ASAN MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ECE UNIT TEST-I 131303 ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

YEAR/SEM-II/III DATE: 16.08.2011 PART-A 92=18 MARKS 1. What is hole and electron in PN Junction Diode. The electron (symbol: e) is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge. hole is an electric charge carrier with a positive charge, equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity to the charge on the electron. 2. Define Ripple Factor. Ripple factor can be defined as the variation of the amplitude of DC (Direct current) due to improper filtering of AC power supply. it can be measured by RF = vrms / vdc 3. What is Zenar Breakdown? A reverse electric field at the junction causes a strong force to be applied on a bounded electron by the field to tear it out of its covalent bond. The new hole-electron pair which is created increases the reverse current, called zener breakdown. 4. State some applications of PN junction diode. PN junctions have been used as rectifiers in power supplies, detectors in RF,circuits, Zener diodes which are voltage regulators, clippers, LED's, PIN diodes are RF switches. 5. What is early effect? The Early effect is the variation in the width of the base in a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) due to a variation in the applied base-to-collector voltage. 6. Define Barrier Potential. The natural difference of potential that exists across a forward biased pn junction. Potential barrier is the energy inserted in order to go against the passage of electron. 7. Draw the output waveform of Half Wave Rectifier and Full Wave Rectifier. HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

8. How Depletion layer is formed PN junction diode. The 'depletion region' is so named because it is formed from a conducting region by removal of all free charge carriers, leaving none to carry a current. Understanding the depletion region is key to explaining modern semiconductor electronics: diodes, bipolar junction transistors, field-effect transistors, and variable capacitance diodes all rely on depletion region phenomena. 9. Discuss the Effect of a Temperature in PN junction diode. With increase in temperature, more minority charge carriers are produced, leading to their increased drift across the junction. As a result, equilibrium occurs at a lower barrier potential. It is found that the Vb decreases by about 2 mV/deegre celcius. PART-B 1(b)(i)What is LCD? Explain the working principle and characteristics with neat sketch. (8) A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly. They are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in. (ii)Describe the construction and characteristics of LED.(8) A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting,

automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances. 2. (a) (i) How Zenar Diode can be used as a Voltage Regulator. (8) A Zener diode is a special kind of diode which allows current to flow in the forward direction in the same manner as an ideal diode, but will also permit it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "Zener knee voltage" or "Zener voltage." The device was named after Clarence Zener, who discovered this electrical property. A conventional solid-state diode will not allow significant current if it is reverse-biased below its reverse breakdown voltage. When the reverse bias breakdown voltage is exceeded, a conventional diode is subject to high current due to avalanche breakdown. Unless this current is limited by circuitry, the diode will be permanently damaged due to overheating. In the case of a large forward bias (current in the direction of the arrow), the diode exhibits a voltage drop due to its junction built-in voltage and internal resistance. The amount of the voltage drop depends on the semiconductor material and the doping concentrations. A Zener diode exhibits almost the same properties, except the device is specially designed so as to have a greatly reduced breakdown voltage, the so-called Zener voltage. By contrast with the conventional device, a reverse-biased Zener diode will exhibit a controlled breakdown and allow the current to keep the voltage across the Zener diode close to the Zener breakdown voltage. For example, a diode with a Zener breakdown voltage of 3.2 V will exhibit a voltage drop of very nearly 3.2 V across a wide range of reverse currents. The Zener diode is therefore ideal for applications such as the generation of a reference voltage (e.g. for an amplifier stage), or as a voltage stabilizer for low-current applications. (ii)Explain the operation of series and shunt voltage regulators. (8) SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control loops. The schematic for a typical series voltage regulator is shown in figure 4-34. Notice that this regulator has a transistor (Q1) in the place of the variable resistor found in figure 4-32. Because the total load current passes through this transistor, it is sometimes called a "pass transistor." Other components which make up the circuit are the current limiting resistor (R1) and the Zener diode (CR1).

SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR Shunt Regulator shown is a DC to DC converter, with an Unregulated input DC voltage and a Regulated output DC voltage. The operational voltage of the shunt regulator will depend on the Zener diode used [CR1] and the transistor [Q1].

Transistor Q1 is an NPN transistor which needs to be able to work with the voltages used in the design. With the addition of Resistor Rs the reference input is not connected to the reference of the output [the negative terminals].

(b)Draw and explain the input characteristics and output characteristics of common emitter configuration. (16) common-emitter amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar-junction-transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage amplifier. In this circuit the base terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the collector is the output, and the emitter is common to both. A transistor circuit is said to be in common-emitter configuration if the emitter is the terminal common to both the input and the output. In the analysis of transistor circuits, the input current and output voltage are usually considered the independent variables. Thus, for the commonemitter configuration, the independent variables are the input current Ib and the output voltage Vce, while the dependent variables are the input voltage Vbe and the output current Ic. The family of input characteristic curves may therefore be described by the function f1 wherein Vbe = f1(Vce, Ib), while the family of output curves may be described by the function f2, wherein Ic = f2(Vce, Ib). The output curves corresponding to f2 are drawn with the collector-to-emitter voltage Vce as the abscissa, and the collector current Ic as the ordinate. Different output curves are generated for different values of base current Ib, which are all drawn on the same plot. Figure 1 shows an example of a common-emitter transistor circuit's Vce-Ic curves for different values of Ib.