UNIT 1 Pattern a- S+am,is, are + adj Turkey is beautiful Pattern b- S+am,is, are +NP He is a diplomat Pattern c- S+ am, is,are

+ Prep +N. I am in the university EXAMPLES a- Labor is divine. The condition is critical. Life is sweet. Understanding is mutual. b-Man is a social animal. Tourism is an industry. Learning is an endless process. Generosity is a virtue. c-The supply is above demand. The bosphorus is between Europe and Asia. Familiarity and boredom are against tourist policy. The reply is in the mail. a-The depression is dangerous. The term is short. Our lignite reserves are rich. b-Securities are stocks and bonds. Hunger is the greatest problem. Marine insurance is a specialized business. c-Two power dams are under construction . All intellectual superiority is the effort of active effort. Children are the smiling flowers of the universe

UNIT 2 VARLIK YELK KAVRAMLARI

1

Pattern a-There (is-are) + NP +Prep + N There are several solutions to the problem. Pattern b- S+ (have-has ) + NP. The problem has several solutions. Pattern c- S+(have-has) + N + Prep + N The problem has several solutions to it. EXAMPLES a-There are many trees in the garden. There are nationalistic movements all over the world. b-The garden has many trees. Underdeveloped countries have many problems. c-The garden has many trees in it. The door has three keys to it. a-There is no sign of peace in the offing . There is a misunderstanding between the partners. Is there any objection ? b-This enterprise has some risks. Each regime has its proponents and opponents. The law has some loopholes. c-zmir has a lot of historical relics around it. We have a lot in common. Do you have anything in mind?

UNIT 3 VARLIK-YELK KAVRAMLARI II HAVE-THERE BE -S,OF KAVRAMLARI Pattern a- S + (Have,has) + Object.

2

He has many supporters. Pattern b- There (is,are) + N + Prep + N. There are many warehouses at the door. Pattern c-N +s + N + be + C The directors office is very comfortable. Pattern d- N + of + N + be + C The quality of the goods is important. Pattern e- N + Prep + N + be + C. Sectors in an economy are inter-dependent. EXAMPLES a-They have only one child. This method has some drawbacks. b-There is only one child in the family. There is only one copy in our files. c-Mans needs are limited. Our customers requests are orders for us. d-The consistency of the material is thick. The rate of devaluation is low. e-The signature on the check is forged. The preamble to the bill is sound. a-We have few friends. The creditor has many interests. Turkey has extensive territorial waters. b-There is no eternal enemy in our age. There is a deficit in the balance. There is air pollution in stanbul. c-The contractors responsibility is great. The ambassadors assassination is tragic. The suretys responsibility is unquestionable. d-The properties of the debtor are on public auction. The records of the real estates are in the title deeds. Withdrawal of the foreign troops is an obligation e-The classes in some societies are in conflict. The underground resources at the continental shelf are disputable. The votes against the bill are in majority.
3

Paragraph. The results of the referendum are indisputable .Election of the president is the preference of the people .The deficit in the foreign balance of payments is transient. UNIT 4 Temel ve yardmc fiil olarak Be Fiili -dr,idi,/ -iyor, iyordu Pattern a- S + (am -is -are ) + C Wool is a farm product. Pattern b- S + (was,were ) + C The ship was ready. Pattern c- S + (am, is, are ) + V ing + C The growth rate is increasing. Pattern d- S + (was, were ) + V ing + C The demand was decreasing Examples a-A rapid improvement is not likely. Massacres are inhuman. b- Cotton and tobacco were the chief export goods. The genocide was abominable. c-The strikers are picketing. The cease fire is ending. d-The employers were locking out. The parties were negotiating.

a-Torture is disgusting. The proposal is interesting. b-The bidding was dizzying. The atmosphere was tense. c-He is betting on the favourite horse. The gap is widening. d-They were broadcasting a live program. The refugees were crossing the border.
4

Paragraph The last incident is a scandal. The entire press is denouncing the event. The parties were laying the blame on each other. Yet both parties were wrong. UNIT 5 Yapyor- yaplyor, Yapyordu- Yaplyordu Pattern a- S + (am,is, are ) + V ing + C He is filing the documents. Pattern b- Pseudo S + (am,is,are ) + Being + V 3. The documents are being filed. Pattern c- S + (was,were ) + V ing + C She was filling the blanks. Pattern d- Pseudo S + (was ,were ) + Being + V 3 The vacancies were being filled. Examples a-The doyen ambassador is retiring. She is checking out of the hotel. b-The letter of credence is being presented. The tourists are being entertained. c-The president was appointing an ambassador at large. They were restoring the castle. d-The consul was being withdrawn. The war captives were being returned.

a-Everybody is learning a second language. They are holding a secret session. The embassy is giving a reception. b- A note is being prepared. The bill is being filibustered. A vote of confidence is being petitioned. c- They were marketing some new products The Africans were fighting for their freedom. The opposition was petitioning interpellation. d-The Bastille was being evacuated. A trade fair was being organised.
5

The government was being voted out of office. Paragraph Turkey is planning to increase its exports. The exporters are being provided with many customs and tax conveniences . Our foreign debts were decreasing. New saving bonds were being issued. UNIT 6 Modal Yardmc Fiiller (Modal Auxiliaries) Pattern a) S +Modal + Inf + C George may win a scholarship. Pattern b) Ps.S + Modal + Be + V3 The project may be modified. Pattern c) S + Modal + 2. Modal + Inf + C You may have to stay up late. Pattern d) Ps.S + Modal + 2. Modal + Be + V 3 The plan may have to be changed. Examples a-We can explain the situation. We should reject the ultimatum. b-The requirements can be fulfilled. People should be treated equally. c-You will have to translate a passage. You must be going to protest. d- The debt will have to be paid. The Geneva conference may have to be reconvened.

a-A government of people for people by the people shall not perish from the earth. The judge may sentence him to life time imprisonment. People can co-exist like brothers. b-The possibilities of our country must be evaluated well. Before the defence witness, the witness for prosecution should be interrogated. Tour operators can be considered the wholesalers of the tourist industry. c-l will be able to go on leave this summer. Amnesty International may not be able convince the dictator for a general pardon. The investment will have to bring profit. d-You may not be able to satisfy the jury. The convict may be going to be executed.
6

The theses may have to be bound. Paragraph We must love our country. Our children can be taught human love. We will have to plan our economy .Otherwise it may be too late. UNIT 7 Be ve teki fiillerle Modal larn kullanl Pattern a) S + am, is are + C The payment is due Pattern b) S + am ,is, are + Ving + C The term is nearing. Pattern c) S + Modal + Inf + C The delegates will rest. Pattern d) S + Modal + Be + Ving + C They must be extraditing the criminal. Examples a-The attache is curious. Crime is personal. The extenuating circumstances are varied b-The director is retiring. The statute of limitations is running. The attorney is defending his client. c-Disarmament may be mandatory. Indemnity will be inevitable The judge may acquit him. d-They may be contriving a plot. The customers will be crowding into the store. They must be violating the constitution. a-Laws are for people. Art is relaxing. The session is open b-The public prosecutor is threatening the culprit. I am explaining the reason. They are committing a murder. c-Your capital may not be enough. Juvenile delinquency should be pardoned.
7

We could predict the result. d-You will be holding your post. You should be sleeping at this hour. UNIT 8 Modal Yardmc Fiiller II Pattern a) S + Modal + Inf + C The crisis must end Pattern b) S + Modal + Be + C Masses may be unconscious. Pattern c) S + Modal + Be + Ving + C The ship must be sinking. Pattern d) Ps.S + Modal + Be + V3 + (by + NP) The situation can be reversed. Examples a-Man must not kill his kind. The expenditure must not exceed the income. b-The curfew must be temporary. A student ought to be enthusiastic. c-The injured man may be coming to. The Social Security Department will be manufacturing drugs. d-The project will be financed by the government. The conference might be cancelled a-The state must support scientific research We should respect our parents. We ought not to look upon down others. b-Universities should be open to the public. Punishment must be corrective. A diplomat ought to be refined and cultured. c-They may be instigating the sectarian strife. He must be suffering a depression. They may be escalating the war . d-Peace and order will be restored Penitentiaries should be improved. Our foreign policy will be reviewed.
8

Paragraph We must teach our children love for people and the country. Schools may not be sufficient for their education .All teachers should be humanitarian . The state and families ought to help the teachers .Brotherly union will thus be rewarded. UNIT 9 Dr- Yapar - Eder di - Yapt - Etti Pattern a) S + am,is, are + (Frequency Adverb ) + C Turkish is an agglutinative language. Pattern b) S + (Frequency Adverb ) + V ( es) + C. Passing certain laws requires absolute majority. Pattern c) S + was,were + (Frequency Adverb ) + C The insurance premiums were extremely high. Pattern d) S + (Frequency Adverb ) + V2 + Obj. Economic activity began with the caveman.

Examples a-A politician is tolerant. Newspapers and magazines are print media. b-Demand dictates the quantity of supply. Every nation needs an army. c-The weathercast was accurate. The examination was hard. d-Turkey its independence in 1922. The council vetoed some candidates. a-Art is universal. Religion is a social institution. Our observation is favourable. b-Industrialisation gives rise to many problems. People need food, clothing and shelter. Culture reflects the level of education and science. c-The future of the physician was brilliant. The discontent of the people was at a maximum. The report was detailed.
9

d -Atatrk freed Turkey from foreign yoke. The Turkish industry grew rapidly. The government supported the enterprising class. UNIT 10 Deildir-Yapmaz -Etmez Deildi-Yapmad-Etmedi Pattern a) S +( am ,is, are ) + not + C. This theory is not so popular. Pattern b) S + do, does not + Inf + Obj. Happiness does not come from only richness. Pattern c) S + was, were + not + C. The employers were not generous. Pattern d) S + did + not + Inf + C. The rival union did not intend to compromise. Examples a-I am not the centre of the universe. The present oil wells are not sufficient. b-You do not meet our requirements. Mass transportation does not cost much c-The banquet was not probable. Bankruptcy was not possible d-The company did not increase the fringe benefits. I did not know your preference. a-The streets are not crowded. War is not desirable. b-Sociology does not deal with universal matters. I do not cooperate with you . c- The museum was not open They were not willing. d-The plane did not take off on time. They did not hire an interpreter. Paragraph Death is not terrible. No living being can escape death. People are born, reproduce and
10

die. A non-productive person is not living. Previously , life was not so difficult. People did not need so many things. Therefore ,money did not have much value. UNIT 11 Yapar - Eder Yaplr - Edilir Yapt- Etti Yapld- Edildi Pattern a) S + V(ies) + Obj. Man thinks. Pattern b) S + am, is, are + V3 + ( by + N ) A proforma invoice is sent. Pattern c) S + V2 + ( Obj.) The debts accumulated. Pattern d ) Pseudo S + was, were + V3 + Prep. Phrase. The data were reviewed. Examples a-Banks make loans. The state collects taxes. b-Diamond is mined in South Africa. Customs duty is levied on imported goods. c- The festival ended. The dictator deserted his country. d-The fair was closed. The king was overthrown. a-Parliaments make laws. People love spending money. People produce goods and services b-Savings are deposited in banks. Few books are printed in Turkey. Dividends are apportioned among share-holders. c-The Second world war broke out. The vote of confidence resulted in the oppositions failure The author reserved all his rights. d-Smyrna (Izmir ) was founded by an amazon. The motion for interpellation was accepted by a great majority. All government employees were promoted.

11

UNIT 12 Yapmaz-Yaplmaz Yapmad - Yaplmad Pattern a) S + Do-Does + not + Inf + Obj. Diplomats do not usually make blunders. Pattern b) Ps. S. + am, is, are + not + V3 A culprit is not tried twice for the same offence. Pattern c) S + did +not + Inf. + Obj. He did not make both ends meet. Pattern d ) Ps. S. + was ,were + not + V3 The Per diem allowance was not increased. Examples a-He does not eat his words. The sergeant does not believe the corporal. b- Unrespectful people are not respected A division is not commanded by a colonel. c-She did not get down to brass tacks. The mapor did not imprison the captain. d-He was not promoted to a brigadier general. The lieutenant was not interrogated by the lieutenant colonel. a-A lieutenant general does not command a regiment. They do not trust him. Misfortunes never come singly. b-A battalion is not commanded by a major general. Talkative people are not liked. Coffee is not grown in Turkey. c- The company did not support the brigade. I did not reserved a seat (place) The book did not arouse much interest. d-The general was not made the Chief of Staff.. The reserve officers were not discharged. The problem was not solved. UNIT 13 Yaplr-Edilir Yapktr-Ediktir Yapld- Edildi Yapkt-Edikti Pattern a) Ps.S + is, are + V3 + (by + N)
12

Companies are governed by boards of governors. Pattern b) S + is , are + V3 + Participial adjective + Prep. Phrase The American system is based on private enterprise. Pattern c) Ps. S + was, were + V3 + by + N The restaurant was run by an old widow. Pattern d) S + was , were + V3 + Participial Adj. ( P.P.) The horses were cross-bred. Examples a-Children are educated by teachers. Teeth are decayed by bacteria. b-These children are educated. Your teeth are decayed c-The workers were trained by experts. The window was broken by the wind. d-All workers were trained. The window was broken. a-Customs duties are paid at customs offices. Criminals are punished. An interlocutory judgement is passed. b- The seats at this theatre are arranged in a semicircle Business law is concerned with the workers health, wages and pensions. c-The villa was built by a famous architect. The kingdom of Lydia was founded in the year 675 BC. The sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited. d- The house was made of wood. Cross-eye was inherited. Usury was forbidden. UNIT 14 Yapmtr- Yapmt Yapar- Yapt Pattern a ) S + V (es) + Obj. The demand increases Pattern b ) S + have , has + V3 + Obj. The supply has decreased Pattern c ) S + V2 + Obj. The demand increased.
13

Pattern d ) S + had + V3 + Obj. The supply had decreased. Examples a-The heart propels blood throughout the body Governments generally set the policy of their country towards tourism b-The finance committee has recommended an increase in the budget. Countries have recently adopted floating rates. c- Before the age of railroads, travellers stayed at inns. In the past forty years a tremendous demand has grown for the construction of large development projects around the world. d- People had started to notice the cause - effect relationship in social events. Arthur Rimbaud had not seen the sea when he wrote the Drunken Ship. a- Economic ideologies differ all over the world. Every country chooses its monetary unit according to the prevailing conditions. b-The industrial revolution has led to some important advancement on the universal scale. The growth rate of tourism has generally exceeded the growth rate for the world-wide economy. c-After the instruction of the concept of continental shelf, some countries extended their territorial waters to 300 miles. Rome based its relations with other tribes on inequality. d-Before the agreement of the allies , the nazis had invaded an important part of Europe. They had issued the communiqu before the departure of the visiting head of state. UNIT 15 Yaplr -Edilir Yapktr -Ediktir Yapld -Edildi Yapkt - Edikti Pattern a ) Ps. S + is, are + V3 + (by + NP) Windows are usually broken by the wind. Pattern b ) S + is, are + V3 + Participial Adj. These windows are broken . They must be repaired. Pattern c) Ps S + was , were + V3 + ( by + NP ) Serdar and Ik were married by the mayor. Pattern d) S + was , were + V3 + P. Adj. When I met them , Ali and Aye were married. Examples
14

a-An attorney is usually authorised by his client. Teeth are decayed by bacteria. b-Most banks are authorised to exchange foreign currency Your teeth are decayed. They must be treated. c-All the wine was drunk in a blink of an eye. All their supplies were exhausted in a short time. d- The man was dead drunk. He had to be taken to a hospital. When the game was over, I was exhausted. a- Tires (tubes) of cars are inflated. Goods are labelled for their prices. b-your tires are over inflated. All the commodities in his shop are labelled. c-All the shops were closed by the shopkeepers The wall was mended by a mason. d- All the shops were closed. His wind pipe was punctured. UNIT 16 Modall Perfect Pattern a) S + Modal + Have + V3 + Obj. The interpreter must have succeeded. Pattern b) S + Modal + Have + Been + C The reporter must have been successful. Pattern c) Ps. S + Modal + Have + Been + V3 The reporter must have been fired. Pattern d) S + Modal + Have + Been + Ving + Obj. The editor must have been working hard. Examples a-The recent oil crisis may have affected the prices. You will have finished the report by five oclock b-The measures may have been insufficient. He should have been ready for an inspection.
15

c- The aggressor may have been punished . These conditions should have been included in the contract. d-They may have been contriving a plot. I will have been working for five years by the end of may. a-You should have consulted an expert (a specialist) You could have mitigated the damage. b-The (telephone) line must have been busy. The order would have been incomplete. c- The message will have been sent. The parcel may have been lost in the mail. d-The economy must have been suffering a crisis. The visiting heads of state must have been arriving. UNIT 17 Gereklilik- Zorunluluk Pattern a ) S + Should + Inf + C A businessman should be punctual. Pattern b ) S + Ought to + Inf + C A salesman ought to be presentable Pattern c ) S + Had better + Inf + C A teacher had better be patient. Pattern d ) S + Must + Inf + C A teacher must be tolerant. Pattern e ) S + Have to, Has to + Inf + C A businessman has to be cautious. Pattern f ) S + Had to + Inf + C The family had to be economical. Examples a- You should indemnify the damages. You should use a lawn-mower . b- He ought to draw the accrued interest . We ought to make a contact with the buyer. c-Youd better inform your customers about the situation. Youd better buy a bilingual dictionary.
16

d-You must get off the road. I must take my umbrella. e- We have to wait for the police. She has to take the exam. f- I had to call the insurance company. I had to find two witnesses. a-You should pull yourself together. You should deduct your expenses for advertisements from your taxable income. b- They ought to be silent. We ought to issue bonds. c- Youd better see a doctor for your eye. Wed better increase our capital. d- I must do some shopping We must give a break. e-They have to answer our protest They have change their attitude. f- They had to send a note of protest to the buyer. We had to make concessions. UNIT 18 Gereksizlik - Zorunlu Olmama Pattern a ) S + Should not + Inf + C. A patient should not be so impatient. Pattern b ) S + Ought not to + Inf + C. A child ought not to smoke cigarettes Pattern c ) S + Must not + Inf + C Man must not be stingy. Pattern d ) S + Cant be + C. The prices cant be so high . Pattern e ) S + Do- Does not + Have to + Inf + C. The police do not have to explain everything in detail. Pattern f ) S + Neednt + Inf + C Man neednt fear death. Examples
17

a-Your judgements should not be absolute . You should not make a mountain out of a mole hill. b- Your judgements ought not to be subjective. Your conscience ought not to prick you. c- Your value judgements must not be too sweeping. You must not be too modest. d- You cant be so biased . This cant be true. e-You dont have to supervise the universe. You dont have to be a genius. f- You neednt be a virtuoso. He neednt drink himself to death a-One should not overrate his virtues. Employers should not neglect the sanitary conditions of the employees. b-Ones shortcomings ought not to preponderate over his virtues . Employees ought not to go on strike unnecessarily . c- We mustnt rely too much on others. We must not fancy a paradise of loafers . d- He cant be so merciless . Our stocks cant be so meagre . e-You dont have to make a word for word translation. You dont have to drink yourself to death. f- He neednt quit his job. You neednt confide your secrets to everybody UNIT 19 Perfect Modals Pattern a ) S + Must have + V3 + C Yaar must have sent the goods. Pattern b ) S + Should have + V3 + C. Ali should have sent the goods . Pattern c ) S + May have + V3 + C zgr may have sent the goods Pattern d ) S + Might have + V3 + C Yavuz might have sent the goods.
18

Pattern e ) S + Could have + V3 + C Harun could have sent the goods Exercises a- They must have come into power. The train must have left. b- You should have kept your promise. You should shipped the goods c- We may have missed the plane. They may have reached an agreement. d- She might have accepted your offer. We might have confirmed the reservation. e- I could have reminded you. You could have held your tongue. a- You must have seen this play. You must have bought it on the black market. b-You should have seen this movie. I should have bet with him. c- I may have seen you somewhere. He may have died of a heart attack. d-We might have mitigated your sorrow. They might have explained it to you. e- We could have started the excavation. They could have blackmailed him.

UNIT 20 PERFECT MODALS (Negative) Pattern a ) S + Must have + V3 + C The man must have died.
19

Pattern b ) S + Cant have + V3 + C The man cant have died. Pattern c ) S + may not have + V3 + C. The man may not have died. Pattern d ) S + Should have + V3 + C. The police should have continued the investigation. Pattern e ) S + Shouldnt have + V3 + C. The police shouldnt have discontinued the interrogation. Pattern f ) S + Neednt have + V3 + C The customs inspector neednt have sacrificed his life. Examples a- They must have drafted them. The collective labour agreement must have been signed. b- They cant have released him. The traffic court cant have released him. c-The judge may not have suspended the execution. The customs officer may not have believed the customs broker. d- They should have confiscated his property. The contraband goods should have been seized. e- They shouldnt have usurped his rights. Apprentices and artisans should not have been subjected the same regulations. f- You neednt have resigned. He neednt have come. a- You must have undergone a stomach operation The victim must have been raped. b-The smuggler cant have hired the fugitive. He cant have recovered so soon. c-The man may not have deserted his wife. You may not have lost weight. d-You should have observed a diet. e-They shouldnt have exported the rotten raisins. You shouldnt have put on weight. f- The government neednt have supported the beverage industry.
20

You neednt have fasted UNIT 21 ki Fiilli fadeler Pattern a ) S + V + Ving + C The employer considered employing him. Pattern b ) S + V + BEING + V3 The man denied being influenced. Pattern c ) S + V + To + Inf + C The artist wanted to participate in the contest. Pattern d ) S + V + To + BE + V3 The Prima Donna wished to be applauded. Examples a- The culprit admitted premeditating the murder. The government postponed collecting the farmers debts. b- I dont mind being criticised. She appreciated being promoted. c- He aspired to find a new technique. She did not condescend to talk to me. d- The man deserved to be punished. The accused chose to be attached to a lie detector. a-The arbitration committee suggested terminating the boycott. We finished evaluating the data. b- We cant risk being accused. I dont fancy being understood. c- He offered to have a drink. We undertook to carry out an extensive research. d- He was threatened to be killed. He begged to be forgiven. Paragraph Ten people took the examination for a position in the company .The manager considered employing one of the examinees. He suggested terminating the evaluation. The board of directors refused to approve this proposal. So we undertook to carry out an extensive investigation about the examinees.
21

UNIT 22 ki Fiilli fadeler Pattern a ) S + V + to + Inf + C The company started to issue new bonds. Pattern b ) S + V + Ving + C Kemal started flattering the teacher. Pattern c ) S + V + Noun or Pronoun + Ving + C Aye kept me waiting for two hours. Pattern d ) S + Be + V3 + Ving + C The church bells were heard tolling in the silence of the night. Examples a-I always remember to send him a New Year Card. He tried to walk. b- We continued increasing our capital. He tried walking without a stick. c-She caught him stealing her jewels. They watched the man dying. d- She was caught committing adultery He was found taking a nap. a- We want to change this method. The secretary omitted to take down the message. b- The secretary tried dialling the direct number. I dont remember seeing you before. c- I felt my heart beating rapidly. They watched the ship weighing anchor. d- Passing bells were heard tolling. The train was heard whistling. UNIT 23 Yaptrmak- Ettirmek Pattern a ) S + Have- Make - Let + Noun or Pronoun + Inf + C The man had the boy wash his car. Pattern b) S + V + Noun or Pronoun + To + Inf + C Tourism permits (allows, enables) people to get to know each other.
22

Pattern c ) Ps. S + BE + V3 + To + Inf + C Personae non gratae are made to leave the country. Pattern d ) S + V + Noun or Pronoun + V3 The director got (had) his office furnished. Examples a- I had the barber cut my hair. The customer had the cashier change the money. b-We expect the plan to work. I got the man to repair my watch. c- People are encouraged to save. We were asked to increase the premium. d- She got her article published. He had his tonsils removed. a- The Minister of Foreign Affairs had all the ambassadors come together in Paris. I made everybody tell his opinion. b- Nixon asked Kissenger to think up a sensational play. They intended their son to become a diplomat. c- The parliament is forbidden to pass ex-post laws. All individuals are required by their government to conform to the laws. d- I will have the results assessed. I had the source of the news investigated. Paragraph The Prime Minister had all the ministers (cabinet members) come together for the first time. This meeting enabled the ministers to get to know each other. The Prime Minister and the ministers meeting for the first time had their picture taken together. UNIT 24 Edat Gruplarnn Dizilii Pattern a ) N.P. + Of + N + Prep + N + V + C Exemption of invalid people from income tax stems from the law makers charitableness Pattern b ) N.P. + Prep + N + Of + N + V + C Presence in the company of one or more unqualified administrators may arouse the discontent of the employees. Pattern c ) N + Prep + N + Of + N + Prep + N + V + C Acquaintance of a businessman with people from different countries helps the interests of
23

his company. Pattern d ) N + Prep + N + Of + N + Prep + N + V + C Employment in the company of workers with different political tendencies may sometimes create problems. Examples a-Occurrence of anarchic events in different countries is the indicative of social instability. Realisation of a huge irrigation project by an expert team added to the economic stability. b- Necessity in a country of drastic socio- economic measures indicates the failure of its institutions. Accumulation in a depot of durable industrial products and automotive spare parts may draw the suspicion of the municipal police. c- Establishment of peace and order by the police with the help of the national intelligence organisation was long anticipated. Expatriation of a person in a foreign country with many assets and liabilities in his native land is indeed problematic d- Discovery in a secluded place of guns and ammunition along with plans to overthrow the incumbent government was acclaimed by the public. Naturalisation by a certain government of an immigrant from a hostile country does not prevent his deportation permanently.

a-Presence of a kill joy in the group may spoil the entertainment. Conquest of Istanbul by Mehmet the Conqueror terminated the Middle Ages. b- Observation in a person of an unsatisfiable professional ambition may herald a future tragedy. Distribution in Norway of the Nobel Prizes for Peace , Literature and Science is in accordance with Alfred Nobels will. c- Discovery of oil at a place near Diyarbakr gladdened us. Hindrance of our development by various factors in the economy will be taken up at the next meeting. d-Defeat at Trafalgar of the French and Spanish fleets by the British fleet under Nelson marked a turning point in history. Attribution by the opposition of the economic depression upon the government is a rash decision. Paragraph Distribution of the commodities imported from other countries depends on the buying capacity of the cities. Presence among the imported goods of one or more items of poor quality may lead to the discontent of the buyers. Finding of a commodity buyers in different countries contributes to the economy of the producing country.
24

UNIT 25 KADAR fadeleri Pattern a ) S + V + As + Adj. + As + C Ankara is as large as Washington. Pattern b ) S + V + Katsay+ As + Adj. + As + C stanbul is twice as large as Ankara. Pattern c ) S + V + As + Much + Tekil isim + As + C George can drink as much beer as John (can). Pattern d ) S + V + Katsay + As + Much + Tekil isim + As + C Jack can drink twice as much beer as George (can). Pattern e ) S + V + As + Many + oul isim + As + C . Ahmet has as many books as Hasan (has, does). Pattern f ) S + V + Katsay + As + Many + oul isim + As + C . Hseyin has three times as many books as Hasan (has, does)

Examples a- English is as easy as Turkish. Sevgi is as beautiful as Nuran b- Mr. Robert is as twice as rich as Mr. Jenkins. He is four times as old as his son. c- Mr. Brown has as much money as Mr. Smith (has, does). We give as much interest as any bank. d- I have half as much money as I need. Term accounts bring twice as much interest as current accounts. e- Susan can speak as many languages as Dennie. He has as many affiliations as his wife. f- We have four times as many workers as they (have, do). Twice as many people live in Turkey as in Netherlands. a- Their son is as efficient (competent) as an adult. He speaks as fast as a machine gun.
25

b-Mount Everest is twice as high as Mount Blanc . This plate is twice as thick as that plate. c- You can drink as much coffee as you like. We need as much credit as you can extend d- I have spent twice as much as you have. The USA extends to Israel twice as much credit as it extends to Turkey. e- I dont have so many influential friends as you do. f- Nearly twice as many players are required in a football team as in a volleyball team. I teach ten times as many students as Jane does.

Paragraph Oil is as valuable as gold in our age. The oil reserves in Iran are six times as rich as those in Turkey. Turkey does not have so much oil as Saudi Arabia. Turkey has half as much oil as it needs Iran occupies twice as much area as Turkey.

UNIT 26 Daha- Daha az- En Pattern a ) S + Be + Adj. + er + Than + NP Jane is older than her sister. Pattern b ) S + Be + More + Adj. + Than + NP Alice is more intelligent than her sister. Pattern c ) S + V + Less + Adj - Adv. + Than + C Ulcer is less dangerous than cancer. Pattern d ) S + V + Adj.- Adv. + est + N + Prep Phr. Mary is the nicest girl in her class. Pattern e ) S + V + Most + Adj.- Adv + N + Prep Phr. Nur is the most beautiful girl in her class. Pattern f ) S + V + Least + Adj.- Adv + N. Fresh fruits and vegetables are the least durable farm products. Examples a- One nation can sell some items at a lower cost than others. It is cheaper for the united states to buy radios and TV sets from Japan than to produce it
26

domestically. b-In democracy, the general prosperity is more widely diffused in proportion to the energies enlisted in promoting it. Most nations are more dependent on exports than any other activity. c- Radio is a less essential need than food. Whooping cough is less dangerous than bronchitis. d- Halicarnasus was the greatest and richest town in Caria. A completely popular government can secure the greatest amount of immediate and prospective beneficial consequences. e- The most important function of radio and TV next to broadcasting is education. The most urgent problem was the congregation of vast numbers of inhabitants into towns. f- Tobacco is the least evil friend. The least ideal form of government is despotism. a-Democracy is better than monarchy. Budget estimates were higher than collectable taxes. b- Wholesale prices are more stable than retail prices. In some newspapers, advertisements are more conspicuous than article or news. c-Individuals are less reluctant to a lynching party than to commit murder on their own. Indirect taxes are less fair than direct taxes. d- Miletos was one of the nicest of the twelve cities of the Gulf of Patmos in the second millennium before Christ. The greatest characteristics of TV is its rendering our world a global village. e-One of the most dramatic and revolutionary of Freuds achievements was his elaborate analysis of the role of the subconscious. f- Cosmetics are the least necessary import goods. The principle of equal sacrifice and the ability to - pay- principle are the least applied taxation principles in some countries. UNIT 27 Daha ok - Daha Az Pattern a ) S + V + More + N + Than + C Kemal has more time than you (have, do) Pattern b ) S + V + Little + Singular Noun Adalet has little time.
27

Pattern c ) S + V + Less + Singular Noun + Than + C Aysun has less time than I (have , do) Pattern d ) S + V + Few + Plural Noun. Ali has few books. Pattern e ) S + V + Fewer + Plural Noun + Than + C Tolga has fewer books than I (have , do) Examples a- Life has more difficulties than you think. Yasemin has more friends than you (have , do) b- I know little French. Uur will gain little advantage. c- I paid less money than you did. I see less hope for an all-out development than you do. d- We have few teachers. She has few files. e- The man had fewer complaints than I anticipated. Hasan has fewer problems than Nezir. a- A novel contains more events than a short story. We need more courage. b-There is little correlation between these findings. There is little pleasure in making fun of people. c- Less moisture will endanger our health. Less satisfaction is obtained from scorning miserable people. d-We won few customers. This rule has few exceptions . e- Fewer people are interested in fine arts in our time. Even fewer people are in favour of polyandrous marriage UNIT 28 stn Olma - Aa Kalma Benzer Olma - Farkl Olma Pattern a ) S + Be + Superior to + NP Cotton fabric is superior to synthetic material. Pattern b ) S + Be + Inferior to + NP Synthetic material is inferior to cotton fabric.
28

Pattern c ) S + Resemble - Reminisce + NP Compare to Be similar to Be analogous to The earth resembles a ball flat at the top and bottom. Pattern d ) S + Liken + NP + To + NP Compare (mistake) (for) One can liken the earth to a ball. Pattern e ) S + Differ + From + NP Be different Be distinct A republic differs from a kingdom. Pattern f ) S + Distinguish + NP + From + NP Differentiate Discriminate Tell Glay can not distinguish a Picasso from a Matisse . Examples a- Man is superior to animals in thinking. Democracy is superior to monarchy in that in democracy people have a potential voice in their destiny. b- This method is inferior to the other in respect of applicability. Christianity was inferior to slam in that scientists were prosecuted. c- Bacchus was quite similar to the god of fertility in Egypt . A fortress reminisces a castle. d- We can not compare this situation to utter insolvency . I mistook him for my brother. e- Stocks are different from bonds in many respects. The private sector is distinct from the public sector. f- He can not tell French from English. You must discriminate between a culprit and a convict. a- Capitalism is superior to feudalism in that it employs the means of production better. A non-commissioned officer is superior to a private soldier in rank. b- Polytheism is inferior to monotheism in that it does not have a book. A battalion is inferior to a regiment in size. c- This old house resembles a masjid. A hand grenade is similar to a pomegranate .
29

d- I mistook you for a friend We can liken a factory to a bee-hive. e- Magazines differ from culture and art reviews. The investment system is different from the property system. f- You must distinguish the right and the wrong . We should differentiate between the humanities and social sciences from natural sciences.

UNIT 29 Dolayl Anlatm Biimleri Pattern a ) S + V + C The world is round. Pattern b ) S + V + That + S + V + C Galileo said that the world was round. Pattern c ) S + V + O + (not) to + Inf.+ C The coach told the players not to be over confident about the victory. Pattern d ) S + V + If + S + V + C Whether The queen wanted to know if the invitations were ready. Pattern e ) S + V + If + S + V + C or + C Whether The chairman wanted to know if I was a principle member or an alternate member. Pattern f ) S + V + Question Word + S + V + C The visiting economist wanted to know how the distribution of the national income in Turkey was. Examples a- I dont like gossiping. Abduction and elopement are still common in the rural regions of Turkey. b- He said that he didnt like gossiping. He said that abduction and elopement were still common in the rural regions of Turkey. c- He told us not to scorn others. The doctors told the visitors not to disturb the patients. d- I asked him if he had calculated the risk. My cousin asked me if I agreed with him.
30

e- He wanted to know if I was studying French or German The insurance agent asked whether we were sending the goods FOB or CIF f- The customer asked what the difference was. The judge asked where the accident happened. a- Moderation is the best policy. Money is a means of exchange. b- He said that moderation was the best policy. He said that dining was the soul of diplomacy. c- The father wanted his son not to turn down the radio. She asked me to open the door. d- The interrogating judge asked the accused whether he had been solicited to commit the crime (offence). I asked my friend if ( whether ) he was listening. e- I did not know whether I should accept or reject the offer. I asked my friend if he was listening or sleeping. f- The tourists wondered when the statute was dug out. I asked my friend why he was not listening. UNIT 30 Egdm Yaplar Pattern a ) ..................Both..................and........ hem hem de gerek gerekse Originally both Riviera and Switzerland were tourist destinations as health resorts. Pattern b ) .................Either ..............or............ ya ya da (yahutta) The final result may be either an increase or a decrease in the nations reserves. Pattern c) V (negative) .....................Either .............or...... ne ne de We did not expect either a devaluation or a revaluation. Pattern d) ............Neither .................nor......... ne ne de In todays complex economic world neither individuals nor nations are self sufficient. Pattern e ) ...........From ....................to............ The movement of population from villages to cities can generally be accounted for by the attractive force of the towns and repulsive force of the rural areas.
31

Examples a- Both in domestic law and in international law the basic principle is the rule of pacta sunt servanda. Immigrant remittances are an extremely important kind of invisible trade for some countries, both as imports and exports. b- Either independence or death was our national motto after the first world war. Leakage comes from the money that goes out of the economy either in the form of imports necessary to support the tourist industry or in profits drained off by the investors. c- Either a bilateral or a multilateral solution does not seem likely. The goods were either spoiled or bad. d- Neither mans curiosity nor his inherent ego allows him to remain contentedly oblivious to anything close to his life. Neither to philosophy nor to economic and social thought did Rome contribute as much as ancient Greece. a- Industrial organisations provide both jobs and taxes for the home country. The government policy towards both employers and employees largely depends on the political and economic ideology adopted. b-Leakage occurs in the form of either imports or profits drained off by the investors. Goods are either agricultural or manufactured. c- Either the board of advisors or the board of directors did not approve the capital increase. I am not either for or against the bill. d- We had neither enough time nor enough patience. He is neither pro- war nor con- peace. e- The gap between the richer and the poorer countries is unprecedented in the worlds history. India makes a clear distinction between the public sector and the private sector. f- Employment of radio as a means of communication has been first from ship to ship and then from ship to land. Transition from a feudal socio economic structure to a semi industrialised socio-economic has structure influenced the family relations. Paragraph Human relations can not be sound without knowing both taking and giving. Neither man nor life can be imagined without love. Both giving and taking are important in love. The relation between the lover and the beloved can be permanent only with generosity. Human relations from the cradle to the grave become man only if they are crowned with generosity. A life without either love or sacrifice is not desirable.

32

UNIT 31 Ya da - Ne de Pattern a ) S + V + O + Or + S + V + O The banker may choose to agitate the debtor or he may desire to use an entirely different method. Pattern b ) S + V (neg.) O + Nor + Auxiliary + S + V + O Neither This increase may not be reflected in the retail prices nor do we have to inform our customers about it. Pattern c ) ..........................If............... (or not ) Whether Whether or not We must determine whether we will serve drinks. Pattern d ) .........................If ................or .......... Whether We must decide whether we will serve soft or hard liquors. Examples a- The government to have the embargo waived or it looks for new sources of arms. You must go there immediately or it will be too late. b- The matter was not important, nor was it urgent in any respect. The Jury did not acquit the culprit , nor did the judge defer the execution. c- A seller must find out if the prospective customer is able and likely to pay his bill. I dont know if they will go on a picnic. d- The letter off credit specifies whether the order is to be shipped as a unit or partial shipment are permitted. I am not sure whether they reserved a room with a single bed or a double bed. a- The condition may improve spontaneously , or the events may follow a natural course. b- The truck drivers did not go on strike, nor did they get enough support from the people. The opposition did not help the government nor did it propose any lasting solutions to the problems. c- I wonder whether the rain will stop before the morning. I cant tell whether your new book will be a masterpiece.
33

d- Whether civilisation leads humanity to happiness or unhappiness is a controversial matter. I dont know whether he will be successful or unsuccessful this year.

Paragraph We must either find ready money or look for loans. Thus, we must determine whether we should receive ready money or credit. We must make a quick decision, or our company will be in a precarious position. Our rivals do not receive loans, nor do they need any credit. UNIT 32 te Pattern a ) S + V + O + Adverbial Phrase Arif keeps his documents here. Pattern b ) This + Be + Question Word + S + V That This is what the teacher wants. Examples a- They saved their money in this way. We heat the solution at this time. b- This is how they saved their money This is when we heat the solution. a- For this reason , he does not trust anybody. Everybody learns foreign languages in a different way. b- This is how they increased their capital. This is what I wanted to make sure. Paragraph With the advancement of science and technology, teaching and learning the English language has become important all over the world. As a natural result of this development, this is how English teaching started in Turkey. UNIT 33 Balayc Olarak Soru Szckleri Pattern a ) S + V + Question Word + S + V + C Ik does not know where Ayla left her umbrella. Pattern b ) S + V + Question Word + To inf + C Serdar does not know what to tell his boss. Examples a- I forgot how I got to his office. I told him where he could find a taxi.
34

b- I dont know what to do. She doesnt know what to do. She doesnt know how to lose weight. a-People like best what they understand best The ancient relics in Louvre museum prove how the Anatolian civilisation influenced the classical Greek civilisation. b- We must carefully decide how to spend our income. The Glorious Koran advises the individuals as to how to benefit the society from their profits. Paragraph The prices are increasing day by day , the gap between the incomes and expenditures is widening. An important part of the society is considering how to make both ends meet and some do not know what to do. UNIT 34 Fiil + Mek , Mak .........Srer , Alr Pattern a ) One + V + C One goes to stanbul by bus in eight hours. Pattern b ) It + Take + Time Expression + To inf + C It takes eight hours to go to stanbul by bus. Pattern c ) Verb + ing + Take + Time expression Going to stanbul by bus takes eight hours. Pattern d ) It + Take + NP + Time Exp. + To inf. + C It takes a child eighteen years to become an adult. Pattern e ) V + ing + C + Take + NP + Time exp. Becoming an adult takes a child eighteen years. Examples a- One is never satisfied with what one has. One should never look down upon others. b- It took two minutes to adjust to the darkness. It takes ten hours to fly to New York. c- Adjusting to the darkness took two minutes. Growing tobacco takes a long time. d- It took me a long time to take to our new neighbours. It took us two hours to go through the customs. e- Adjusting to the darkness took me two minutes. Making the film took us a whole month.
35

Exercises a- One should not base (found) his happiness over the misery of others. One should not be intoxicated by transient success. b- It must not take long to arrive at a decision. It took twenty minutes to resuscitate the drowned man. c- Creating confidence in such customers may take a long time. Decoding (deciphering) the message took an hour. d- It took me a quarter of an hour to come to (round). It may take the diseased liver several months to recuperate. e- Checking the inflation took the government a long time. Filling out the application form took me five minutes. Paragraph One should not make promises to anyone about impossible things. It may take a life-time to correct the errors .It may cost a lot to wander on rose-coloured clouds. The contemporary man must become aware of the difference between mans fate and natural law Becoming cognisant of the facts may take people a long time. UNIT 35 Fiil Mek,Mak ; sim + nn mas Pattern a ) It + V + C + To inf. + C It is easy to criticise others. Pattern b ) It + V + C + For + NP + To inf + C It is easy for everybody to criticise others. Examples a- It is necessary to save for the future. It is imperative to work for a living. b- It is ideal for a nuclear family to consist of four. It was a must for Turkey to wage a war of independence. a- It is necessary to supervise or organise the national economic conditions. It is peculiar to a popular government to satisfy the exigencies of the social state. It is necessary to give Ceaser his due. It is a basic rule to reward the success (achievements) b- It is extremely important for teachers to be equipped with most recent knowledge. It is in a way disadvantageous for a scientist to be married. It is a professional requirement for an attorney to keep his clients secrets. It is essential for a physician to be philanthropist. Paragraph It is the basis of economics to know the production - consumption relationship. Thus, it is easy to understand the economic condition of the country. It is a very difficult task for the under36

developed countries to adjust the balance of payments in their country. UNIT 36 sim + nn + ......dn biliyoruz .......d biliniyor Pattern a ) S + V + That + S + V + C We know that the earth is round. Pattern b ) S + V + NP + To inf. + C We know the earth to be round. Pattern c ) It + Be + V3 + That + S + V + C It is known that the earth is round. Pattern d ) Ps. S + Be + V3 + To inf. + C The earth is known to be round. Examples a- He believes that moderation is the best policy. Investigations show that criminals and murderers emerge from lower social classes at a rate much higher than from higher classes. b- He believes moderation to be the best policy. Investigations show criminals and murderers to emerge from lower social classes at a rate much higher than from higher classes. c- It is believed that moderation is the best policy d- Auguste Comte is known to be christener of sociology. a- They proved that the deficit was due to high cost. Heraclitus maintained that one cannot bath twice in the same river. b- Many suspect diplomats to be spies. Plato claimed bitter and sweet, warm and cold to exist due to our sense perception. c- It was shown that the infra structure in the tourist industry was inadequate. It is thought that a constitution is an instrument for the control of government d- Order is said to exist in countries where quarrels are not prosecuted by private force. The general population in underdeveloped countries is seen to be under or malnourished. Paragraph Scientists have shown that the space can be discovered due to advancements in technology Some maintained that people can live on the moon in the future .It is debated whether this claim is true. Studies and debates are said to be still going on. The result of these arguments which may
37

affect the future of humanity is awaited with curiosity. UNIT 37 sim + nn + Fiil+ ..M olduunu biliyoruz sim + nn + Fiil + ..M olduu biliniyor Pattern a ) S + V + That + S + Have + V3 + C We suspect that our rivals have dropped their prices. Pattern b ) S + V + NP + To have + V3 + C We suspect our rivals to have dropped their prices. Pattern c ) It + Be + V3 + That + S + Have + V3 + C It is thought that world population has increased by 1.000 million since 1900. Pattern d ) Ps S + Be + V3 + To have + V3 + C World population is thought to have increased by 1.000 million since 1900. Examples a- Many people suppose that the bank of Venice was founded in 1157. b- Many people suppose the bank of Venice to have been founded in 1157. c- It was maintained that the world had come to the brink of a war. d- The world was claimed to have come to the brink of a war. a- Many journalists know that the Secretary of States curly-haired ten-year -old son has disclosed the Presidents visit. The union leader proved that the wages were not the principle cause of inflation. b- The whole world knows the Israelis to have subjected the Palestinians to material and spiritual torture. Darvin considered man to have evolved from the amphibia. c- It was seen that escalation the war has not been to the benefit of either side. It is known that the first foreign loans was received by the Ottoman State in 1854. d- The Rosenbergs were found to have been unjustifiably executed. The manufacturers of arms are believed to have instigated the Arab-Israeli war. Paragraph Jean Jacque Rousseau has advocated that civilisation has brought unhappiness to mankind. On the other hand, John Dewey maintains that social dependence has contributed to the individuals success .According to him , all human efforts can be said to have been aimed at perfection. UNIT 38 Dilek-stek , Gereklilik-Emir
38

Pattern a ) S + V + That + S + (should) + Inf. + C The officer ordered that the sergeant (should) keep duty. Pattern b ) Ps S + Be + V3 + To + Inf .+ C The sergeant was ordered to keep duty. Pattern c ) It + Be + V3 + That + S + (should) + Inf. + C It was ordered that the sergeant (should) keep duty. Pattern d ) It + Be + C + That + S + (should) + Inf. + C It was imperative that the sergeant (should) keep duty. Pattern e ) It + Be + C + For + NP + To inf. + C It was imperative for the sergeant to keep duty. Examples a- He recommended that she wait . We insist that he be punished. b- She was recommended to change her hair dresser. Everybody was urged to stay until the end of the meeting. c- It was proposed that the capital be increased. It is required that the contractor sign the contract immediately. d- It is necessary that everybody be given the right to express his opinion. It is essential that the trail be fair. e- It is important for every judge to be honest . It is vital for Turkey to find new sources of energy.

a- I suggest that the report be approved. This principle dictates that members of parliament be paid. b- He was expected to attend the conference. Individuals can only be requested by an unmitigated despot to obey unconditionally every mandate of the person in authority. c- It was suggested that I break with old habits. It is preferred that the secretary be a woman. d- It is of great importance that man know himself. It is the rule that promises be kept. e- It is imperative for every man to become familiar with the economic , social and political development of his country. It is only natural for labour unions to fight for better working conditions.
39

Paragraph Sports call human beings to integrate. It is suggested that all people answer this call with the same enthusiasm and will power. Sports contests are required not to turn into human quarrels. It is the rule for people to watch the contests friendly together .It is imperative that sportsmen , all sports fans and spectators discuss the conditions related to the development of sports. UNIT 39 Keke ....... yapsa , etse Pattern a ) S + Wish + (that) + S + V2 + C I wish (that) John came now. Pattern b ) S + Wish + (that) + S + Had + V3 + C I wish John had come yesterday. Pattern c ) S + Wish + (that) + S + would + Inf. + C I wish John would come tomorrow. Examples a- I wish I were you (in your boots). I wish I knew her better. b- I wish I hadnt written that letter last week. c- I wish you would tell me your problems. I wish that he would speak more slowly. a-I wish I were in zmir now. George wishes he spoke seven languages at this moment. b- He wished he hadnt met that girl last year. I wish I had been more cautious. c- I wish you would stop bothering my sister. I wish somebody would warn him. Paragraph I wish in this Youth Year , the youth had the right to speak. I wish I also participated in the events. I wish the Youth Year was celebrated in a disarmed and more peaceful world. I wish celebration of every year under different names was not used as a means to ignore the worlds problems. During the Youth Year celebrated all over the world , longing for love , peace and fraternity was expressed. I wish the tongue spoke the same language as the hearth. UNIT 40 Yapan ..................dr ( idi ) -nn ..................dr ( idi ) Pattern a ) It + Be + C + Relative Pronoun + V + C It is zmir that has captured my hearth .
40

Pattern b ) What + V + C + Be + C What has captured my hearth is zmir. Pattern c ) It + Be + C + Relative Pronoun + S + V + C It is the origin of anarchic events that the government is trying to discover. Pattern d ) What + S + V + Be + C What the government is trying to discover is the origin of the anarchic events. Examples a-It is the economic interests combined with political aims that drives a state to imperialism. It is the highly emotional responses of individuals that is crucial to the understanding of the crowd. b- What drives a state to imperialism is economic interests combined with political aims. What is crucial to the understanding of the crowd is the highly emotional responses of individuals. c- It is the film industry that radio and TV have influenced most. It is through concentrated analysis of more obvious things that we discover the sociological problems underlying the everyday phenomena. d- What radio and television have influenced most is the film industry. What some economists do not appear to realise is that the difficulties complained of are not inherent in the system itself.

a- It is the phenomenon of exploitation of man by man that has been invariably going on in all ages. It was we who bore the brunt. b- What is certain is that it will be even more difficult to sell abroad after the next rounds of wage claims have been met. What everybody must bear is that racial segregation is inhuman. c- It is unprecedented in human history that so many separate , autonomous and sovereign institutions should come into being in so short a space of time. It is only because of under-employment and financial dislocation that the pressure groups are effective. d- What people do is frequently more important than what they say. What they are concerned with is finding new sources and kinds of energy. Paragraph It is economic insecurity and unemployment that creates problems in a country. What people desire least is an insecure and obscure future. What such countries need is the understanding that problems can be solved with hope and belief. It is todays youth that will make up the rulers of the future. What all administrations should accomplish is the training of
41

healthy young. UNIT 41 Nn...........d , dncesi ,(iddias ,varsaym) Pattern a ) It + Be + C + That + S + V + C It is a rumour that the dean will resign. Pattern b ) That + S + V + C + V + C That the dean will resign is a rumour. Pattern c ) NP + V + C This rumour is not based on truth. Pattern d ) NP + That + S + V + C + V + C The rumour that the dean will resign is not based on truth. Examples a-It has been stated that all politicians are honest. It was the news that the war was over. It has been claimed that learning a foreign language does not require a special skill. b- That all politicians are honest is only a statement. That the war was over was in the news. That learning a foreign language does not require a special skill is a claim. c- This statement is a big lie. The news made everybody happy. This claim is scientific. d- The statement that all politicians are honest is a big lie. The news that the war was over made everybody happy. The claim that learning a foreign language does not require a special skill is scientific. Mixed Examples

That the social life can be understood and explained scientifically is a new concept. That in the universe nothing is stationary is a point not to be forgotten by sociologists. It has been pointed out that culture comprises some aspects that can be talked about and some that can not. It has been maintained that education should be based on experiments. It has been theorised that the king is the divinely ordained father of his people. It is assumed that elimination of economic and social hardships may help in the prevention of war. The claim that education should be based on experiments sounds reasonable. The concept that social life can be scientifically understood and explained is basically a direct result of the process of industrialisation and urbanisation. The view that economic activities , briefly material riches , influence the lives of people and of societies and their historical evaluation has far long been advocated.
42

 The supposition that absolute power in the hands of an eminent individual would ensure a virtuous and intelligence performance of all the duties of government is not compatible with democratic ideals. The principle that the history of a people is not the history of only its dynasties , kings , paramount chiefs, nobility and generally top people is of universal value. Effective deterrence depends to some extend upon the mutual conviction that the other man can and will do what he threatens if he is attacked Paragraph The claim that our cultural experience can be improved is not inappropriate. The concept that our cultural structure should be based on our national realities seems logical. The idea that national culture can be realised by reaching a synthesis stems from the difference between the eastern and western cultures. The view that absence of consciousness of national culture is manifest as estrangement and imitativeness in the society has been advocated since the foundation of the republic.

UNIT 42 Ne Kadar ............... O Kadar.......... Pattern a ) + The + Adj + er + NP ( + be ) ....... + The + Adj + er + NP ( + be ) more + adj more + adj. The graver the condition (is) , the less the hope (will be) Pattern b ) The + Adj. + er + NP + V + C ...... + The + Adj. + er + NP + V + C more + adv. more + adv. The more carefully you do it , the less likely you are to make mistakes. Examples a- The larger the capital , the larger the amount of loan. The higher the rate of industrialisation , the harder the adjustment of the new workers to the environment. The greater the profit , the higher the rate of dividends. b- The better you practice , the more fluently you will speak. The earlier a disease is diagnosed , the more successful the therapy will be. The faster you work , the more money you will earn. a- The more awesome the source of a suggestion , the greater the degree of bewilderment. The higher the rate of interest , the higher the rate of inflation. The more diverse the facilities offered to the tourists , the more attractive the country for the tourists will be.
43

b- The more we invest in the tourist sector , the faster we will correct the deficit in our foreign balance of payments. The more we spoil a child , the more problematic he will be. The more sincerely you talk , the more persuasive you will sound. UNIT 43 Ne Kadar , Nasl ..... Sa... Sn Pattern a ) No matter + Question Word + S + V + C + S + V + C No matter what you tell him , he never listens to you. Pattern b ) Question Word + Ever + S + V + C + S + V + C Whatever you tell him , he never listens to you.

Examples a- No matter where an investment is made, it almost always looks for a profit. No matter when I see him , he is busy with his books. b- Wherever you go , people will judge you subjectively. Whenever I see him , he is busy with his books. a- No matter how hard you try , you can not convince him . No matter what its particular designation ,a treaty is an agreement that is contracted between states in written form and in accordance with the international law. No matter for what purpose it is carried out ,research must not be too time-consuming. b- However attractive a proposal may be ,we must not be too hasty about accepting or rejecting it. For whatever reason ,the Eurodollar has become a major factor in international finance. However severe the damage may be ,its effects may be mitigated to some extend. Paragraph No matter how great our problems may be, we must not lose hope .No matter in what form it may be ,production links one to life. Whatever its purpose ,an achievement effected by will power is good news for the future. However gloomy today may seem, it does not mean that tomorrow will be gloomy too. In order to live happily ,we must first learn to love and respect people no matter what our political ideology may be. UNIT 44 ..cek kadar ......nn.... ca kadar meyecek kadar nn ... meyecei kadar Pattern a ) S + V + Adj. + Enough + To inf. + C Adv. This method is practical enough to use in all studies. Pattern b ) S + V + Adj. + Enough + For + NP + To inf + C
44

Adv. This method is practical enough for an investigator to use in all surveys. Pattern c ) S + V + Not + Adj + Enough + To inf + C Adv. You are not old enough to get married. Pattern d ) S + V + Too + Adj. + To inf + C Adv. You are too young to get married. Pattern e ) S + V + Not + Adj. + Enough + For + NP + To inf. The risk is not small enough for me to take. Pattern f ) S + V + Too + Adj. + For + NP + To inf. Adv. The risk is too great for an investor to take. Examples a- The land is fertile enough to cultivate. This film is decent enough to watch. b- The land is fertile enough for a farmer to cultivate. This film is decent enough for children to watch. c- The land is not fertile enough to farm. The lecture was not interesting enough to listen to. d- The land is too barren to farm. The lecture was too boring to listen to. e- The land is not fertile enough for a farmer to cultivate. This matter is not simple enough for him to understand. f- The land is too barren for a farmer to cultivate. The matter is too complex for him to understand. a- The weather is warm enough to go for a picnic. It is late enough to go to bed. b- The water is shallow enough for children to swim in . The exhibition is close enough for us to walk to. c- The idea is not mature enough to publicise. He drove slowly enough to watch the scenery. d- A nuclear war is too dangerous to start. Direct government is too crude an instrument to accept in our time. e- The term of credit is not long enough for them to pay back.
45

The conditions of IMF are not reasonable enough for Turkey to accept. f- The orders are too bulky for us to meet. You are too dear for me to hurt.

UNIT 45 O kadar ..... dr ki Pattern a ) S + V + C + So + Adjective + That + S + V + C Adverb Ahmet is so nice that he helps everybody. Pattern b ) S + V + C + So + Adjective + As to + Inf. + C Adverb Ahmet is so nice as to help everybody. Pattern c ) S + V + C + So + Adj + a + noun + That + S + V As to + Inf Ahmet is so nice a man that he helps everybody. Ahmet is so nice a man as to help everybody. Pattern d ) S + V + Such + a + (adj) + Noun + That + S + V + C Ahmet is such a nice man that he helps everybody. Pattern e ) S + V + Such + a + (adj) + Noun + As to + Inf. + C Ahmet is such a nice man as to help everybody. Examples a- The life span of a society is so long that it can not be compared with those of the individuals making it up. Some political philosophers are so far form assimilating a form of government to a machine that they regard it as a sort of spontaneous product, and the science of government as a branch (so to speak) of natural history. There are truths that cut so strongly against the grain of common sense that they are difficult to believe even after one is confronted their proofs. b- The life span of a society is so long as to be incomparable with those of the individuals making it up. Social events so objective as to be called materialistic constitute the principal subject of observation for many branches of sociology .
46

c- This is so important a point that we cannot ignore it. These factors influence the market to so great an extend that nobody can overestimate them. It was so amazing a coincidence that everybody suspected it had been secretly planned in advance. d- This is such an important point that we cannot ignore it. He drove the car with such a great speed that I felt dizzy. -In my opinion there will be such violent reactions to the new measures that the government will be forced to reconsider the situation. a- His argument was so full of inconsistencies that nobody could take it seriously. - Modern means of communication are so rapid that events thousands of miles away can be simultaneously followed all over the world. b- The individual in actual life is so dependent upon the judgement of others as to lose his self confidence. He lied so cleverly as to make everybody believe him. c-The cultural influence of the Western civilisation upon different nations was such a recent ferment that it was not possible to predict whether it would evaporate without permanent effect or whether it would turn the dough sour or whether it would leaven the dough successfully. -He was so ardent a republican that he continued to support his party although he was removed from his post. d- We were confronted with such temporary setbacks that they almost diverted us from our final objective. -Turkey has such rich natural and underground recourses that their utilisation will render any foreign aid unnecessary. Paragraph The weapons developed by the modern technology are so powerful that they can abolish the entire world within a second . Man today is so defenceless in the face of this terrible armament that he is worried by the threat of a new war any moment. At this stage , calls for peace are too important to be ignore All humanity and civilisation developed by it are so dear that they can not be abolished. The race for armament is so rapid as to horrify the people. UNIT 46 Mek iin ,- cek ekilde ,-sn diye Pattern a ) S + V + C + So that +S+V+C In order that Ants work in the summer so that they will not starve in the winter. Pattern b ) S + V + C + So as to + Inf. + C In order to To Ants work in the summer so as not to starve in the winter.
47

Pattern c ) S + V + Such that + S + V + C (cinsten) His behaviour was such that everybody disliked him Pattern d ) S + V + C + Such as + V + C I want to describe a simple situation such as occurs in a game. Pattern e ) S + V + Such as + To Inf. + C His remarks were such as to arouse great discontent. Examples a- All organisms adopt their bodies so that they can meet specialised environmental conditions. - In communism , the emphasis is on collective effort and not on personal effort so that the individual is subordinated to the needs of the collective state. b- International Youth Organisations should be strongly supported in order to promote mutual understanding and friendship between nations. - In order to raise more optimistic and affectionate young generations , hatred and misanthropy should be eradicated from hearts and minds of the adults . c- The explosion was such that all the glasses in the vicinity broke. - Our terms are such that any businessman can meet them. d- He writes simple stuff such as can be found in any elementary textbook. - Primitive communities have no monetary units such as we use in our society. e- Georgias beauty was such as to make anybody fall in love with her. - His attempt was such as to amaze everybody. a- All the available data must be meticulously evaluated so that the results will correlate better. - Be merry so that you will remain young. Children must be raised realistically so that they can adjust to the environment and cope with the difficulties of life. b- Production is the process of mans changing nature in order to maintain his being and while changing nature changing himself. - In international practice , care is taken to settle the disputes considered to be of political nature by diplomatic means so as to reconcile the interests. -Every nations army must be ready and well equipped so as to deter the ill-intending enemy as well as contributing to the universal dtente. c- A childs education must be such that it will provide him with self - confidence and self respect. - Louis Philippes reign was such that drastic measures were taken and personal freedoms were restricted in order to intimidate the workers and prevent the strikers. - Armenian terrorism is such that no logical and justifiable excuse can be found for it. d- Rapid change such as results introduction of computers into offices is likely to prove disturbing.
48

- The author is describing ceremonial feasts such as occurs in Melanesia . - The claims of some aggressive countries are concocted pretexts such as can be made by the American Indians for the entire American continent. e- This disease is not such as to leave sequels. - His proposal have never been such as to win the approval of the majority. - The recent resolution by the United Nations has been such as to lead the Federal Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus to proclaim independence. UNIT 47 To Infinitive Yaplar Pattern a ) To infinitive + (Obj.) + V + C To buy at higher exchange rates the currencies of the immigrant deposited in European banks will temporarily relieve the economy. Turkish workers

Pattern b ) To Inf. + (Obj.) + S + V + C To improve the foreign balance of payments temporarily, the government has decided to apply higher exchange rates to the currencies of the immigrant Turkish workers in foreign banks. Pattern c ) To Inf + ( C ) + Be + To Inf + C To love is to know. Pattern d ) It + Be + C + To Inf + C It is necessary to rely on friends. Pattern e ) S + V + ( C ) + To Inf. + C Prices may gradually rise to lead to inflation. Pattern f ) NP + To Inf + Obj. + V + C The company to transport the goods is dependable. Examples a- To increase the volume of exports may correct our deficit in foreign balance of payments. - To inquire into the best form of government in the abstract is not a chimerical but a highly practical employment of the scientific intellect. b- To improve our foreign balance of payments we must increase our exports and decrease our imports. - A nation must at all times combine devaluation and other effective measures to balance its economy c - To increase the production is to help the country out of economic problems. - To deprive a nation of freedom is to cut its life vein. d- It is imperative to postpone private ambition to the public welfare. - It is vital for every nation to be economically independent. e- The French Revolution rapidly spread to arouse in people a desire for freedom, equality and justice.
49

- popular discontent may increase to result in intractable popular insurrection. f- The candidates to take the exam are quite competent. - A woman to give birth to a baby must be psychologically prepared to become a mother.

a- In the Crusades, the effort of West Europeans to impose their political and economic dominion upon other peoples ended in complete failure. - To say that the nineteenth century has elapsed with ruthless and continuous struggle between forces bringing along change and forces securing continuation will be a generalisation close to the facts. - To have confidence in the young generation has been one of Atatrks basic principles. b- Most people work to earn their living. - For a being to be a living being, it has to engaged in a continuous process of self- renewal . -To prepare a happy future for our nation, we have to raise our children as philanthropic , patriotic, industrious and conscientious individuals. c- To interact with the environment is to be alive and not to do so is to be dead. -To decide to end ones life is to have lost all hope , expectations and ideals. -To cut down a young tree is to contribute to the conversion of the country into a desert. d- It is impossible to pursue the democratic ideals without tolerance. - It is necessary to build a special gallery to house the new collection. - It is necessary to review and to reorganise the teaching of foreign languages in our country from economic and educational standpoints in a more realistic fashion. e- Closer international relations in the field of arts will contribute to friendship between peoples to secure ddente . - Co-operation of the banks and the other business concerns with the government will stabilise the economy of the country to prevent inflation. - An ignorant and unconscious citizen may set a forest on fire to effect what the enemy can not. f- The person to represent our firm must be presentable. - The historian to illuminate the darkness of the future is to discover the trends of history. - People to rule a country must always bear in mind the fact that that country will also be the motherland of their children and grandchildren. UNIT 48 Verb + ing Yaplar Pattern a ) V ing ( + C ) + V + C Learning languages is a pleasant activity. Pattern b ) ( By ) V ing + ( C ) + S + V + C ( By ) learning languages one can broaden his horizon. Pattern c ) S + V + ( C ) + V ing + C Air enters through the nostrils, leaving the dust particles in the nasal cavity.
50

Pattern d ) NP + V ing + C + V + C The membrane covering the white of the eye is called the conjunctiva. Examples a- Organising international festivals may increase the flow of tourists into the country. - Deciding the rate for the international exchange of money is one of the most complex and fascinating aspects of international banking. b- ( By ) organising international festivals , the government may encourage the flow of tourists into the country. - By reflecting all of its transactions in monetary terms ,a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourist expenditures and immigrant remittances. c- The tourist industry may bring large amounts of foreign currency into the country, contributing to the foreign balance of payments. - A prime minister should be able to reconcile diversity of opinions in his cabinet, securing the continuity of his government. d- The committee organising the contest consists of distinguished authorities in the film industry. - Companies dealing in fresh fruits and vegetables should have frigorific vehicles. a- Providing capital and starting a business always carry an element of risk. -Providing capital and allocating funds in credit is the specialisation of the banks. -Dedicating oneself to the service of mankind is a virtue bestowed upon very few individuals. b- By buying and selling spot deliveries ,a banks foreign exchange trader executes orders on behalf of his banks customers. - Promoting planting trees, we can create a green Turkey. By promoting the construction of sports establishments and culture palaces instead of coffee houses, we can raise youngsters with healthier body and mind. c- Effecting a favourable foreign trade surplus promotes the inflow of valuable metals, increasing the value of the money. - A reliable government may encourage the conversion of the gold and valuable metals in peoples hands into money, securing the development of, for example, our merchant marine, industrial establishments and oil prospect. - Manufacturers of arms are constantly fuelling the disputes between neighbouring countries, frequently bringing the world to the brink of a nuclear war. d- Countries importing oils are faced with a great crisis. - People planning to become bankers, secretaries or tourist guides must learn foreign languages. - A person advocating that he is absolutely honest has to consider whether he has been offered the price befitting him.

51

UNIT 49 Yapan- eden ; Yaparak - ederek ; Yapnca - Edince Pattern a ) V ing + ( C ) + S + V + C Deceiving people , one can get nowhere. Pattern b ) NP + V ing + C + S + V + C ( With ) his partner deceiving him, the man did not know what to do. Pattern c ) NP + V ing + C + V + C A person deceiving his friends is not dependable. Pattern d ) Having + V3 + C + S + V + C Having worked out an agreement , the buyer and seller must arrange payment. Pattern e ) NP + Having + V3 + C + S + V + C Many people having reminded him of the danger , the man was extra cautious. Examples a- Using public transport instead of a private car you can save a lot of money. - The only way she could put him off was by being thoroughly obnoxious. b- The film being Hitchocks swan- song , disappointment had been tempered with politeness. - That being the case , I think we should adjourn the meeting. c- Only those applicants holding a current driving licence will be considered for the post. - At the airport , a man carrying a copy of the Time will be your contact. d- Having graduated from high school, he considered entering the university. - Having passed through a terrible ordeal, George decided to feast his friends. e- Their son having found a job , the parents decided to retire from work. - A successful businessman having offered him a post, Michael did not hesitate to accept the offer. a- By listening to others , you can learn a lot. Being aware of the facts, I must say that I am not so optimistic. b- Tuesday being a public holiday, few shops will be open . ( with ) so many people applying for a limited number of jobs, the management was able to make a good selection. c- The girl talking to the man with the beard is my niece. Showcases containing valuable antique clocks were placed in each room. d- Having decided the date of the wedding, the young couple started to plan the honeymoon. -Having been dismissed from the bar the lawyer knew that he would not be admitted to lawcourts as an attorney. e- All possibilities having been exhausted, the man resorted to embezzlement. - All his friends having deserted him , the bankrupt almost committed suicide.
52

Paragraph By lying one can only fool himself. Her friend having betrayed her, Mary considered committing suicide. The young man deceiving his friend was not aware of his crime. Having found a new friend, Georges new girl friend deserted him. UNIT 50 Fiil + Inca- Ilnca Pattern a ) Being + Adjective + Prep. Phrase + S + V + C Verb 3 Being sentenced to death , the murderer confessed everything. Pattern b ) Adjective + Prep. Phrase + S + V + C Verb 3 Sentenced to death , the murderer confessed everything. Examples a- Being ready to accept any offer, the man was shocked. -Being completely unaware of what was going on , she caused everybody to laugh. -Being disheartened by so much criticism, she resolved never to write another novel. b- ready to accept any offer, the man was shocked completely unaware of what was going on , she caused everybody to laugh. disheartened by so much criticism, she resolved never to write another novel. a-Being convinced that there was something wrong, they decided to investigate the matter further. -Being overwhelmed by such politeness , the old woman burst into tears. -Being affected by the behaviour of his students towards him ,the teacher could not check his tears. b- Convinced that there was something wrong, they decided to investigate the matter further. - Overwhelmed by such politeness , the old woman burst into tears - Affected by the behaviour of his students towards him ,the teacher could not check his tears.

UNIT 51 ....Nn ...mas , lmas, l, ll

53

Pattern a ) V + ment + of + NP + V + C Abandonment of the available methods necessitates the procurement of new ones. Pattern b ) V + ( t ) ion + of + NP + V + C Completion of the investigation may cast ( shed ) light upon the situation. Pattern c ) V + age + of + NP + V + C Linkage of the two factors is not appropriate. Pattern d ) V + ance + of + NP + V + C Endurance of the tissue may be weakened. Pattern e ) Adj. + ness + of + NP + V + C Kindness of a seller may attract many buyers. Pattern f ) Adj. + ity + of + NP + V + C Diversity of opinion is the sine qua non of democratic ideology. Examples a- Diplomacy is the management of international relation by negotiation. - Development of cities is dependent upon diversification of economic activities and development of industrial and service activities outside agriculture. b- Destruction of the cities by the deadly means of modern warfare is inhuman. - The net effect of the imposition of a quota is the restriction of the nations outflow of money. c- Marriage of close relatives may invite the transmission of morbid characteristics. - Leakage of confidential information will endanger our position. d- Prevalence of neuro- psychic disorders has increased with the appearance of modern needs. - Occurrence of such events is common in developing countries. f ) The complexity of the system surprised him. -The solidity of the Central Bank in money is similar to the solidity of its buildings. a- Agreement of Turkey and Greece on a common tourist policy will contribute to the economy of both countries. - Retirement of the director will increase the competition between the candidates for the new director. b- Limitation of the invisible trade expenditures is a means of correcting a deficit in the balance of payments. Production is mans supplying from nature all the means and foods necessary for his living by consuming his energy. c-The passage of time will cast the grievances into oblivion. The dose of criticism is manifest in constructive and destructive dimensions. d- Coincidence of the two events was not contrived. Maintenance of self confidence is the key to success. e- Hoarseness of his voice stemmed from laryngitis.
54

His politeness towards the customers will increase his prospect of advancement in the firm. f- Liquidity of money helps the economy grow. - Severity of the disease determines the intensity of the therapy. UNIT 52 Yapabilmek......Yapamamak nn yapabilmesi....., nn yapamamas Pattern a ) Ability + To inf. + C + V + C Ability to cope with these problems requires great skill and patience. Pattern b ) Failure + To inf. + C + V + C Inability Inability to hold ones tongue may lead to unsociability. Pattern c ) Ability + of + NP + To inf. + C + V + C Ability of civilised man to be prudent and foresighted constitutes one of his most important characteristics. Pattern d ) Inability + of + NP + To inf + C + V + C Failure Failure of a people to fulfil the conditions of action renders a form of government unsuitable to the practical purpose. Examples a- Ability to interpret the output of a computer calls for special training. - Ability to request kindly while being in a position to give orders is certainly a virtue. b- Failure to check ones feeling is a sign of lack of maturity. - Inability to appreciate poetry is a characteristics peculiar to many people. c- Ability of television to satisfy the visual as well as auditory needs has made it a rival of the cinema. Ability of man to forgive is greatness. d- Failure of one of the parties to fulfil the provisions of a contract does not terminate contract. - Inability of a diplomat to speak foreign languages is a shortcoming.

a- Ability to persuade people is a talent. -Ability to see is a blessing. b- Inability to bear criticism is a mans weakness. Inability to save money may be due to a low income. c- Ability of a debtor to pay his debts increases his credit. Ability of nuclear weapons to deter the rivals does not justify their presence. d- Inability of a country to meet its imports with its exports causes a deficit in its foreign
55

balance of payments. - Failure of adults to be less selfish may set the stage for the unhappiness of their children. Paragraph Ability to raise children requires love and patience. Failure to know the problems may cause psychic depression. Ability of scientists to conduct observation and evaluation depends on the availability of favourable conditions and necessary tools .Failure of a teacher to take into consideration the students psychological and social conditions may be the cause of failure in education. UNIT 53 Yaparak - Ederek , Yapp- Edip Pattern a ) S + V + O + and + V + C President Sedat was a weak character and as such was liable to lash out in a military masochistic fashion. Pattern b ) S + V + O + To inf. + C Rome obtained revenue from countries under its dominion to enrich its treasury. Pattern c ) S + V + O + V ing + C When an investment is made , capital enters a country, enabling it to import manufactured materials. Pattern d ) S + V + O + and + S + V + C Our goods and services are sold for money and that money is in turn exchanged for other goods and services. Pattern e ) S + V + C + ( with ) + NP + V ing + C While at sea a cargo is vulnerable to many dangers, the most obvious being that the ship may sink . Pattern f ) S + V + O + with + ( adj. ) + NP The American system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production.

Examples a- We thank you for your patronage and solicit a continuance of the same. - Banks deal in documents only and have no legal obligation to inspect the actual merchandise. b- The French Revolution proved that the individual can consciously change his political future, to shake the foundations of the traditional government. - It is necessary to study carefully the attractive force in large cities, to rapidly render the noxious, deceptive and corruptive ones ineffective. c- As demand for a specific currency fluctuates its rate of exchange fluctuates too, rising when demand is greater than supply and declining when supply exceeds demand. - The Pope divided the whole world into two along the 45th meridian in 1494, giving the west of to Spain and east to Portugal.
56

d- During periods of serious inflation, uncertain political outlook and domestic economic dissatisfaction, investments by foreigners and citizens decline and domestic investors look for opportunities for investment elsewhere. - Chairman received President Nixon and they talked amicably. e- Induction and deduction are two methods of reasoning utilised in logic, inference being made by progression from particular to general in the former and from general to particular in the latter. -At the end , a trend began in the direction of centralised production and distribution with, an enterprising class being born. f- Especially after the Second World War the Line- Staff system was found to be inadequate, with the necessity of reorganisation on the basis of Functional Team Work System. - The atmosphere thus created well harmonised the demands of expanding business and the needs of an expanding population , with the growth of a comfortable non- business class.

a- Count Cavour ,The Prime Minister of Piemonte, allied with the French Emperor Napoleon III and defeated Australia - The Turkish Army under the leadership of Atatrk drove the foreign enemies out of country and made the country free and independent. b-Plato starts out with the doctrine that virtue and truth are high ideas accessible through the dialectic and philosophy ,to justify the necessity for an elitist and aristocratic structure in the society. - Vladimir Zworykin devised an apparatus which he called Ikenoscope, to effect the first videocast by electronic screening. c - The concept of natural law was inspired by stoic philosophy, playing a very important part in the birth of Christian philosophy. Very often the parents try to impose the adolescent a moral code which they themselves do not obey, causing loss of their confidence in authority. d- Money divides exchange into sale and purchase and supply and demand become independent of each other. - Usury is legally prohibited and usurers can be compared to leeches. e- In early radio broadcasts, varieties of broadcast were quite limited, most programs consisting of news and music. - The muscles are of two kinds, namely smooth and striated ,the latter being primarily concerned with voluntary movements. f- The seas have been extremely polluted ,with resultant death of many varieties of fish. - There is an exceedingly dangerous split between the USSR and the Peoples republic of China ,the latter forgoing ahead in creating a fourth world dominated by herself. Paragraph Some of the Turkish administrations in the past have sided with the colonical powers in the United Nations and turned some peoples fighting for their independence against us. Many
57

Islamic peoples have adopted the Turkish war of Independence as their model in their struggle for independence to emulate Atatrk as an ideal leader. In recent years , the Turkish administration has endeavoured to establish closer relations with the Arab World ,increasing our exports to these countries tremendously. This prudent policy will certainly yield many favourable results with many countries recognising turkey as the leader of the Moslem world. UNIT 54 nce - Den nce Pattern a ) ( S + V + O ) +Time Exp. + Ago ( +S + V ) Years ago Emerson said commerce is a game of skill. Pattern b ) ( S + V + O ) + Before + NP + ( + S + V ) Goods are often shipped before the payment. Pattern c ) S + V + O + Before + S + V + O Goods are often shipped before the payment is made. Pattern d ) ( S + V + O ) + Time expression + Before + NP A man was seen to come out of the building a minute the explosion. Pattern e ) ( S + V + O ) + Time expression + Before + S + V + O Advertisement was made two weeks before the auction was started. Examples a- The earth was considered the centre of the universe many centuries ago. - Centuries ago , the comparative value of each nations money was determined by the ratio of the gold content of each coin. b- The assistant was very nervous before the exam. -Unemployment was a great problem in the U. S. before the Second World War. c- Before the credit is extended to a purchaser, it is usual for the seller to find out whether the prospective customer is able and likely to pay his bill. - Before a government undertakes tourist development, it usually attempts to determine the market potential. d- There was a great economic crisis a year before my birth. - Atatrk gave a reception in Ankara a night before the D. day . e - My grandmother had died six hours before I got home. - I arrived in Washington a month before Kennedy was assassinated. a- Several years ago ,the Turkish army had to intervene in the administrator. - A month ago ,the government re-adjusted the exchange rates of some currencies. b- Before the discovery of America ,tomatoes and tobacco were not known in Europe . - Before the arrival of the Americans , polio was not known in Turkey.
58

c- Before stanbul was conquered by Turks, Europe was ruled by feudal lords living in indomitable castles -Before the United Nations was established, the League of Nations was the most important international organisation. d- Two years before full independence, the region was granted partial autonomy. - Long before the Greek civilisation ,Anatolia had been the home of eminent civilisations. e- Four years before Atatrk landed in Samsun ,the Greeks had occupied zmir. -27 months before the last caliph was deported, sultanate had been abolished. UNIT 55 Sonra- den sonra Later- After Pattern a ) ( S + V + O ) + Time exp. + Later + ( S + V + O ) He paid for the merchandise six months later. Pattern b ) ( S + V + O ) + After + NP + ( S + V + O ) France and Austria weakened after their defeat by Prussia. Pattern c ) ( S + V + O ) + After + S + V + O The employer obtains his surplus income after he pays the necessary expenses of his business and the wages of his employees. Pattern d ) ( S + V + O ) + Time expression + After + NP. They got married three months after their engagement. Pattern e ) ( S + V + O ) + Time expression + After + S + V + O The second World War started a year before Atatrk died. Examples a- Full independence was proclaimed two years later. - The Sun ( moon ) will be eclipsed three years later. b- Independence was declared after partial autonomy. - Money is one of the inventions realised after having been used for hundreds of years c- Colonialism attained great speed after the German and Italian national unity was established. -His tooth was extracted after he was anaesthetised d-Independence was declared two years after partial autonomy. - The Turkish Republic was proclaimed three months after Lausanne Treaty e- Abraham Lincoln was assassinated a day after the civil war ended. - A quarter of a century after the first guided missile was launched ,man landed on the moon. a- Eighteen days later ,I will be thirty. Twenty days later ,the statute of limitations will be running. b- After the emergence of the concept of continental shelf ,some states have extended their territorial waters to 200 miles.
59

- After the Crimian War ,Florence Nightingale became very famous. c- After the project was approved ,its application is started. - After the man was executed ,he was found to be innocent. d- Three days after the birth of the baby ,the mother died. - Two days after the term was due, the debtor was protested. e- Two days after Thomas Paine departed from Devon ,the decree for arrest arrived. A week after the embezzlement was discovered ,the cashier was fired. UNIT 56 nce, Sonra - En Sonunda Pattern a ) First + S + V + C + Then + S + V + C Firs he was tried, then he was employed. Pattern b ) Beforehand + S + V + C + Afterwards + S + V + C Beforehand a proforma invoice is sent ,afterwards the buyers reply is awaited. Pattern c ) Initially In the beginning In the onset + S + V + C , Then + S + V + C + Finally + S + V + C ...... ............. . .Later

Initially the divorce was a rumour , then the rumour spread and finally the couple were divorced. Pattern d ) Formerly + S + V + C +. Now + S+V+C Nowadays At present Currently Formerly people believed that the moon was inaccessible ,now we know so much about it. Pattern e ) Former + N + V + C + The present + N + V + C Previous The current Former methods were risky , the present methods are safe. Examples a- First listen then comment. - First the land is plowed, then seeds are sawn. b- Beforehand consider all the conditions carefully ,afterwards you will not regret. - Beforehand the invitation cards are printed ,afterwards cooks and waiters are hired. c- Initially he was a small businessman ,then his business grew and finally he became the most important businessman in the city. - In the beginning, they did not realised the graveness of the situation ,later they became aware of the potential danger , finally they applied for assistance from government. d-Formerly people believed that the earth was flat ,now almost everybody knows that it is round.
60

- Formerly tuberculosis was a fatal disease ,nowadays it is not more dangerous than mumps. e- Former ships were propelled by sail, the present ships are mostly propelled by mechanical power. - Previous prices were low, the current prices are considerably high. a- First the bread turned bad and then everything Fist the hook is baited ,the fishing line is cast. b- Beforehand all preparations are made, afterwards the delegates are assembled. - Beforehand a draft is prepared ,afterwards many additions and subtractions are made. c-In the beginning the debt was negligible ,then interest was added ,finally the company went bankrupt Initially we were the best wrestlers ,later many nations learned how to wrestle and finally we were unable to win medals. d- Previously gold coins were used as a means of exchange, currently they are used almost exclusively by collectors. - Formerly people were self sufficient , nowadays they are interdependent. e- Former schools were based on religious teaching, the present schools are based on scientific teaching. - Former holidays were entertaining , the present ones are nothing but official vacations. UNIT 57 Ederken - Edilirken - Edildiinde Pattern a ) Preposition + V ing + C + ( S + V + C ) While examining a student ,a teacher must consider individual differences. Pattern b ) Conjunction + S + V + C + ( S + V + C ) While we are at the matter , we must discuss the ins and outs of it. Pattern c ) Preposition + Being + V3 + ( S + v + C ) Upon being accused , the assistant reacted violently Pattern d ) Preposition + V3 + S + V + C If questioned, these people usually relate all their problems. Examples a- Before applying for a job , one should consider all his qualifications. - After replacing the Roman Empire, Italy took the lead not only in the renaissance of art and learning but also in commerce. b- Once the documents are verified, the bank pays the sight draft presented by a seller. - In case an accident happens, the exporter who has purchased insurance is reimbursed, otherwise he may suffer a complete loss.
61

c- Before being shipped, goods are usually secured against shipwrecks. - By being suppressed , freedom can not be permanently abolished. d- When desired, catering services can be provided. - When calculated, the result is either an increase or a decrease in the nations reserves. a- After calculating all of the entries in its balance of payments, a nation has either a net inflow or a net outflow of money. When arranging for sea transportation ,the exporter rents space in the cargo department of a ship for one voyage. b- When European expansion was approaching its climax, the foundation of west European civilisation had been demolished. - While the state in the nineteenth century was freeing trade from the cumbersome restrictions of the 18th century , it proceeded to regulate industry. c- When making a series of identical shipments , a revolving letter of credit is used. - After being introduced to the society, the girls fate changed. d- If rejected, the offer may be modified. Unless otherwise indicated, goods are delivered at the receiving port. UNIT 58 Yapmakta Olan - Yaplmakta Olan Pattern a ) Head + Relative Pronoun + Be + V ing + C + V + C The boy who is playing in the garden is my son. Pattern b ) Head + V ing + C + V + C The boy playing in the garden is my son. Pattern c ) Head + Relative Pronoun + BE + BEING + V3 + C + V + C This method which is being devised is promising. Pattern d ) Head + Being + V3 + C + V + C The method being devised is promising. Examples a- The man who is talking on the telephone is my boss. - The porters who are loading the truck are insured. b- The man talking on the telephone is my boss. - A great source of loss in a retail store doing a credit business is controversy over disputed accounts. c- The articles which are being prepared for this issue are interesting. - The investigations which were being carried out were limited. d- The articles being prepared for this issue are interesting. - The goods being transported by the lorries are fruits and vegetables.
62

a- The debts which are accumulating may cause our bankruptcy. - The matter which was troubling the teacher was that the pupil was an orphan. b- The subjects concerning an economist are manifold. - The principal factor preventing the expansion of the company was the limitation of the capital. c- The usance bill that is being paid is of a small amount. - The representative who was being sent abroad was very efficient. d- The apparatus being tested is a calculator. - The report being submitted to the general directorate is detailed. Paragraph The qualifications of the person using the method are at least as important as the method itself. The development being shown in this respect will solve many problems. Some difficulties which are being presently encountered should not discourage us.

UNIT 59 Yapan - Eden , Yaplan - Edilen Pattern a ) Head + Relative Pronoun + V + C + V + C The author who wrote this article is a great scientist. Pattern b ) Head + V ing + C + V + C The authors supporting this view are not few. Pattern c ) Head + Relative Pronoun + V ( passive ) + C + V + C The technique which is used widely today is very practical. Pattern d ) Head + V3 + C + V + C The technique adopted by many business concerns is quite effective. Examples a- The salesman who sells a lot of goods everyday is very capable. - In the opinion of Bismark, who ruled Germany with an iron hand, the basic aim of economic activity is to increase the national welfare. b- A salesman selling a lot of goods should be rewarded. - Sociology is a science studying the conditions of the social lives of human beings objectively and within a social whole. c- A penny which is saved is a penny which is earned. - A government that is supported by the people can not be overthrown. d- A penny is saved is a penny earned. - The Olympic gods spoken of in Homers legends were not the only gods worshipped by the
63

Greeks a- A ruler who has lost the confidence of his people no longer has the right to govern them. -The nomadic tribes which had previously tamed the horse and the cattle learned to use the cart in the north of the Balkans descended to Macedonian about 2.000 BC . - The contended man and the contended family who have no ambition to make anyone happier excite in us neither admiration nor approval. b- The element creating production technology is the human mind. - The Peloponnesian wars were the events terminating the golden age of Athens. c- Locke endeavoured to refute two theories which were used to justify privilege, oppression and political slavery. - This outflow which is referred to as brain drain hinders the development of the developing countries further. d- The communiqu issued over the weekend confirmed the Presidents claims. - The concept of natural advocated by Cicero ,the great statesman ,orator and thinker has stemmed from the logic of pantheistic philosophy. UNIT 60 - A Yapabilen - Edebilen Pattern a ) Head + Relative Pronoun + Can + Inf + O + V + C A person who can breath is alive. Pattern b ) Head + Capable of + V ing + O + V + C A person capable of breathing is alive. Pattern c ) Head + Relative Pronoun + May + Inf + O + V + C Anything which may happen to everyone is welcome to him. Pattern d ) Head + Likely to + Inf + O + V + C A disaster likely to occur may sometimes be prevented. Examples a- The world cries out for the man who can carry a message to Garcia. b- The world cries out for the man capable of carrying a message to Garcia. c- A disaster which may occur in the future may sometimes be prevented.. d- A disaster likely to occur in the future may sometimes be prevented. a- An individual who can conduct his own affairs is the only safe guardian of his own rights and interests. - A baby that can suck will grow. b- A people in a state of savage independence is incapable of making any progress in civilisation until it has learned to obey. - A mother capable of suckling is the best feeder.
64

c- Such behaviour which arouse suspicion should be avoided. - A government which may resign should not undertake long- term projects. d- A remark likely to impress the audience should be timed well. - Another factor likely to influence the prices is the balance of supply and demand. Paragraph People capable of impressing others may not be expressing the truth all the time. Talk and behaviour likely to deceive people must be calculated well. A person incapable of fooling himself is not capable of fooling anybody. A person capable of fooling everybody all the time does not exist on the earth. UNIT 60 - B Yapan - Eden , Yapc - Edici Yapabilen - Edebilen Yaplan - Edilen Pattern a ) Head + V ing + NP + V + C The stresses wrecking the nerves are increasing. Pattern b ) NP + V ing + Head + V + C The nerve - wrecking stresses are increasing Pattern c ) Head + V able + Adverb Phrase + V + C All vitamins soluble in water form a complex. Pattern d ) N + V able + Head + V + C All water soluble vitamins make up a complex. Pattern e ) Head + V3 + Prepositional Phrase + V + C Hypoglycaemia induced by insulin is transient. Pattern f ) N + V3 + Head + V + C Insulin - induced hypoglycaemia is temporary. Examples a- Investments bringing profit are varied . -Women telling fortunes are usually gypsies. b-Profit bringing investments are varied. -He is a hair- splitting critic. c- Vitamins soluble in fat accumulate in the body. - Substances derivable from alcohol are mostly volatile. d- Fat-soluble vitamins accumulate in the body. - Advertisements are in many countries tax-deductible expenses.
65

e- Projects supported by the government are of larger scale. - Vegetables grown in homes taste better. f- Government-supported projects are of larger scale. - Hand-made clothes are more expensive. a- Institutions extending credit are usually banks. - Workers mining coal usually work underground b- Tobacco-growing families produce an important part of the Turkish export products. - Meat-packing industry is not developed in our country. c- These changes ascribable to the ageing process are natural. - All kinds of income must be taxable by the government. d- These age-ascribable changes should not worry you. - Source-collectable tax usually concerns public establishments. e- He hid the clothes stained with blood. - He is the secretary appointed by the party. f- Factory-tested machines are guaranteed. - The hen-pecked husband had a blood-shot eye. UNIT 61 Yapacak-Edecek , Yaplacak-Edilecek Pattern a) Head + Relative Pronoun + Will + Inf. + C + V + O The technicians who will do the test must be efficient. Pattern b ) Head + To inf + C + V + C The technicians to do the testing must be competent. Pattern c ) Head + Relative Pronoun + Will + Be + V3 + V + C The report which will be given may arouse interest. Pattern d ) Head + To + Be + V3 + V + C The report to be submitted may win the approval of the committee. Examples a- The qualification of the person who will use the method are at least as important as the method itself b- The qualification of the person to use the method are at least as important as the method itself. c- The measures which will be taken must serve the purpose. d- The measures to be taken must serve the purpose. a- The type setter who will set the front page will employ different types.
66

- The publishing company which will publish your book is very famous. b- The technical skill to build some large projects are purchased from other countries. - The periodical to publish your article has wide circulation. c- The restrictions that will be imposed on sales of gold will relatively prevent smuggling. - The number of the tourists that will be accommodated must not exceed 50. d- The nature of the limitations to be imposed on a government, depends on the objects which the framers of the constitution wish to safeguard. - The car to be hired must not be a jalopy UNIT 62 Zincirleme Nitelemeler. Pattern a ) NP + s + Head + Relative Pronoun + V + C + V + C My fathers friend who was old has died. Pattern b ) Head + Of + NP + Relative pronoun + V + C + V + C The friend of my father who is old has died. Pattern c ) NP + s + Adj . + Head + V + C My fathers old friend has died. Pattern d ) Adj. + Head + Of + NP + V + C The old friend of my father has died. Pattern e ) Adj. + N + s + Head + V + C My old fathers friend has died. Pattern f ) Head + Of + Adj. + N + V + C The friend of my old father has died. Examples a- The tables leg which was old has been replaced. - The womans salvation which was difficult has been accomplished. b- The leg of the table which is old has been replaced. - The salvation of the woman who is difficult has been accomplished. c- The tables old leg has been replaced. - The womans difficult salvation has been secured. d-The old leg of the table has been repaired. - The difficult salvation of the woman has been achieved. e- The old tables leg has been replaced. The difficult womans salvation has been accomplished. f- The leg of the old table has been repaired.
67

- The salvation of the difficult woman has been secured. a- The nurses colleague who was tired went on vacation. - The companys profits which were high were distributed. b- The colleague of the nurse who is fatigued took a day off. - The profits of the company which were large were apportioned. c- The nurses tired colleague was a full timer. - The companys high profits were distributed. d- The fatigued colleague of the nurse was a part timer. - The high profits of the company were apportioned. e- The tired nurses boss was on duty. - The large companys profits were distributed. f- The employer of the fatigued nurse was a co.-writer. The profits of the large company were apportioned. UNIT 63 Edatl Sfat Cmlecikleri Pattern a ) Head + Prep + Which + S + V + O + V + C Whom The men from whom he borrowed money are rich. Pattern b ) Head + Prep. + Birim + Of + Whom + S + V + C + V + C Which The men from some of whom he borrowed money are rich. Pattern c ) Head + Prep. + Adv. + Birim + Of + Whom + S + V + C + V + C Which The men from almost all of whom he borrowed money are rich. Pattern d ) Head + Whom + S + V + Prep. + N + V + C Which That The money which he borrowed from them was necessary. Examples a- The interest with which an advertisement read depends to some extend upon the language used. - Investment are the means by which nations utilise the capital of other nations to build factories and develop mines for their own industrial base. b- My salary with half of which I can buy a suit is not enough to support a family of five. - These firms from two of which we have received orders are reliable. c- This money with about half of which I must pay my debts is all I have. - My friends to about two thirds of whom I have sent new year cards are teachers. d- The room which I shared with him was quite large.
68

- The separate unit which he bought in the condominium made him a joint owner of the public facilities of the structure. a- The words with which we speak make up our active vocabulary. - The average Turkish family has a patriarchal structure in which boys have a privileged position over girls. b- These firm from two of which we have received orders are dependable. - Contiguous zone in the entirety of which the coast state exercises certain and limited jurisdiction is a part of the high seas beyond the outer border of the territorial waters. c- These graves in almost all of which we found some pots and coins are typical of the age. - These commodities from almost all of which we have obtained specimen are of high quality. d- The profit which we can make by this transaction is far above normal. - The letter which I sent to him was registered. UNIT 64 Edatl Sfat Cmlecikleri Pattern a ) Head +( Prep.) + (Adv.) + Birim + Of which + ( S ) + V + C + V + C The land in about half of which we grow cotton is quite fertile. Pattern b ) NP + NP + Of Which + V + C + V + C The land the fertility of which was increased was green-manured. Pattern c ) NP + Prep + NP + Of Which + S + V + C + V + C The mountain at the top of which snow was still present is a popular skiing site. Pattern d ) Head + Whose + NP + V + C + V + C The miner whose mine was nationalised was paid millions. Pattern e ) Head + Whose + NP + S + V + V + C The land owner whose property the municipality expropriated ( condemned ) was paid a huge sum. Pattern f ) Head + Prep + Whose + NP + S + V + V + C The man in whose land a treasure - trove was found became rich. Examples a- The first Turkish plane eighty-five percent of which consists of domestic material has made its first flight. - These specialists two of whom are my students have won scholarships. b- Turkish airlines the personnel of which is well-trained is growing. - Our commitments the fulfilment of which is a matter of honour for us obligate us in earnest. c- The computer with the invention of which started to threaten the modern society may someday destroy mankind. - Our international debts for the payment of which the government has been trying to find sources have increased tenfold in the last five years. d- The Turkish pilots whose ability is well known are usually trained in the air force.
69

- A theory is a generalisation whose reliability and validity has been determined by a scientific method at a given stage of knowledge. e- My exdirector whose recommendation letter I presented to the examiners was very happy about my work. - Children whose future we must safeguard deserve a happier world. f- President Truman with whose order Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed was succeeded by Eisenhower. - Abraham Lincoln during whose administration a civil war was fought started his law practice by defending a Negro. a- Hector and Paris both of whom were sons of Priam , the Trojan king were the leading heroes in Trojan War. - Turkey ,two thirds of which is surrounded by seas has to expand its commercial fleet. b- This check the content of which covers a years subscription for the Time magazine may be cashed at any bank. - Alcohol a small amount of which may not be detrimental is the causative agent in many neuro -psychiatric cases. c- Red tape with the relaxation of which tourism can be promoted is sometimes boring. - Money in the absence of which life in the modern society becomes almost impossible is not an end but a means. d- An individual whose early training and education is not consistent with the world in which he will live will suffer maladjustment. - Machiavelli whose statement is often misinterpreted said The end justifies the means. e- Our advisor whose opinion we value greatly has received an attractive offer from the World Bank - Professor Soysal whose work UNESCO rewarded with the Prise for Peace ,was the vicepresident of Amnesty International f - Stalin with whose death an epoch was closed in the Soviet history was responsible for the death of thousands of Byelorussions and Ukrainians.

UNIT 65 sim + nn ; Fiil + d Yer , Zaman

70

Pattern a ) S + V + N + When + S + V + C Winter is the season when many spectacular events take place. Pattern b ) S + V + N + Where + S + V + C stanbul is the city where two continents meet. Pattern c ) N + When + S + V + C + V + C Where The countries where hunger is a problem are mostly agricultural. Examples a- Summer is the season when the tourist flow is great. - 1923 is the year when the Turkish Republic was founded. b- A library is a place where we can borrow books. - The building where Atatrk was born is in Saloniki. c- The year 1071 when a pitched battle was fought between the Seluk and Byzantine armies marked the beginning of the Turkification of Anatolia. - Sinop where Diogenes was born is a nice city on the black sea coast. a- In 1453 when stanbul was conquered , Mehmet the Conqueror was only 21 years old. - Complaints about ulcer increase in the months of spring and fall when the human body undergoes nutritional adjustment. b- Ka where Saint Nicholas is maintained to have been born is a nice town in the west of Antalya. - Dumlupnar where the Greek army was decisively defeated is a small town in the west of Afyon. c- The year 1929 when the world suffered a great crisis was not so destructive in Turkey owing to the measures taken by the government. - There are two fortresses at the points where the Bosphorus is narrowest.

UNIT 66 Included Clauses, Included Phrases Pattern a ) S + Relative Pronoun + BE + C + V + C Mr Robert Lado, who is a professor of linguistics, has contributed a lot to applied linguistics.
71

Pattern b ) S + , + NP + , + V + C Mr. Robert Lado, a professor of linguistics , has contributed a lot to applied linguistics. Pattern c ) S + V + C + Relative Pronoun + BE + C I have been in Ann Arbor ,which is a university town in Michigan. Pattern d ) S + V + C + , + NP I have been in Ann Arbor , a university town in Michigan. Pattern e ) S + V + C + Which + V + C The Titanic went down and over a thousand lives were lost , which shocked the world. Pattern f ) S + , + Prepositional Phrase + , + V + C Man, as Aristotle put it centuries ago , is a social animal. Examples a-Power , which is the stupid necessary mule, should have neither pride of ancestry nor hope of posterity. - Dividends, which are sums of money paid to share holders of a corporation out of earnings, can be remitted to the investing country. b- Power, the stupid necessary mule, should have neither pride of ancestry nor hope of posterity. - Dividends, sums of money paid to share holders of a corporation out of earnings, can be remitted to the investing country .c- The foreign workers in many European countries send home money to support their families , which are called immigrant remittances . - Another modern development in the hotel business is the motel ,which is a word made up from motor and hotel. d- The different kinds of trade that nations engage in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. - Another modern development in the hotel business is the motel , a word made up from motor and hotel. e- Nations such as Greece and Norway and the colony of Hong Kong have large merchant marine, which can provide international transport service. - A number of countries have an agreement with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to hold their gold in safekeeping, which makes it possible for these countries to buy gold from or sell gold to other countries. f- Tourism, as we know it today, began with the building of railroads in the 19th century. - Peter the Greats task was, as he himself put it, to covert his subjects from beasts into human beings , from children into adults. a- Emile Durkheim, who is one of the important makers of contemporary sociology, points out Saint Simons important contribution in the development of contemporary sociology. - Sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics , which are two sub- branches of linguistics, have tremendously developed in recent years. b- Mr. Akman , the art critic, praised the painting. - Translation ,the most interesting and satisfying linguistic activity, requires a very good command ( mastery ) of the source and target languages.
72

c- Sugar and fat are stored in the liver, which is the largest organ of the body. - He will sooner or later get the Nobel Prize for Literature, which will be a delayed rewarding. d- The Virginian tobacco is blended with the Turkish tobacco, a process increasing the quality of Virginian tobacco. - In accordance with the Salt Peace Talks the USA wants to inspect the strategic weapons in the Soviet Union by means of her planes, an operation possible with a trilateral agreement. e- PKK terrorism is supported at least tolerated by some countries which are our allies, which is an attitude incompatible with friendship. - Everybody wants to be liked and admired by others especially by those dear to him, which is the most natural tendency of man. f- We posses for the first time in history ,with the development of nuclear weapons, the power to blow up mankind. - Diplomats are ,in the best sense of the word of course, licensed spies. UNIT 67 - sa bile pek az ; - da olsa Pattern a ) ( S + V ) Little + if any + Noun + ( V ) There is little if any change in prices. Pattern b ) ( S + V ) + Few + if any + Plural Noun + ( V ) He has few ,if any, clients. Pattern c ) ( S + V ) + C + ( Adv. ) + if at all. He resembles his brother little if at all. Pattern d ) S + V + C + Even though + C Even if Though You must ,even if once, have seen a lunar eclipse. Pattern e ) S + V + C + Even though + not + Adj. + C Even if Though Smoking is a possible, though not definite, cause of lung cancer. Pattern f ) S + V + as if + S + V + NP Christi spoke as if she were leaving us. Examples a- There is little, if any, change in prices - Little, if any, improvement can be accomplished by this method. b- Few, if any, people are aware of this fact. - He has read few, if any, books. c- These factors will affect our state temporarily if at all. - This treatment will change the course of the disease ,slightly if at all.
73

d- These factors will ,even if temporarily, affect our condition. - Money can, even though occasionally, cure some ailments. e- Foreign loans will transiently, even if not permanently, improve our unfavourable foreign balance of payments. - Wars can probably for some time, though perhaps not for ever, be prevented. f- He looks as if he were a prophet. - He ate as if he had not eaten anything for weeks. a- Modern cars resemble old ones little if at all. - The risk of a corporate business concern are shared by numerous stockholders who have little, if any, participation in his management. - There is little ,if any, justification in a belligerent attitude. b- We have few, if any, true friends. - There are few, if any, people who can trace their pedigrees as far back as seven generations. c- Persons afflicted with mental malady will recover, if at all, within the first year. - In modern warfare, parties will benefit from war little if at all. - He pays cash rarely if at all. d- Some employers do, even if infrequently, employ strike breakers. - Children do, even if sometimes wrongly, imitate their parents. - Coal may bring some ,though limited, relief to the energy problem. e- Picketers are occasionally , though not frequently, engaged in quarrels. - Making everybody the owner of a house is difficult, even if not impossible. - Some countries have largely, even if not completely, solved the problem of illiteracy. f- He behaves as if he has created the world. - She screamed as if she had been beaten by a snake. - He spent money as if he were a millionaire. Paragraph There are few, if any, people in the world happy in the true sense of the word. Pessimistic people have few, if any, happy instances. Man should , even if occasionally, be able to create his own happiness. A pessimistic philosophy of life can satisfy one little if at all. UNIT 68 Li -L Taks Pattern a ) NP +With + NP + V + C Any company or bank with money to sell or a need to buy may contact a broker. Pattern b ) NP + Having + NP + V + C Possessing In possession of Any company or bank having money to sell or a need to buy may contact a broker.
74

Pattern c ) ( Adj. ) Noun + ed + NP + V + C Single-armed people are exempt form military service. Pattern d ) N + ful + NP + V + C Truthful friends must be appreciated. Pattern e ) NP + of + NP + V + C Friendship of long standing is based on mutual trust. Pattern f ) N + y + NP + V + C Risky loans bring high interest. Pattern g ) N + ous + NP + V + C Famous people may have tragic ends. Examples a- The foreign exchange market is an international market with no central trading place. - Families with children are in majority. b- A state possessing war captives is responsible for the treatment and behaviour toward them. - Students having problems need guidance. c- I was a thirty-five-year-old sober-minded businessman. - Flat-footed individuals have difficulty in walking. d- A tactful salesman is capable of pleasing his customers. - Dreadful days are over. e- Goods of high quality have steady buyers. - Jewels of very great value are generally insured. f- Hasty people are bound to commit blunders. - A Furry tongue is the sign of gastric derangements. g- Prosperous countries are mostly industrialised. - Generous people are humanitarian. a- One person with a belief is a social power equal to ninety who have only interests. - Credits with a term of less than a year enter the category of short term credits. b- Diplomats having long experience are cautious. - Small tradesman and craftsmen are people having little material means. c- He spoke in a trembling, high pitched voice. - Blue-eyed people are usually blond. d- Useful advice must be observed. - Thought people do not hurt others. e- Cars of different marks participated in the race. - News of doubtful people origin must not be valued.
75

f- Lucky people are born rich. - Juicy fruits are indurable. g- Tuberculous patients continuously cough - Delicious foods are often detrimental to health.. UNIT 69 Siz- Sz Taks Pattern a ) NP + Without + NP + V + C People without ideals are materialistic. Pattern b ) NP + Devoid of + NP + V + C Free from Lacking ( in ) Wanting ( in ) Claims devoid of proofs are bound to be refuted. Pattern c ) N + Less + NP + V + C Restless people are apt to acquire ulcer. Pattern d ) N + Free + NP + V + C Problem-free countries are almost non-existent. Pattern e ) Un + Adj. + NP + V + C Unnecessary details were omitted. Examples a- Children without parents constitute a great problem for the society. - Blood without formed elements is called plasma. b- Accusation devoid of grounds may initiate a quarrel. - People free from worries are happy. c- Penniless people are broke. - Endless complaints may bore the listener. d- Oxygen-free media are not compitable with life. - Potassium-free compounds do not oxidise so quickly. e- Unfortunate results must always be expected. - Illegitimate children are often deserted. a- An alien from the standpoint of a state is a person without affiliation of citizenship to it. - Giving without expecting a return is a noble act. b- Islam has given common ideals to the Middle-East tribes devoid of them. - He is wanting in courtesy. c- Merciless people laid all the blame on the mother. - Hopeless people may commit suicide.
76

d- Duty-free shops exist in many countries. - A cholesterol-free diet was prescribed. e- Irresponsible people must be kept in mental hospitals. - Ungrounded suspicion is whim.

UNIT 70 ART CMLELER Pattern a ) If + S + V ( present ) + C , S + V ( present or future ) + C If other measures for the improvement of the balance of payments prove insufficient ,a country may devalue its currency. Pattern b ) Should + S + V (inf) + C , S + V ( present or future) + C Should these measures prove insufficient , we will resort to devaluation. Pattern c ) If + S + V2 + C , S + Would + V (inf) + C Could If I had time, I would help you. Pattern d ) If + S + V2 + C , S + V2 + C If you went there , you saw him. Pattern e ) If + S + Have + V3 + C , S + Have + V3 + C ( coveys real situations ) Has Has If he has passed the exam, he has become an inspector.) Pattern f ) If + S + Had + V3 + C , S + Would + Have + V3 + C
77

(meaning present)

( meaning past )

Could If I had had time yesterday, I would have helped you. Pattern g ) Had + S + V3 + C + S + Would + Have + V3 + C Could Had I had time yesterday, I would have helped you. Examples a- If the buyer goes into bankruptcy, the bank takes possession of the merchandise. - If there is still vacancy in your office, I will be glad to apply for the position. b- Should the buyer go into bankruptcy, the bank will take possession of the merchandise - Should a nations balance of payments continue in deficit for some time, then the reserves will be insufficient to cover further withdrawals. c- If the buyer went into bankruptcy, the bank would take possession of the merchandise. - If nations traded item for item, such as an automobile for 10.000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. d- If you shut the door, the hens didnt get out. e- If she has tried again I think that she has succeeded. f- If the buyer had gone into bankruptcy, the bank would have taken possession of the merchandise. - If his assets had been considerable, his credit would have been good. g- Had the buyer gone into bankruptcy, the bank would have taken possession of the merchandise. - Had I known their intention, I would have been more cautious. a- If the vessel encounters a storm at sea and is in danger of sinking, the captain may decide to lighten the vessel by jettisoning the cargo. - If the price quoted C.I.F. ,then the seller is obliged to pay only the charges necessary to put goods on board the vessel. b- Should wages and profits be high, the price of the commodity will rise. - Should the supply exceed the demand, the price will automatically fall. c- If there was no system of control, factory-owners might make their employees work too long each day. - If a nation used up its income as soon as it was created, there would be no chance to provide capital. d- If he spoke more slowly, you understood him. e- If he has listened to my directions, he has taken the right turning. f- If the government had not increased the income of the wage and salary of earners, the expenditures of these classes would have been limited. - If a good despot could have been insured, despotic monarchy would have been the best form of government.
78

g- Had the borrowers credit standing been satisfactory, his promissory note could have been accepted without security. - Had the system of education been successful, the youngsters would not have been killing each other. UNIT 71 -mesi - mas Pattern a ) Possessive Adj. + V ing + C + V + C NP + s His showing signs of discontent should not worry you. The customers showing signs of discontent may be a pretence. Pattern b ) The fact that + S + V + C + V + C The fact that he shows sign of discontent should not worry you. Pattern c ) If + S + V + C + S + V + C If he shows signs of discontent, it should not worry you. Examples a) Socrates preparing his own death calmly and nobly by drinking the hemlock poison forced young Plato ,who admired his teacher ,to leave Athens for some time. - The Ottoman States exhibiting a religious characteristic has hampered the movements of reformation and modernisation. b- The fact that a relationship of independency and interactions exists among social events should never be interpreted as absence of a cause effect relationship among these events. - The fact that television has a more complex technique due to its visual property has caused the discoveries in this field to develop more slowly than those concerning radio. c- If the capital is limited, expansion of the business is necessarily slow. - If I criticise you, it is because I like you. a- Your learning English will strengthen your position. - Your insisting on consolidation will sooner or later result in success. b- The fact that Turkey is going through a period of transition leaves the adolescents in perplexity. - The fact that mans needs are unlimited, whereas the means to meet these are limited, creates economic problems. c- If colour TV has become widespread in our country, this is due to economic reasons. - If Im not spending extravagantly, it is not because I am stingy. UNIT 72 - m olmas Pattern a ) Possessive Adjective + Having + V3 + C + V + C His having done his duty should comfort you. Your sons having done his duty should comfort you.
79

Pattern b ) The fact that + S + Have + V3 + C + V + C Has The fact that he has done his duty should comfort you. Pattern c ) If + S + Have + V3 + C + S + V + C +V + C Has If your son has done his duty, this should comfort you. Examples a- Their having had no experience in this field is the most important reason for their failure. - The teams having had to use an old method is unfortunate. b- The fact that they have not had any experience in this field is the most important reason for their failure. - The fact that the team has had to employ an old method is unfortunate. c- If they have had no experience in this field, it is not to their credit. - If he has criticised you, this should not discourage you. a- Muhammeds having dealt with trade has played an important part in slams being a worldly religion - Their having connived at your whims does not entitle you to abuse their goodwill. b- The fact that technology has entered the political life may account for the change in the nature of the propulsive forces of history. - The fact that the western world has rediscovered the classical Greek thinking through slamic thinking is a historical reality. c- If he has been estranged to his environment ,this has stemmed from social and psychic causes. - If you have won wars, it does not mean that you will win all wars. Paragraph Turkeys not having entered the Second World War is the accomplishment of our foreign policy. The fact that the people suffered inadequacy of food was due to the fact that the productive population was drafted. If the German troops have not occupied Turkey, this is due to the deterrent power of the Turkish armed forces. UNIT 73 Neden-Sonu Balantlar Pattern a ) S + V + C + Conjunction + S + V + C I was tired so I took a nap. Pattern b ) Conjunction + S + V + C , S + V + C Because I was tired, I took a nap. Pattern c ) S + V + C + Conj. + S + V + C I took a nap because I was tired. Examples a- Coffee does not grown in Turkey, consequently this country must import it from other
80

countries. - About half the divorces take place within five years after marriage, therefore it would seem that the first five years of married life constitute the most difficult period of adjustment. - Under the laissez-faire or let alone doctrine prevalent a century ago, little children of England dragged coal carts through small tunnels in the mines, as result, the state was forced to intervene in industry. b- Since being away from home is a necessary component of tourism, its development as a mass industry is dependent on modern means of rapid inexpensive transportation. - As our life-span as individuals is much shorter than that of the society, very great qualitative changes may not occur in the society within an individuals life period. - For economic and social phenomena are forbidding, they afford to the individual luxury not given by physical phenomena. c- Turkish government bonds are always a good investment, because they are absolutely safe, readily marketable, obtainable in small denominations and furnish a fair rate of interest. - Anyone who has chosen a career in tourism should enjoy working with people and be tolerant of their failings since the irritation of travel can bring out the worst qualities in some people. - The retailer is an especially important factor in the marketing process ,because of a long line of middlemen, he is usually the only one who deals directly with the customer. a- Sound financial policy requires income and outgo balance, therefore expenditures should be kept within limits. - Radio and TV are satisfactory means of direct and quick contact with masses of people consequently they used to influence the public opinion in a certain direction. b- Since commerce is as important as manufacturing, cities are also located at points convenient for commerce. - As intellectual self- reliance is the aim of good education , utilisation of a nations educational system to advance the interest of a particular group is vicious. c- Poverty and pauperism are common in the city than in the country ,for many unfortunates drift into the city from rural regions. - The position of England after the second World War has been particularly precarious, since her very presence depends on foreign trade. UNIT 74 Btnleyici Balantlar Pattern a ) S + V + C + Conjunction + S + V + C We have increased the investments in the tourist industry, in addition we have raised the exchange rates of foreign currencies. Pattern b ) Prep. Phrase + V ing + C + S + V + C NP In addition to increasing the investments in the tourist industry, we have raised the exchange rates of foreign currencies. Pattern c ) ......Not only ...... but only..... We did not only increase the investments in the tourist industry but also raised the
81

exchange rates of foreign currencies. Pattern d ) Not only + Auxiliary + S + V + but ( also ) + V + C Not only did we increase the investments in the tourist industry, but also raised the exchange rates of foreign currencies. Pattern e ) S + V (negative) + C + Let alone + Inf. ( NP ) Not to speak of + NP Not to mention + NP In our social milieu very few parents realise the crisis an adolescent undergoes, let alone know how to treat him. Examples a- The forest contributes substantially to the satisfaction of human wants, besides it performs a valuable service in holding soil in place. - Money is a means of exchange, besides it is a means of measuring the value of mans labour. b- Psychology is a branch of science which tries to study and explain in a regular manner the senses, perception , memory, intellect, judgement, voluntary behaviour, instincts, ego, beliefs, attitudes, desires and similar subjects as well as attempting to point out the relationships between psychic and nonpsychic events. - Besides their other effects, radio and TV influence mans attitude and behaviour. c- When Europe began to wake from the dark centuries after the fall of Roman Empire, Italy took the lead not only in the renaissance of art and learning but also in commerce. - Eurodollar deposits are not only owned by Europeans, but also in oil producing countries and Asian nations such as Japan. d- Not only the purchase but even the rental of a home provided with minimum standards is beyond the reach of those in the lowest income group. - It has been established that about one hundred thousand children are affected by new divorces granted in the USA each year, to say nothing of the large number of children concerned by the divorces previously granted. -I did not see him , let alone to speak him. a- Limiting our desires, controlling our instincts and checking our feelings have promoted foresight, prudence and sagacity in us, moreover, they have reinforced these virtues by many institutions such as law, tradition, customs and religion. - The state promotes the investments of the private sector, furthermore, it invests in diverse fields of production. b- Besides economic and social factors, Bismarks clever diplomacy has had a share in the accomplishment of German national unity. - Credit expansion as well as monetary increase are inflationary. c- Thrift applies not only to saving but also spending money. - The public has become increasingly aware of the fact that the industrial warfare does not concern merely the interests of capital and labour but also vitally affects large portions of the whole population.
82

d- Not only is the demand for money related to the quantity of business but also to the rapidity with which business is done. - Not only divorce but also late marriage and spinsterhood are frequent manifestations of the economic emancipation of women. - Within the last fiscal year , Turkey has paid about three billion dollars for petroleum imports, not to speak of the foreign exchange spent on other import items. - He can not even walk steadily, let alone dance.

UNIT 75 Ztlk likileri Pattern a ) S + V + C + , + Conjunction + S + V + C George can not sing ,but he plays the piano well. Pattern b ) S + V + C +, + Conjunction + , + S + V + C George cannot sing , nevertheless, he plays the piano well. Pattern c ) Conjunction + S + V + C , + S + V + C Although George cannot sing, he plays the piano well. Pattern d ) S + V + C + Conjunction , + S + V + C George cannot sing, while he plays the piano well. Pattern e ) Conjunction + S + V + C , S + V + C While George can not sing, he plays the well. Examples a- Cotton is regarded as a tropical growth, yet the most important production is in subtropical regions - A mob vanishes as rapidly as it assembles, a deliberative assembly, however, is far more permanent and responsible. b- Constraints on imports create disadvantages in some respects, nevertheless ,there are some exceptional conditions where protective tariffs are necessary. - Railroads and sea transportation is much cheaper, nonetheless, highway transportation has wrongly been promoted by the government in the last quarter of the century. c- Even though companies in Europe like Renault and British Leyland are government owned, they are unlike their communist counterparts. - In spite of the fact that so many centuries have rolled by, the wars of which troy was the battlefield and the great actors in them are remembered forever. d- Stocks are certificates of ownership in a corporation ,whereas bonds are certificates of ownership of a special portion of a debt due to be paid by a government or corporation.. - Trade that is carried on with the borders of a country is called domestic trade, while trade that is carried on by one nation with another is called foreign or international trade.
83

e- Whereas the working class is trying to find out and improve the ways of getting a bigger share from production , the capitalistic class desires to maintain their superior and powerful state over the working class. - While it is true that the League of Nations did intervene successfully in minor international disputes , nevertheless , it did not prevent Mussolinis conquest of Ethiopia, the Japanese aggression in the Far East and the Civil War in Spain. a- Great wealth and abject poverty have existed side by side in recent years, however, some taxes have greatly reduced economic inequality. - A society free, but incapable of self-control, shows excessive violence, but a society kept down by the iron hand of authority has its concentration camps. - We can not make the river run backwards, but we do not say that water mill are not made but grow. b- The issue of slum eradication aroused considerable interest for many years, nevertheless, little was accomplished in this area. - It is natural to expect that difference of opinion, even disputes will arise between employers and employees, nonetheless, when disputes degenerate into bitter conflict, characterised by selfishness, narrowness and sometimes violence, then grave consequences result. - The man knew that he would die, nevertheless, he went on hoping. c- Although uranium is important for military purposes, it offers great possibilities for industrial use. - Even though conquering the space is spoken of, we must admit that we are scratching the outer crust of the space, - Although most men personally prefer acquiescent and submissive characters, improvement in human affairs is the wholly the work of the uncontented characters. d- Electromagnetic waves radiate to the environment in direct relation to the power of the transmitter, whereas wave length is in reverse proportion to cycles per second. - A wage is a rate of pay Per unit of time or piece of work, while earnings are total amount or take home pay. - The state is the agency that protects its citizens, whereas the government is the political that the state has established. e- While the term closed shop is applied to an establishment employing only men who belong to the union, the open shop is a business establishment which is independent of labour organisation. - While the Epicureans try to explain the universe through causes, the Stoics explain the universe with goals. UNIT 76 Because-Because Of Pattern a ) Because + S + V + C, S + V + C Due to the fact that Owing to the fact that Because I was ill , I could not go to work. Pattern b ) Because Of + NP + S + V + C
84

Due to Owing to Because of my illness, I could not go to work Examples a- Due to the fact that high frequencies are used for TV, the waves are not reflected through the ionosphere. - Technology is very advanced ,owing to the fact that many scientists have contributed to its development. b- Due to the great demand, the prices sharply rose. - Owing to your kind help, I have solved my problems. a- Because all international commercial activities are conducted by companies or individuals, a need for international banking has developed. - Owing to fact that Baccus in its original form was a primitive, savage and to some extend disgusting myth, philosophers have been influenced by the myth of Orpheus which moved the feelings higher to the psychic domain rather than Baccus. b- Foreign trade also takes place due to renovation of style. - Owing to the resistance put up by the Persians in Halicarnasus, Alexander the Great was obliged to lay siege to the town. UNIT 77 As a result - As a result of Consequently - As a consequence of Pattern a ) S + V + C + As a result +S+V+C Consequently He worked hard as a result he passed Consequently Pattern b ) As a result + NP + S + V + C As a consequence of As a result of hard working, he passed. Examples a- Average life span has been prolonged, as a result, the rate of the period of life spent outside the work increases. - World trade and economic activity have increased, consequently, international finance and banking have evolved. b- As a result of extravagance, he went bankrupt. - The Eurodollar market developed during the early 1950s as a consequence of cold war. a- The government accelerated industrialisation, as a result, the gap between exports and imports widened. - Every man is a damn fool for at least five minutes every day, consequently genius and insanity alternate
85

b- As a result of technical, economical and cultural advancements, the Western European societies of the 19. Century could no longer adhere to the old symbols of authority and standards of legitimacy. - As a consequence of the organic composition of the capital varying from industry to industry, the rates of profit will also vary from industry to industry. UNIT 78 In addition - In addition to Pattern a ) S + V + C + In addition + S + V + C Bridges and roads must be built and kept in repair by the municipality, in addition, cleaning streets and collecting refuse are legitimate function of the city. Pattern b ) In addition to + NP + S + V + C V ing In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Examples a- The legislative, executive and judicial branches of government have been placed in three supposedly different departments, in addition, the separation of functions has been reinforced by a system of checks and balances. - Mary is a teacher, in addition, she writes poetry. - Lobbies are organised efforts to form public opinion in general, in addition, they influence legislators to act favourably on the particular interests of lobbyists. b-In addition to being devoid of control, a mob is also devoid of thoughts. - In addition to good housing, many other factors enter into the health and safety of urban populations. - In addition to graduating from the Faculty of Political Sciences, he has also graduated from the Law School. UNIT 79 In spite of the fact that - In spite of Despite the fact that - Despite Pattern a ) In spite of the fact that + S +V + C , S + V + C Despite the fact that In spite of the fact that I warned him, he did not stop drinking. Pattern b ) In spite of + NP + S + V + C Despite In spite of my warning, he did not stop drinking. Despite Examples a- Despite the fact that I reminded him of the situation, he did not seem interested
86

- In spite of the fact that many reasons have been advocated for the persistence of poor housing conditions, low income has been the most important factor. b- Despite everything, I will try my luck. - In spite of the highly mechanised character of modern agriculture, farming still remains an individualistic occupation. a- Despite the fact that the United States has spent billions of dollars on foreign aid programs ,it has captured neither the affection nor the esteem of the rest of the world. - In spite of the fact that , during the Republican era, advancement has been made in spreading literacy, approximately one third of our population is illiterate even today. b- In spite of the enormous expense involved in tearing down valuable property, Paris remodelled itself with a magnificent system of boulevards over half a century ago. - Despite the slaughter and destruction it has inflicted on innocent victims since time immemorial, war has been accepted as a customary event. UNIT 80 Instead - Instead of Pattern a ) S + V + C + Instead, + S + V + C I was planning to read instead , I went to the movies. Pattern b ) Instead of + Noun + S + V + C V ing Instead of reading, I went to the movies. Examples a- We should try to be happy, instead, we all seem to be looking for worries. - She was supposed to be mourning ,instead, she looked as if she rejoiced over her husbands death. b- Instead of the function of governing ,the proper office of a representative assembly is to watch and control the government. - Instead of settling their accounts directly with one another by means of messengers, banks send the checks which they have cashed for other banks to the clearinghouse. a- She wanted to be a teacher, instead, she became a doctor. - The USA and Russia are spending billions for arms, instead, they should try to solve the problem of hunger. b- Instead of staying in stanbul overnight, I returned by plane ( I flew back ) - Instead of making up excuses, why dont you try to be punctual.

UNIT 81 Similarly - Likewise Just as - Exactly as No more - than

87

Pattern a ) S + V + C + Similarly + S + V + C Likewise Plant can not live without water, similarly, it is not possible for the tissues to maintain their vitality without blood supply. Pattern b ) Just as + S + V + C + ( so ) + S+V+C Exactly Auxiliary Just as plants can not live without water, it is impossible for the tissues to subsist in the absence of water. Pattern c ) No more + Auxiliary + S + V + Than + Auxiliary + S + V + C No more can tissues maintain their vitality without sanguination, than can plants subsist in the absence of water. Examples a- Liberals placed particular store in the concept of freedom and democrats in the principle of equality, likewise, socialists initially adhered to the ideal of fraternity. b- Exactly the economic power of the individual is measured by the money and wealth in his possession, the criterion of the economic power of the states is wealth. c-No more can technical inventions be kept secret than can jinni be penned up in bottles. a- The profit of the winner of the first prize in a lottery comes from the deficit of thousands of losers, likewise, high profits of some entrepreneurs can be accounted for by the deficit of individuals. b- Voluntary co-operation of all individuals in a democracy is the highest form of social control, just as a brutal military dictatorship is the lowest form of social control. - Just as truth ultimately serves to create consensus, so in the short run, does acceptability. c- No more can we do without dreaming, than can hens do without laying eggs. - No more can he rely on himself, than can he depend on others

UNIT 82 Tersine - Aksine Pattern a ) S + V + C + Conjunction ( conversely, contrarily, reversely, on the contrary, in contrast, otherwise ) + S + V + C In case of an accident, the exporter who has purchased insurance is reimbursed, otherwise he may suffer a complete loss.
88

Pattern b ) Prep. Phr. ( Unlike ,contrary to, in contrast with, as opposed to) + NP + S+ V +C Unlike the concept which based common ownership on natural law , St. Thomas states that there is no natural law which would justify the common use of property. Examples a-Jean Jacques Roussea advocated a natural environment for children, in contrast John Dewey maintains that the human young cannot learn to satisfy even his basic needs if he is not taught . - Urbanisation seen in Turkey is not a healthy type of urbanisation occurring as a result of development in industry and services, in other words, in productive forces; conversely, it is an unhealthy type of urbanisation resulting from the fact that the structural disorders in the rural areas are forcing the population out of villages. b- In contrast with the very unjust and unfavourable conception of European historianship about Turks which were devoid of any scientific basis, the reaction of our romantic historianship was bound to be and , indeed, was quite extremistic and exaggerated. - David Hume , as opposed to the mercantilistic views and concepts of his age ,has explained, with self-styled clarity and logical consistency, that money has no value by itself, its importance stems from its being a means of exchange, that value itself is produced by the goods and services accommodating human wants, and that money has no function other than serving as a measure of these goods and services. a- Promissory notes and bills of exchange are short term credit instruments, in contrast, bonds and mortgages are long-term credit instruments. - Taxes are compulsory and recurrent payment made by individuals or corporations for the general support of their governments , on the contrary, fees and licences are special payments for services and privileges. b- Contrary to rationalistic, secular, nationalistic and sceptic thinking and philosophy of the French Revolution, the restorationists reached a consensus to defend ,in the realm of ideology, the old order dominated by religious, traditionalistic and monarchic views. - Unlike some mass media, distorting and suppressing news or presenting only one side of a controversial issue, a free press which gives complete, accurate and unbiased information is a powerful influence for good

UNIT 83 Uses Of as ( gibi-olarak ) Pattern a ) Like + NP He is speaking like a politician. Pattern b ) As + NP He is speaking as a politician
89

Pattern c ) NP + Such as + N + C Fruits such as oranges, apples and grapes are healthful. Pattern d ) As + S + V ( Simple present , past ) + C + S + V + C (dike, dka ) As the child grows up ,he learns to adjust to his environment. Pattern e ) As + S + V + C , S + V + C ( dna gre ) As the child has grown up, he should not be treated like a baby. Pattern f ) As + V3 + Adverbial + S + V + C ( ld, ldna ) ....... ( zere, gre ) As shown above, these cases are exceptions. Examples a - They regard themselves as free, like the Turks throughout the history. - Like land and labour, capital also shares in the national income. b- The American revolutionaries saw themselves as a community of free men. - The tendency to copy the consuming habits of our neighbours is known as the law of imitation. c- The development of refrigeration has greatly widened the market of perishable goods such as meat, fish and certain kind of fruits and vegetables. - Disposable income is income above and beyond what is needed for basic expenses such as food, shelter, clothing and taxes. d- As the civilisations grew more extensive and better organised, the mobility and intelligence of the nomads also improved. - Experience is something man projects upon the outside world as he gains it in its culturally determined form. e- Jack Londons life story is perfect material for naturalistic novel, as he himself proved it when he transferred it into his autobiographical Martin Eden. - As with propaganda, an appeal is made, not so much to reason as to emotion, the term propaganda implies a hidden ,destructive attempt to slant the thinking of large masses of people in one direction or to colour it to a desirable shade. f- As is known, beginning in the late 18th century, throughout the 19th century, Western Europe has experienced continuous revolutions. - As just noted, economic and social behaviour are complex and mentally tiring. a- Like other Germans, Hitler also smarted under accusation of war guilt. - A law of science, like a law of jurisprudence , defines and explains all the conditions to which it applies. b- Economic nationalism may be defined as the political philosophy which looks for to build up a nations wealth , power and prestige to the point where it can be independent of other nations. - As a person, he is very nice but as a doctor , he is not so successful. c- The World Bank extends long-term loans to member governments for development projects such as dams, electrification , general infrastructure, agricultural development and public health. - Terms such as walkout, lockout, sit down strike, slow down strike, strike breaking, strike
90

breaker, picketing, picket (lookout) concern labour law. d- As one watches ones children grow up and learn, one reflects upon the vital role of learning as an agent of culture. - As formal systems become firmer, they become so identified with the process of nature itself that alternative ways of behaviour are not thought of as natural. e- As we have pointed out above, the state cannot remain indifferent to banking activies. - As there is no other way out, we will have to make concession. f- The divorce rate, as just stated , is higher in urban communities than in rural communities. As can be understood from explanation above, mass transportation seems to be the only solution Paragraph I am speaking to you as a teacher, not as a politician. Properties such as lying, fraud and hypocrisy debase man. As the qualities of people are heightened, societies are also heightened. As Atatrk said , we should be proud of ourselves, work hard and have self confidence. As can be understood from the words above, confidence and industry are the keys to the happy turkey of tomorrow. UNIT 84 Dnm Olgular Pattern a ) S + Become (Get, Grow, Turn ) + Adj. Money divides exchange into sale and purchase and supply and demand becomes independent of each other. Pattern b ) S + Adjective + En (V ) (Le, la, la, lan ) The gap between the industrialised and underdeveloped countries has widened. Pattern c ) S + Change ( Turn, Convert, Grow ) into + NP Grape juice turns into vinegar. Pattern d ) S + Make + NP + Adj. Devaluation immediately makes imports more expensive and exports more competitive. Pattern e ) S + Adj. + en + Obj. (lat, latr ) The recent capital increase has strengthened our position. Pattern f ) S + Change ( Turn,Transform, Convert ) + NP + Into + NP Jack London turned his experiences in the Alaska gold strike into frontier action. Examples a- Gastritis may become ulcerated. - Inflation becomes inevitable. b- The gastric mucosa thickens. - The surface flattens.
91

c- Gastritis may turn into ulcer. - The child grows into manhood. d- Incompliance with the diet may make gastritis ulcerated. Devaluation makes inflation inevitable. e- Ulcer thickens the gastric mucosa - The collective labour agreement shortened the working hours. f- Incompliance with the diet may turn gastritis into ulcer. - The usance draft was converted into sight draft. a- Under the prodding of IMF, currencies in recent years have become more freely convertible. - He turned blue in the face. b- Our profit margin has broadened. - Competition has lessened our chances of success. c- The crisis turned into depression. d- Meagreness of the resources renders ore rapid development impossible. - Love may turn into bitter hatred. d- Drought quickened the depression. - I straightened my position. e- The opposition changed the house inquiry into interpellation. - The dominance of a strong local tribe has turned the fragmented tribal societies into centralised, dynastic and imperial states. UNIT 85 Demektir anlamna gelir deriz - ifade ederiz denir ifade edilir Pattern a ) S + Mean + NP Imply Signify Refer to Barter means the trade of goods without an exchange of money. Pattern b ) S + Call Term Name + NP Refer to Express + NP + as + as

We refer to the desire for variety in the commodities and services that the consumer consumes as the law of variety.
92

Pattern c ) PS. + BE + Called Termed Named + NP Referred to as Expressed in terms of The fact that human beings consume in accordance with certain tendencies is called the law of tendencies. Exercises a- Function analysis refers to the whole of the systematic activities directed at the analysis and classification of the performance related to a certain job. - Thrift does not signify miserliness. b- Economists call this tendency the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility . - Some define the budget as a plan of controlled expenditures. c- Systems like that in are sometimes called mixed economy. Subsidised recreational travelling is termed social tourism. a- In tourism, the term accommodation refers to hotels or other places where a traveller can find rest and shelter , while the expression catering facilities refers to places where a traveller or another member of the public can find food and drink. b- We refer to the written contract between the insurance company and the insured as policy We express the value of wealth in terms of money. c- The transporter , the wholesaler, the commission merchant , the jobber and the retailer are called middleman. - The share of the national income received by labour is called wages and the share which capital receives is termed interest. UNIT 86 Oluturur, erir Yaplmtr , barettir Pattern a ) S + Form + Obj. Make up Constitute The instability of money constitutes a problem with far- reaching consequences. Pattern b ) S + Be + Made of + NP The house is made of stone. Pattern c ) S + Consist of + NP Comprise The society consists of people co-operating in an effort to achieve many basic interests. Pattern d ) S + Contain + NP
93

Include Comprise Large ,modern hotels usually contain restaurants and cocktail lounges, shops and recreational facilities such as swimming pools or health clubs. Exercises a- In a technical phrase, the business travellers make up a price inelastic market. -In cause-effect relationship, the infrastructure makes up the suprastructure. b- This fabric is made up of cotton. - Wine is made from grapes. c- The International Court of Justice consists of 15 judges. - The infrastructure in the field of tourism consists of those things that are necessary before development can take place- roads, sewers, electricity, telephone service, airports and water supply d- The participants in the foreign exchange market include major international banks, brokers, central banks, large corporations with international activities. - The legal authority for federal regulation of the railroads is contained in Article I , Section 8, Clause 3 of the American Constitution. a- They formed an electoral committee. - Advertising constitutes one of the most highly developed of modern arts. b- The building was made of wood. - Cans made of tin must be tinned well. c- A class consists of a teacher and students. - The United Nations consists of six principal organs; The General Assembly, The General Secreteria, The Security Council, The International Court of Justice, The Social and Economic Council and The Trusteeship Council. d- The silo contained 50.000 tons of wheat and 20.000 tons of barley. - The term labour is not restricted to various forms of manual labour, it also includes office work and services. ___________________________________________________________

94