Test 1: Evolution 1) The term evolution can be defined in two ways.

The broad definition says that all life has common ancestry. What would be a narrower definition? Small changes in the genetic composition between generations 2) The development of specific characteristics to make an organism able to survive an environment was defined by Darwin as survival of the fittest, also known as: Natural selection 3) The formation of similar characteristics within populations of different lineages is called: Convergent evolution 4) Changes in the physical appearance of an individual will not be passed on to future generations because changes require _____ to occur. Genetic variation 5) A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area that inbreed to produce fertile offspring is called a: Population 6) The bottleneck effect is often driven by: Natural events that randomly eliminate portions of the population 7) The transfer of genetic alleles into or out of a population by movement of fertile individuals or gametes is described as: Gene flow 8) The selection of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism that pushes to eliminate the recessive allele would be described as: Directional selection 9) Evolutionary theory suggests that reproductive success is primary for selection. This is evidenced by: Sexual dimorphism 10) The term speciation refers to: The splitting of one species into two 11) An example of post-zygotic barriers to reproductive isolation is: Hybrid infertility 12) The combination of two gametes from genetically different species will create: A hybrid 13) Separation of organism by mountain ranges, which develop into separate species form a common ancestral base is an example of: Allopatric speciation 14) Ancient remains of organisms that are used to identify the path by which a species developed are called: Fossils 15) The primary difference between microevolution and macroevolution is: The scale of the change Test 2: 1) The four elements primarily associated with life are: - Carbon - Oxygen - Hydrogen - Nitrogen 2) Water molecules have a _______, which helps make life possible. Polar covalent bond 3) The simplest form of a material with atoms of all the same atomic number is called: An element 4) Protein structures that are composed of two separate polypeptide components are called: Secondary 5) The characteristic of water wanting to stay with itself is called: Cohesion 6) The primary source of energy (fuel) for cells is a compound with three phosphate groups called: Adenosine triphosphate

7) The surface tension of water is caused by a weak: Hydrogen bond 8) The normal pH of the human is 7.4. On the pH scale, this would be considered: Slightly basic 9) The combination of three fatty acid and a glycerol forms: Tricylglycerol 10) The cell membrane is composed of material with two antithetical (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) end called: Phospholipids 11) Carbon compounds are special because: - They can form four covalent bonds - They can form double covalent bonds - They can form chains of infinite links 12) The transfer of water to the leaves of plant takes place because of: Waters cohesion 13) A long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds called: A polymer 14) Solution with high concentrations of hydroxide ions are called: Bases 15) Fuel stored in fat is difficult to obtain energy from because: Fat is not water soluble 16) The five carbon sugar found in DNA is called: Deoxribose 17) Proteins are made from a variety of how many amino acids? Twenty 18) The primary story and usable energy in animals is called: Glycogen 19) The peptide bond is formed by the loss of: Water 20) The nucleotide bases in DNA are thymine, cytosine, adenine, and: Guanine 21) The material that is dissolved in a solution is called the: Solute 22) A biological catalyst is also known as: An enzyme 23) The carboxyl group is commonly called: Carboxylic acids 24) Fats with the maximum hydrogen atoms attached to them are called: Saturated fats 25) The breaking down of a chemical bond by adding water is called: Hydrolysis 26) The hydroxyl group is responsible for the formation of: Alcohols 27) The elements that are necessary for the survival of life are called: Essential elements 28) Ionic compounds are formed when two elements: Gain and lose electrons 29) Plant polysaccharides like cellulose are: - Too complex to be used as a food source for animals - Serve a structural function in parts of the plant - Tend to have very limited solubility in water 30) The energy needed to heat 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius is called a: Calorie (not calorie) Test 3: The Cell 1) The individual structures of a cell are generally called __________ as a group.

Organelles 2) The finger-like structures that make up the interior of the mitochondrion are called: Cristae 3) Plant cells that are full of water are said to be: Turgid 4) The membrane potential along nerves cells is created by the: Sodium-potassium pump 5) The production of protein is associated with what structures on the rough ER? Ribosomes 6) The structure of the cell is tied to a protein matrix called the: Cytoskeleton 7) The phospholipid is both water loving and water hating, which is also called: Amphipathic 8) The so called powerhouse of the cell is called the: Mitochondrion 9) The diffusion of any substance will take place along the: Concentration gradient 10) The final processing of proteins takes place in the: Transport vesicles 11) Red blood cells when placed in distilled water will explode from: Over-filling with water 12) Cells that have defined organelles and a nucleus are called: Eukaryotes 13) Protein production and detoxification take place in the: Endoplasmic reticulum 14) Simple cells what have no membrane bound nucleus are called: Prokaryotes 15) Cell movement by the flow of the cytoplasm is called: Cytoplasmic streaming 16) The movement of materials into and out of cells without energy input is generally described as: Passive transport 17) High magnification of cells is best accomplished using: An electron microscope 18) Osmosis acts to balance ion concentration by the movement of: Water 19) The spreading of a smell takes place by a means of: Diffusion 20) The organelle in plants that absorbs light to produce sugar is called the: Chloroplast 21) A solution that has a higher concentration than the area around it is said to be: Hypertonic 22) The rigid barrier found around plant cells is called the: Cell wall 23) The plasma membrane model is called the: Fluid mosaic model 24) The protein molecules that freely allow water to move through the membrane are called: Aquaporins 25) The double membrane around the nucleus is also called the: Nuclear envelope 26) The tonicity of solutions is the driving force for: Osmosis 27) The cell membrane is a stable barrier because it is composed of proteins and: A phospholipid bilayer 28) A balanced ion concentration between cells and their surroundings is said to be: Isotonic

29) The genetic materials of cells in their condensed form are called: Chromosomes 30) The taking of materials (water, food) by the cell forming new vesicles of the plasma membrane is called: - Phagocytosis: cell eating - Pinocytosis: cell drinking - Endocytosis: cell ingesting

Test 4: Cell Energy 1) The process f a plant cell absorbing light to produce sugar is called: Photosynthesis 2) The breakdown of materials to gain fuel for cell function is called: Metabolism 3) The anaerobic process that breaks down glucose to make ATP and pyruvic acid is called: Glycolysis 4) CAM plants store acid to drive photosynthesis. An example would be: Cacti 5) What we see as a color of plant leaves is the light _______ by the leaf. Reflected 6) The compounds that act to increase the rate of reaction are called: Enzymes, biological enzymes, or catalysts 7) The fuel product of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration is: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 8) The term used to describe a reaction giving off energy is: Exergenic reaction 9) An organism that can produce fuel with or without oxygen present is said to be: Facultative anaerobe 10) The formation of glucose from CO2 in photosynthesis is called: Carbon fixation 11) Cells that can produce their own food from simpler materials are called: Autotrophs 12) An anaerobic process that results in products like alcohol is called: Fermentation 13) The slowing of metabolic processes by mimicking the characteristic of the substrate is described as: Competitive inhibition 14) The gaining of electrons by an atom is a chemical process called: Reduction 15) The electron carrier used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP is: NADH 16) Chlorophyll molecules absorb light to drive photosynthesis in the: Light harvesting complex 17) Orange colored photo-pigments in the plant cells are called: Carotenoid 18) The complete breakdown of glucose is associated mainly with what structure of the cell? Mitochondria 19) Energy that is not being used but is available can be transferred for use is described as: Potential energy 20) Plants that produce a three carbon molecule that is converted into glucose are called: C3 plants 21) The removal of electrons from atoms is called: Oxidation 22) The formations of more complex materials are commonly called _____ processes. Anabolic 23) Reactions that convert free energy into stored energy are called: Endergonic

24) The organelle used to absorb light in photosynthesis is the: Chloroplast 25) The first step in the two photosystems is: Photosystem II 26) Materials that act to slow down or stop metabolic reactions are called: Inhibitors 27) The final transformation of NADH and FADH to ATP takes place in: The electron transport chain 28) The metabolism of glucose into ATP using oxygen is called: Aerobic respiration 29) The process of Glycolysis uses __ ATP to produce __ ATP for a net of __ ATP. 2, 4, 2 30) What color of light is not absorbed by most leaves? Green Test 5: Cell Reproduction 1) The process of cell division takes place in a process called: Mitosis 2) The condensed DNA structure formed during cell division are called: Chromosomes (chromatin is uncondensed, unfolded DNA) 3) Changes that take place during cell division are described as: Variations 4) The number of chromosomes found in a cell is called the cells ________. Karyotype 5) The phase of the cell cycle that involves the replication of the DNA is the: S phase 6) The scheduled death of cells is commonly called: Apoptosis 7) The communication between cells using chemical requires that the cell being signaled can accept the signal with a membrane structure called _____. A receptor 8) The movement of chromosomes during cell division is facilitated by fibers called the _______. Spindle 9) The process of cell division is followed by the splitting of the celled called: Cytokinesis 10) The fold in the animal cell membrane that splits the cell is called the: Cleavage furrow 11) Cells that no longer complete the cell cycle with mitosis are said to be in ______. G0 12) The control of growth in cells associated with the density of the growth is called: Contact inhibition 13) The gametes that are resultant from meiosis have half the normal karyotype, also called: Haploid 14) Chemicals that act as the means of communication between cells in the body are: Hormones 15) Uncontrolled neoplastic growth that threatens the wellbeing of the organism is called: A malignant tumor 16) The division of a plant cell requires a new cell wall to form, called the: Cell plate 17) The final stage in cell communication is the action/event triggered in a cell called the: Response 18) The alignment of the chromosomes in the middle of the cell happen during: Metaphase 19) The structure in meiotic cells that supports crossing over is the: Synaptonemal complex

20) The unpaired chromosomes are referred to as: Autosomes 21) The spreading of uncontrolled growth of cells is referred to as: Metastasis 22) The formation of haploid gametes takes place in the process of: Meiosis 23) Reproduction without the combining of sex cells is called: Asexual reproduction 24) The initial growth of cells in the cell cycle after mitosis occurs during which phase? G1 25) Bacteria slit into identical copies through a process called: Binary fission 26) The region of the centromere associated with the movement of the chromosomes is called the: Kinetochore 27) A neoplastic growth like a wart is a simple example of a _____ tumor: Benign 28) The final phase of cell division when chromosomes reach the poles is called: Telophase 29) The process of meiosis goes through two divisions with which phase being the longest? Prophase I (when crossing over occurs) 30) The process of sexual reproduction is important to organisms because it: - Allows for variations within a species - Provides benefits to survival - Increases the likelihood of change Test 6: Genetics 1) The parents in a genetic cross are commonly identified as the ___ generation. P 2) The section of DNA responsible for the coding of specific characteristics is a __. Gene 3) The structure of SNA was identified in 1953 to be a ______. Double helix 4) The conversion of DNA into RNA is a process called ______. Transcription 5) The portion of the DNA that is being copied toward the replication fork is called the_______. Leading strand 6) The pairing of nucleotides will always be arranged as _________. Purine to pyrimidine 7) On tRNA the triplet of nitrogenous bases that codes for the amino acid that is carries is the _______. Anticodon 8) An offspring that has both dominant and recessive genetic materials is called: Heterozygous 9) Genetic conditions that are tied to the X or Y chromosome are called _____ traits. Sex linked 10) A genetic disorder that is linked to the nondisjunction of chromosome 21 is ____. Down syndrome 11) The triplet of nucleotides on mRNA that codes for each amino acid is called the: Codon 12) Darkly stained material in the nucleus is called _________. Heterochromatin 13) Change in the DNA that results in no change in the protein produced is a _____ mutation. Silent 14) The physical characteristics of an organism are described as: Phenotype

15) The structure of DNA is a double helix with a purine and pyrimidine linking the two sugar phosphate strands. The two linked nucleotides are composed of _____ carbon rings. 3 16) The replication of DNA occurs at many points along the strand because it _____ Has a 5 to 3 elongation 17) Using a punnet square you would expect a proportion of ___ homozygous dominant offspring from a cross of a homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parent. 0 18) The DNA strand forming from 5 to 3 is called the: Leading strand 19) A genetic characteristic coded by multiple genes is called: Polygenic inheritance 20) A genetic disease common in the inbreeding of the European royal families is: Hemophilia 21) The genetic code is important to inheritance because it codes for _____. Proteins 22) The formation of protein (polypeptides) from mRNA is called _______. Translation 23) The site on the ribosome where amino acids are attached to a forming polypeptide chain is the _____ site. A 24) Mutation that involves the shifting of genetic materials to a new non-homolocous chromosome is: Translocation 25) The group of offspring representing the second generation from a testcross is the ___ generation. F2 26) The testcross that will indicate the genotype of a n unknown parent type will be ________. Homozygous recessive 27) The trisomy of a chromosome is caused by a condition called ______. Nondisjunction 28) The point mutation that will be exposed as a new different protein is a ____ mutation. Missense 29) The enzyme that is responsible for the separation of the DNA so it can replicate is called: Helicase 30) The Austrian monk who first suggested that genetic characteristics were passed on in a predicable fashion and tested to prove it was: George Mendel