( 0.5 u ) m = 1,...., n
m i m i

Figure 2. Flowchart for both genetic algorithms. RESULTS

i = 1,...., gn 0 u 1

(8)

where yim is the ith gene of the mth individual of the population; gn is the chromosome length (total gene number of a chromosome); n is the total number of individuals in the population (population size), and ga is a vibration factor which is described as:

ga = ge.

(9)

Within results title, conventional genetic algorithm with conventional mutation operator and vibrational genetic algorithm with vibrational mutation operator are compared under the considerations of fitness values for two different cases. In the first case, NACA 0012 airfoil is selected as the target airfoil shape and the Cp distribution of this airfoil under subsonic flow conditions is chosen as the target pressure distribution. In the second test case, NACA 4412 airfoil is selected as the second test airfoil shape and the Cp distribution of this airfoil under transonic flow conditions is chosen as the second target pressure distribution. GA and VGA are selected to investigate the airfoil shapes which generate the predicted pressure distributions. After each algorithm run, the results based on fitness values are compared. TEST CASE I NACA 0012 Subsonic Flow Reference Curve and CFD Solver For the first inverse design application, NACA 0012 symmetric airfoil is selected. The number of points of reference curve is kept high for the precision of fitness value. The pressure coefficient distribution of reference airfoil is shown in Figure 3. Cp distribution is calculated by using linear vortex panel solver which is applicable for subsonic flows under 0.3 Mach number.

here ge is a multiplier of the magnitude of the vibration such as scale factor; t is the measure of the best fitness in the tth generation. Program Structure The flowchart for the genetic algorithm within inverse design process is given in Figure 2. Within reproduction phase, there are two sub steps which are cross-over and mutation steps. The difference between conventional GA and VGA is only the mutation operator. Cross-over operator is the same for both genetic algorithms.

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Inverse Design of 2-D Airfoil Via Vibrational Genetic Algorithm

The program display of an example run of inverse design process is illustrated in Figure 4.
Lower and upper surfaces

Figure 3. Reference curve Conventional Genetic Algorithm The results for conventional genetic algorithm based on conventional mutation operator are tabulated in Table 1. Table 1. Bezier based results for low population GA.
Population number : 20 Maximum generation : 100 Run Average fitness value 1 143.24 2 59.11 3 20.84 4 58.46 5 43.23 6 31.62 7 56.85 8 46.13 9 24.14 10 87.65 Average of average 57.12 fitness Maximum average 143.24 fitness Minimum average 20.84 fitness Control point number : 9 Mutation percentage : %1 Elite fitness value 160.72 60.32 21.25 59.81 46.54 35.29 67.38 50.34 27.23 95.11 Average of elite 62.39 fitness Maximum elite 160.72 fitness Minimum elite 21.25 fitness

Figure 4. Program display for VGA application Comparison of Conventional GA VGA The compared results are tabulated in Table 3. Table 3. Comparison of results
Method Conventional GA Vibrational GA Average of average fitness 57.12 290.67 comparison 508 % higher Average of elite fitness 62.39 396.39 comparison 635 % higher

Vibrational Genetic Algorithm The results for vibrational genetic algorithm based on vibrational mutation operator are tabulated in Table 2. Table 2. Bezier based results for low population VGA.
Population number : 20 Maximum generation : 100 Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average fitness value 550.19 108.26 292.64 161.14 371.42 173.03 171.8 181.04 721.29 175.89 Control point number : 9 frequency 5 amplitude 10 Elite fitness value 732.29 136.95 399.38 235.61 479.03 220.5 242.74 243.24 1011.89 262.3

According to the average of elite fitness values for low population rate, the vibrational genetic algorithm is obviously 635 % more efficient than the conventional genetic algorithm. The average of average fitness value based on vibrational genetic algorithm is 508 % more efficient than the average of average fitness value based on conventional genetic algorithm. TEST CASE II NACA 4412 Transonic Flow Reference Curve and CFD Solver For the second inverse design application, NACA 4412 asymmetric airfoil is selected. As it is in the first application, the number of points of reference curve is kept high for the precision of fitness value. The pressure coefficient distribution of reference airfoil is shown in Figure 5. Cp distribution is calculated by using full potential flow solver. The CFD program uses elliptic partial differential equation solution method to generate the structural grid around the airfoil. It solves the Laplace equation in accordance with given boundary conditions at the profile points. The Algebraic equation set is solved by using Successive over Relaxation (SOR) method. The produced grid structure around NACA 4412 is given in Figure 6.

Average of average fitness Maximum average fitness Minimum average fitness

290.67 721.29 108.26

Average of elite fitness Maximum elite fitness Minimum elite fitness

396.39 1011.89 136.95

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Inverse Design of 2-D Airfoil Via Vibrational Genetic Algorithm

Vibrational Genetic Algorithm

Lower and Upper surface

The results for vibrational genetic algorithm of low population rate based on vibrational mutation operator are tabulated in Table 5. Table 5. Bezier curve based results for VGA.
Population number : 20 Maximum generation : 100 Control point number : 7 frequency 5 amplitude 5 Angle of Attack : 0 Elite fitness value 948.8 2738.02 1016.83 745.45 617.45 1500.33 2173.59 864.99 1251.56 894.44 Average of elite fitness Maximum elite fitness Minimum elite fitness

Figure 5. Reference curve

Figure 6. Grid structure for NACA 4412 Within the program, the flux values are calculated by using a cell-centered finite volume space discretization method on a structured O-mesh and Roe flux difference splitting method. The steady state solution is reached by pseudo-time marching the Euler equations using an explicit six-stage Runge-Kutta scheme. Conventional Genetic Algorithm The results for conventional genetic algorithm based on conventional mutation operator are tabulated in Table 4. Table 4. Bezier curve based results for GA.
Population number : 20 Maximum generation : 100 Run Average fitness value 1 541.16 2 403.51 3 306.39 4 252.75 5 409.59 6 222.05 7 325.81 8 147.36 9 192.05 10 270.56 Average of 307.123 average fitness Maximum 541.16 average fitness Minimum 147.36 average fitness Control point number :7 Mutation percentage : %1 Elite fitness value 565.99 464.4 376.98 276.89 441.91 318.89 335.06 172.35 214.04 287.74 Average of elite fitness Maximum elite fitness Minimum elite fitness

Mach number : 0.75 Run Average fitness value 1 675.37 2 2225.00 3 808.66 4 640.09 5 445.70 6 1192.79 7 1794.52 8 718.60 9 900.69 10 654.56 Average of 1005.59 average fitness Maximum 2225 average fitness Minimum 445.70 average fitness

1275.14 2738.02 617.45

The geometric situation for the inverse design process is illustrated in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Program display for VGA Comparison of Conventional GA VGA The comparison of the results is tabulated in Table 6.
345.42 565.99 172.35

Table 6. Comparison of results

Method Conventional GA Vibrational GA Average of average fitness 307.12 1005.59 comparison 327 % higher Average of elite fitness 345.42 1275.14 comparison 345 % higher

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Inverse Design of 2-D Airfoil Via Vibrational Genetic Algorithm

According to the average of elite fitness values for low population rate, the vibrational genetic algorithm is obviously 345 % more efficient than the conventional genetic algorithm. The average of average fitness value based on vibrational genetic algorithm is 327 % more efficient than the average of average fitness value based on conventional genetic algorithm. 4. CONCLUSION

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Jameson A., Essential Elements of Computational Algorithms for Aerodynamic Analysis and Design, NASA/CR-97-206268, December 1997, ICASE Report No. 97-68, p. 34-35 Jameson A., Kim S., Shankaran S., Leoviriyakit K., Aerodynamic Shape Optimization: Exploring the Limits of Design, Proceedings Of Ksas03 Ksas 1st International Sessions n 2003 Fall Conference, Gyeongju/Korea, November 1415, 2003, p. 2 Ibid, p. 3-5 Baysal O., Eleshaky M. E., Aerodynamic Sensitivity Analysis Methods for the Compressible Euler Equations, Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 113, No 4, 1991, pp. 681-688. Baysal O., Eleshaky M. E., Aerodynamic Design Optimization Using Sensitivity Analysis and Computational Fluid Dynamics, AIAA Journal, Vol. 30, No 3, 1992, pp. 718-725. Jameson A., Aerodynamic Design via Control Theory, Journal of Scientific Computing, 3:233-260, 1988. Jameson A., Computational aerodynamics for aircraft design, Science, 245:361-371, July 1989. Wang, X., Damodaran, M. and Lee, S. L., Inverse Transonic Airfoil Design Using Parallel Simulated Annealing and Computational Fluid Dynamics, AIAA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 4, 2002. Wang, X. and Damodaran, M., Aerodynamic Shape Optimization Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Parallel Simulated Annealing Algorithms, AIAA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 8, 2001. Rai, M. M. and Madavan, N. K., Aerodynamic Design Using Neural Networks, AIAA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2000. Obayashi, S. and Takanashi, S., Genetic Optimization of Target Pressure Distributions for Inverse Design Methods, Proc. 12th AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conf., San Diego, 1995. Quagliarella, D. and Cioppa, A. D., Genetic Algorithms Applied to the Aerodynamic Design of Transonic Airfoil, Proc. 12th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Colorado Springs, AIAA-94-1896-CP, s. 686693, 1994.

[4]

In this article, the use of improved genetic operator is studied. The vibration concept, which is proposed to accelerate EA, and the resulting vibrational genetic algorithm (VGA) are reviewed, improved and evaluated via two different applications. The first is the inverse design of a 2-D airfoil by using panel solver as a CFD solver, and the second is the inverse design of a 2-D airfoil by using full potential flow solver as a CFD solver Within inverse design, in Bezier curve representation based modeling, according to the fitness values which are computed by using panel solver for low population rate, the vibrational genetic algorithm is about 550 % more efficient than the conventional genetic algorithm. According to the fitness values which are computed by using full potential flow solver, Bezier curve based vibrational genetic algorithm for low population rate is 300 % more efficient than Bezier curve based conventional genetic algorithm. The efficiency is clearly higher in low population rates. Vibrational mutation operator results in the diversity within population during the reproduction process. Therefore, vibrational mutation technique is clearly an efficient technique especially in low population rates. On the other hand, the method is simple and also applicable for other engineering problems. By using proper descriptions for cost function and parameterization, the algorithm would be a good choice to solve structural, management or control problems.

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[13] 5. [1] REFERENCES Hicks, R. M., Murman, E. M. and Vanderplaats, G. N., An Assessment of Airfoil Design by Numerical Optimization, NASA TM X3092, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, 1974. Baysal O., Aerodynamic Shape Optimization: Methods and Applications, World Aviation Conference, San Francisco, CA, 1999.

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Cao, H. V., and Blom, G. A., NavierStokes/Genetic Optimization of MultiElement Airfoils, AIAA 962487, 1996. Jones B. R., Crossley W. A., Lyrintzis A. S., Aerodynamic and Aero acoustic Optimization of Airfoils via a Parallel Genetic Algorithm, Purdue University, 1998. Doorly, D. J. and Peiro, L., Supervised Parallel Genetic Algorithms in Aerodynamic Optimization, AIAA 97-1852, 1997. Vicini A., Quagliarella D., Airfoil And Wing Design Through Hybrid Optimization Strategies, Presented As Paper 98-2729 At The AIAA 16th Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, June 1998. Tse D. C. M., Chan Y. Y. L., Application of Micro Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks for Airfoil Design Optimization, RTO-AVT Symposium on Aerodynamic Design and Optimization of Flight Vehicles in a Concurrent Multi-disciplinary Environment, Canada, 1999, RTO MP-35. De Falco I., Cioppa, A. D., Balio, R. D., and Tarantino, E., Breeder Genetic Algorithms for Airfoil Design Optimization, IEEE Int. Conf. on Evolutionary Computing, Nagoya, Japan, 1996. Hacioglu A., Using Genetic Algorithm in Aerodynamic Design and Optimization, Ph. D. Thesis, Technical University of Istanbul, 2003. De Falco I., Cioppa, A. D., Lazzetta, A. and Tarantino, E., Mijn Mutation Operator for Airfoil Design Optimization, Soft Computing in Engineering Design and Manufacturing, Springer Verlag, 1998, p. 211-220 Holland J. H., Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, the University of Michigan Press, 1975, p. 21-22. Cheng R., Gen M., Genetic Algorithms and Engineering Optimization, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2000, p. 3 Ibid., p. 7-9 Holland J. H., p. 97-98 Wu H-Y., Yang S., Liu F., Comparison Of Three Geometric Representations Of Airfoils For Aerodynamic Optimizations, AIAA 2003-4095, 2003, p. 2 Nemec M., Optimal Shape Design of Aerodynamic Configurations: A NewtonKrylov Approach, Ph. D. Thesis, University Of Toronto, 2003, p. 17

VITAE Y. Volkan PEHLIVANOGLU He obtained his B.S degree from Aeronautical Engineering Department at Istanbul Technical University (ITU) in 1993, B. S. S degree from International Relations Department at Istanbul University (IU) in 1998, M.S degree from Aerospace Engineering Department at Old Dominion University (ODU in USA) and ASTIN in 2006. His research interests are computational fluid dynamics, computer aided design (CAD) and software, design and optimization methods.

[16]

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[18]

Abdurrahman HACIOGLU He obtained his BS and MS degrees from Aeronautical Engineering Department at Istanbul Technical University (ITU) and Middle East Technical University in 1991 and 1997, respectively. He received his PhD degree in Aeronautical Engineering Department at ITU in 2003. He has been working in the Department of Aeronautical Engineering at Turkish Air Force Academy since 1998. His research interests are fluid mechanics, computational fluid dynamics, and optimization methods.

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