TITLE : URINALYSIS OBJECTIVES : 1. To determine the physical properties of urine including colour, smell and levels of clarity. 2.

To determine the urines specific gravity. 3. To use simple urinalysis method in identifying some nutrient present in urine. INTRODUCTION : Urinalysis can reveal diseases that have gone unnoticed because they do not produce striking signs or symptoms. Examples include diabetes mellitus, various forms of glomerulonephritis, and chronic urinary tract infections. The most cost-effective device used to screen urine is a paper or plastic dipstick. This microchemistry system has been available for many years and allows qualitative and semiquantitative analysis within one minute by simple but careful observation. The color change occurring on each segment of the strip is compared to a color chart to obtain results. Characteristics of normal urine: i. Quantity: The quantity averages 750 to 2000 ml in daily. It may vary with the amount of fluid taken. In fact it is linked with the protein metabolism; higher is the protein intake higher will be the urinary output since the urea produced from the protein needs to be flushed out from the body. Higher is the urea production in the body, the higher is the volume of urine to excrete it. ii. Color: The color should be clear pale amber without any deposits. However, a light flocculent cloud of mucus may sometimes be seen floating in the normal urine. iii. Specific gravity: It varies from 1.015 to 1.025. Specific gravity is determined with urinometer. iv. v. Odor: The odor is aromatic. Reaction: The reaction of normal urine is slightly acidic with an average pH of 6.0.

The basic tests with impregnated reagent strips. The distick that used has several pads on it to allow us to evaluate several chemicals in supernatant of the urine. The colour will change and being compared. i. ii. iii. iv. v. RESULT: a) For urinalysis. Specific gravity. = 1.015 URINE DIPSTICK SCREENING. PROPERTIES Haemoglobin Erytocytes Urobilinogen Bilirubin Ketone Glucose Protein Nitrogen Leucocyte pH Specific Gravity RESULTS 0 Negative Normal Negative Negative Normal 1+30(0,3) Negative 2+(9.75) 5 1.30/1.020 Glucose. (0.01% to 0.03% is acceptable) Ketone Blood (normally no blood) Protein (>30 mg indicates protenia) pH (normally 6.0)

DISCUSSION: In this experiment, there are 2 parts that has been carried out, which is specific gravity(SG) and urine distick screening. For specific gravity, I have obtained 1.015 which is the normal range of SG value (1.015-1.025). This shows that I have healthy kidney. The normal kidney can adjust changes which occur from eating foods and and drinks by increasing or decreasing urine output while in kidney disorder, this did not happen and the concentration remains constant. So, having a good and healthy food are important to keep our kidney functioning properly. Moreover, there are fatal diseases that affect our health if the SG value low or high from the range provided. For low SG value, that person may be in diabetes insipidus while for high value of SG may be occurring in diabetes mellitus. For the second part, distick screening, I used to test urine pH, protein, glucose, ketone and others. First for bilirubin, I have obtained negative result. Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in bile, a fluid produced by the liver. This article discusses the laboratory test to measure the amount of bilirubin in the urine. Large amounts of bilirubin in the body can lead to jaundice. Bilirubin is not normally found in the urine. So, the abnormal results may be due to biliary tract disease, cirrhosis, hepatitis and liver disease. For urobilinogen, I have obtained normal value of urobilinogen. The urobilinogen test detects impaired liver function by measuring urine levels of urobilinogen, the colorless, watersoluble product that results from the reduction of bilirubin by intestinal bacteria. Absent or altered urobilinogen levels can indicate hepatic damage or dysfunction. Increased urine urobilinogen levels may indicate hemolysis of red blood cells For glucose, my reading is normal. Normal urine has no glucose because the kidney does not waste essential nutrients. Moreover, before I do the experiment, I dont have a breakfast which is indicates me as a fasting. So, the determination of glucose in urine is more accurate, however, if someone has the level of 0.01-0.03% it is still acceptable, since this level is too low to read with the lab stick. The higher present of glucose may cause diabetes mellitus. So, in order to decrease the amount of glucose, people must be ware about the food intake that contain high glucose. A regular exercises is also good in order to body to use the glucose in the body.

For ketone, I have obtained negative. So, this show that I am normal. When ketones are present in the urine , the results are usually listed as small, moderate, or large with these corresponding values. Small;(<20mg/dL), moderate;(30-40mg/dL) and large;(>80mg/dL). Ketones are the end-product of rapid or excessive fatty-acid breakdown. The examples of ketones are acetoacetic acid, acetone and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Ketone will be present in the urine when the ketones in the blood go above a certain level. The positive test may indicate abnormal nutritional conditions such as Anorexia, fasting, and starvation. Plus, disorder of increased metabolism such as acute or severe illness,burns, fever and hyperthyroidism. Metabolism abnormalities like uncontrolled diabetes are also may occur. Therefore, special diets can change test results.for examples, a diet low in carbohydrates and high in protein and fat can raise ketone levels in the blood, which can enter the urine. Moreover, some drugs, including glucocorticoids, can cause false positive measurement. Then, for haemoglobin and erythrocyte I have obtained 0 and negative reading respectively. This shows the normal reading for a healthy person. Usually the haemoglobin and erythrocyte will show the positive results from menstruating females. Since its not during my menstrual cycle so, it is obey that I have the negative result. Moreover, one who have posite result may indicative of Hematuria, Hemaglobinuria or Myoglobinuria. Further action required if high blood values are found in urine, the patient can try to see the doctor or also check urine for pH,leukocytes and protein in order to ensure that he/she has health problems. Next, it is about the presence of leukocytes. My leukocyte shows 2+(9.75). It seems a big reading. But based on the overall results its look like I am a healthy person, so I have indicates that my urine is contaminate. The leukocytes may be caused by the fluid of vagina that include in the urine during the procedure of taking the urine. Therefore, for the people that are going to taking the experiment, they should wash their vagina properly, before collect the urine. There are also, the serious effect for present of leukocytes such as, kidney infections, cystitis, and a blockage in the urinary system can also result in this cases. Treatment for leukocytes in urine primarily depends on the cause of the infection. However, a course of antibiotics works well in clearing up the infection. By avoiding the above mentioned situations, if at all possible, one can surely prevent UTI and the presence of extra white blood cells in urine to fight the infection itself. But if the infection becomes extremely severe, it's recommended to consult a doctor for

necessary treatment and in some cases hospitalization is also required.

For protein, I have obtained1+30(0,3) which is for normal person it should be negative. Since I had eaten a beef burger a night before the experiment, so I think thats why I got such reading.Protein in the urine is a warning sign. It may indicate kidney damage or disease or it may be a transient elevation due to an infection, medication, vigorous exercise, or emotional or physical stress. In some people, it may be present during the day and absent at night when the patient is lying down (orthostatic proteinuria). In pregnant women, elevated urine protein levels can be associated with preeclampsia. When kidney damage is present, the amount of protein present is generally associated with the severity of damage, and increasing amounts of protein over time indicate increasing damage and decreasing kidney function. Proteinuria is associated with many diseases and conditions.

Next, I have obtained 5.0 for pH reading for my urine test. So, this pH shows the acidic value . pH measurement are useful in determining metabolic or respirstory disturbances in acidbase balance. pH varies with a persons diet, tend to be more acidic in people who eat meat but more alkaline in vegetarians. So based on my resul I, maybe taking much meat than vegetables. However, the ranges from 4.8-8.0 is indicates that the individual has normal protein diet. Plus, the normal pH for urine is 6.0. therefore, I need to have more fruit and vegetables in diet, since them are more alkaloid, thus contribute to high amount of kalium, calcium and magnesium.

For Nitrite test, it shows negative value, which is indicate no bacteria present in the urine. So disease bacteria, including the lactose-positive Enterobactericeae, Staphylococcus, proteus, Salmonella and Pseudomonas are able to reduce nitrate in urine to nitrite. A positive result indicates the presence of bacteria that can affect a lot of dangerous diseases such as for low level usually indicate malnutrition and kidney problems. While for high level of creatinine usually indicate too much protein intake and increased protein breakdown.

REFERENCES: 1-Bazari H. Approach to the patient with renal disease. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 115. 2-McPherson RA, Ben-Ezra J, Zhao S. Basic examination of urine. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 21st ed. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders Company; 2006:chap 27. 3-Grges, R.; Knappe, G.; Gerl, H.; Ventz, M.; Stahl, F. (1999). "Diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: Re-evaluation of midnight plasma cortisol vs urinary free cortisol and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in a large patient group". Journal of endocrinological investigation 22 (4): 241249. 4-Kim, N. H.; Jeong, J. S.; Kwon, H. J.; Lee, Y. M.; Yoon, H. R.; Lee, K. R.; Hong, S. P. (2010). "Simultaneous diagnostic method for phenylketonuria and galactosemia from dried blood spots using high-performance liquid chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection". Journal of Chromatography B 878 (21): 18601864 5-http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003605.htm