TOPIC THE EYESIGHT TROUBLED

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY BPMN 3143 LECTURER: PN.ROHAYATI BTE. CHE DIN

PREPARED BY: ABDUL FATAH BIN MUZAMMIL (201296)

ABSTRACT
This study carried out to identify the factors that contribute to the eye problems. A total of 150 students from IKIP5 were randomly selected to be the respondents of the study. A set of questionnaires was designed to gain the data from the respondents regarding to the topic about eyesight troubled among students. Firstly, reading can contribute the eye troubled because people will depend on glasses if they continue reading in poor lighting. Secondly, nutrition in the food can cause the eye problem if we do not control the amount taken in every meal, and other than that, the other factor is UV light that directly goes into our eye will damage the eye by allowing our eye to be dazzle and finally form the serious problem like Cataract. Lastly, contact lens wear appears to be a significant risk factor for the eye problems. The contact lenses users they are not suggested to wear it over the time which is exceed 8 hours per day.

Table of Contents
Abstract Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.0 Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Objective of the Study Hypothesis Framework

pages
2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 7-10 11

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction Factors of eyesight problem Conclusion

11 11 11 12

3.0

METHODOLOGY 3.1 3.2 3.3 Introduction Research instrument used Respondents of the study

12 12 12 12-13 14-19

4.0

DATA COLLECTION

5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY SCOPE OF STUDY GANTT CHART APPENDIX

1.0

INTRODUCTION
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1.1 Background of the study Our eyes are most important to our well-being and survival, so it comes as no surprise that most of us consider vision to be the most important sense and have an utter dread of anything going wrong with our sight. All things around us can be understood and interpreted by looking over it using our eyes. So, eyes are the most important part in our body and it is said to be the hardest working organ for human in their life. According to Kitchen (2007), Many people are unnecessarily concern about their eyes examined to see if they need glasses or have eye diseases(p.xiii). This bad attitude may lead to the unwanted eye diseases for those who neglected to care of the eyes. Because of that, the essential care and protection are needed to maintain the health of the eyesight. However, the issues on eye care in general are not enough for people in different ages level. Many studies had found that most of the students have eye problems reflected to their lifestyles. Therefore, there is a need to identify the related eye problem caused by that preservation.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Many people seem to neglected the importance of their eye care (Proff/Ref./ basis?reasons}). There are many types of activities that can contribute to the eyesight problems such as dry eye, eye strain, eye infection, tired eye, cataract and Computer Vision Syndrome which finally can lead to blindness. All of these problems come from the wrong way in how they care for their eyes. New
Straits Times (Malaysia), October 31, 2004, Sunday).

1.3 Objective of the study To identify the factors that lead to the eyesight problems among IKIP5 students. 1.4 Hypothesis Ho : Reading cant contribute to be eye problem. H1 : Reading can contribute to be eye problem.

Ho : Nutrition in the food cant cause the eye problem. H1 : Nutrition in the food can cause the eye problem.

Ho : UV light that directly goes into eye will not damage the eye. H1 : UV light that directly goes into eye will damage the eye.

Ho : Contact lens users cant effect to the eye problem. H1 : Contact lens users can effect to the eye problem.

1.5 framework

IV

READING

DV

NUTRITION IN THE FOOD

FACTOR THAT CAUSE EYESIGHT PROBLEM

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

CONTACT LENS WEAR APPEARS

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
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There are several factors that can contribute to the eyesight problems reflected from how people take care of their eyes. Our daily lifestyle and habit can harm the eye slowly if we do not give full attention to it. Even though there are solutions for every diseases, but it is better for us to prevent rather than cure because the eye treatment that are done also give the negative side effect to the patients.

2.2 Factors of eyesight problems Reading can contribute to the eye problems to people. Lavine (2001) stated that people will depend on glasses if they continue reading in poor lighting. Reading while lying and continuing focusing on reading material also should be avoided as suggested by many Ophthalmologists in their writing. Besides that, working with the computer can harm humans eyes. As stated in New Straits Times (2004), It is a fact that our eyes have more problems focusing on pixelated characters than on images with well-defined edges. The constant flexing of the focusing muscles creates fatigue to the eyes, thus causing burning and tired eyes (p.16). Looking at a distance is one of the eyes natural ways of relaxing it. When the eye does this, it does not require much focusing and therefore does not use as many muscles as while reading and working at a computer monitor. Nutrition in the food can cause the eye problem if we do not control the amount taken in every meal. Lavines (2001) study found the following: Nutrition plays a major role in both the prevention and control diabetes. A healthy diet can help keep blood sugars under optimal control and can reduce risk factors for the circulatory complication of the diseases. Diabetic induced damage to the eyes blood vessels produces retinopathy, a condition that can blur vision and occasionally even lead to blindness. (p. 186). One of the keys to improving eyesight naturally is maintaining well8

balanced diet. Essentially, this means that you need to eat a variety of products from all food categories in order to supply your eyes with all the nutrients they need. It is likely that the majority of the food products you consume are not harmful for your eyes. However, the way you prepare them and your eating habits can turn them into the worst foods for your eyes. It would be too much to say that something is totally bad for your vision however there are many food products that may have negative impact on your vision or speed up the progression of some common eye disorders. Here are some of the worst foods for your eyes that you need to avoid. Junk food for example Candies, chips, cookies, even some nuts can have a detrimental effect on eyes. Vegetable, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, along with linoleum acid are the type of fats that put junk food enthusiasts at a higher risk for the eye disease. Not only the fats contained in junk food are bad for your eyes, but the abundant amounts of sugar or salt many snacks contain. Salt and sugar are notorious for their negative impact on vision. Many consider margarine a healthier choice to butter because of its plant origin. The truth is that margarine, along with other commonly used hydrogenated oils such as peanut butter and soybean oil, is potentially bad for your eyes. Hydrogenation is an industrial method for turning liquid vegetable oils into solid ones. During the process of hydrogenation vegetable fat molecules not only lose almost all of their beneficial vitamins and minerals but are transformed into trans-fats. Trans-fats are extremely dangerous for your overall health and for your eye health in particular. If you want to enjoy 20/20 vision for longer, forget about deep-fried foods. Not only prolonged heating of the oil changes its structure and makes it bad for your eyes but most of the foods simply loose their nutritional value when deep-fried. By eating too much deep fried foods, you increase the amounts of free-radicals in your body (they damage the eye cells and lead to various eye disorders plus speed up the natural processes of aging) and decrease the amounts of the nutrients that can fight those free-radicals. For instance, sweet potatoes are an excellent source of vitamin C a well known free radical scavenger.
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However, by frying them, you turn them into one of the worst foods for your eyes because frying destroys nearly all vitamin C content and saturates them with harmful trans-fats from the frying oils. Eating lots of sugary, starchy foods may make eyes more vulnerable to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Americas top cause of vision loss. reports WebMD. Any food item that causes your blood sugar to rise rapidly, for instance chocolate, puts the most important part of your eye the retina, at risk. You can still indulge a sweet bite from time to time but chose carbohydrates that dont make your blood sugar spike quickly. The other factor is UV light that directly goes into our eye will damage the eye by allowing our eye to be dazzle and finally form the serious problem like Cataract. Carlson, Eisenstat and Ziporyn (2004), stated that Short wave-length light can promote the eye problem. The easiest way to accomplish this to wear sunglasses all year long whenever one is out in bright sunshine. UV light is especially damaging to eyes of lighter shades (p. 234). The light you see has a wavelength within the range of about 380 nm to 780 nm and a frequency range of about 405 THz to 790 THz. The human eye can suffer from retinal injury due to overexposure to visible light. Although some damage can heal, more serious overexposure to visible light may lead to permanent eye damage or even blindness. This type of eye problem is caused by looking directly at something too bright like the sun

Finally, contact lens wear appears to be a significant risk factor for the eye problems. The contact lenses users they are not suggested to wear it over the time which is exceed 8 hours per day (Rosenbauer, 1998). In addition, eye infections can be caused by the unclean contact lens and washing the lens with tap water. some lenses increase the evaporation of drops in the eye. some others make slower the evaporation. when you put on the lenses you can make damage on the eyes

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structure and in this way make less powerful the immune. The soft contact lenses are not washed in a good way the proteins degenerate and became bad for the eye. Contact lens limit the corneal oxygenation, some of them over a limit of tolerance and the cornea has swelling and do not make is function of transparent lens, is you put on a good contact lens (hioxifilcon B is one of the new better materials) and make a good washing system lenses will not make any diseases. Thus, all of the factors that lead to the eye problems can be avoided if we know the right way to take care of the eyesight.

2.3 Conclusion Base on the study, from all the factors and diseases mentioned above, we will know what is wrong and what is right to take care of the eyes. It also allows us to avoid ourselves from the serious diseases causes by our own mistakes.

3.0

METHODOLOGY

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3.1 Introduction This section discusses the methodology used for this research. The main purpose of this study is to determine the types of activities that can generate the eyesight problem among students. All the feedbacks are taken from 150 respondents from IKIP5 students. The data for the research were collected through questionnaires.

3.2 Research Instrument Used This study employed quantitative data type as the research methodology. The instrument used to collect the data was questionnaires which consist of 12 questions. Different types of questionnaire had been formulated. These questions were divided into 3 sections. In section A it consisted of closed-ended format questions; section B consisted of dichotomous questions (Yes / No) and choice questions and in section C with Likert questions format.

3.3 Respondents of the study To make this research successful, the feedback from respondents is very valuable. The respondents for this research were the students in IKIP5 from 3 types of major courses which are school of business management, school of Islamic and school of art and design.studying from year 1 to year 3.

4.0

DATA COLLECTION

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The data collected from the questionnaires were used as the information to evaluate the result for this study. The data were analyzed in terms of daily activities, food, protection device and contact lenses. Results were presented through the graphs. To provide the clear view of the result, Gantt chart were supported with some explanations.

5.0

SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY
Nowadays, students only concentrate on their study but neglected the important about their

eyes health that always help them to see. The right protection and care are necessary to maintain the health of the eyes and avoid themselves from the unwanted diseases to occur.

6.0

SCOPE OF STUDY
This research covers the factors that lead to the eye problems. The respondents are the

students in IKIP5 from three major school which are school of business management, school of Islamic and school of art and design. A group of 150 students are selected at random that consisted of female and male students to be the respondents for this research.

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7.0

GANTT CHART

14

m o nth w e ek activities

SEPTEM BER 1 2 3 4

O CTOBER 1 2 3 4

N O V EM BER 1 2 3 4

SELECTED TOP IC BA CKGRO UN D OF STUDY STA TEM EN T O F THE P ROBLEM O BJ ECTIV E STUDY A N D HYPO THESIS FRA M EW O RK LITERA TURE REV IEW M ETHO DO LOGY DA TA CO LLECTIO N SIGN IFICA N T OF STUDY SCO PE OF STUDY GA N TT CHA RT A P P EN DIX

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8.0

APPENDIX

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CL CVS DR UUM BBA UV IKIP DV IV Contact Lens Computer Vision Syndrome Diabetic Retinopathy Universiti Utara Malaysia Bachelor Business Administration Ultraviolet Institut Kemahiran Ikhtisas Pahang Dependent variable Independent variable

New Straits Times (Malaysia), October 31, 2004, Sunday How daily activities affect our eyes SECTION: Pg. 16, LENGTH: 881 words

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THERE ARE MANY ACTIVITIES IN LIFE which affect our eyesight. These activities often make our eyes tired and irritated easily. According to a recent article found on the Internet, a study conducted among undergraduates in Spain revealed that while at university, the subjects experienced a marked decline in their eyesight, with too much intensive reading to blame for the decline. The study by Complutense University found that 31.3 per cent of the first-years were short-sighted. Among the final-year undergraduates, the incidence was even more alarming. The researchers found that a big percentage of the students tested spent up to 10 hours at a time reading in poor light. Similarly, eyesight problems occur among people who spend too much time in front of the computer screen. CVS or Computer Vision Syndrome is commonly experienced by people who spend more than two hours each day in front of the computer screen. The most common symptoms include focusing difficulties, a burning sensation in the eyes, tired eyes, general eye strain, aching eyes, dry eyes, double vision and blurred vision. Eyesight problems related to computer usage are believed to be caused by the reaction of the eyes towards electronically generated characters that are made up of many small dots or pixels. It is a fact that our eyes have more problems focusing on pixelated characters than on images with well- defined edges, e.g. printed reading materials. The constant flexing of the focusing muscles creates fatigue to the eyes, thus causing burning and tired eyes. Good vision is essential for road safety. We all know that if we can't see properly, we certainly cannot drive properly. Statistics from New Zealand shows that one driver in 14 has a vision defect that may affect his driving. It cannot be denied that driving as an activity may affect our eyesight over a period of time. Driving without UV protected sunglasses and allowing our eyes to be "dazzled" by intense light may lead to eye fatigue which may eventually lead to bigger problems like cataract. Among drivers who drive frequently at night, like those in the logistic or transportation industry, eye fatigue is very common. Night vision requires the ability to see in low and variable light conditions. A driver needs to accustom himself to glare from oncoming headlights. Glare recovery is easiest for drivers below 30 years old. Eyes take a longer time to adapt to night-time light levels after they are exposed to bright light. Constant exposures to these conditions often result in weakening of the eyes.

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Proper eye care requires some effort. We need to take proper precautions when performing any of the activities mentioned. Good eye health is something that many of us often take for granted, often blaming age for the deterioration. However, if we take certain precautions, many of the problems associated with eyesight deterioration can be avoided or minimized. If you love reading, ensure you read under suitable lighting conditions. Take breaks regularly in order to rest the eyes. If you spend a lot of your time in front of the computer screen, consider taking a 1015mins break every hour to reduce eye fatigue. Focus on a distant object for 5-10secs. Frequent breaks allow normal blinking and wetting of the eyes which will help to distress the eyes. While doing this will help minimize eye problems, it cannot be denied that proper nutrition is also important. To understand how good nutrition affects the eyesight, it is important to have a proper understanding of the eyes. The eyes work like a camera and are divided into two chambers. The first chamber in front is between the cornea and the lens. The second chamber is between the lens and the retina. The retina allows the eyes to "see". There are many nerve cells and tiny vessels that provide the eyes with nutrition. It also allows the flow of oxygen to enable the eyes to function properly. For us to be able to see, the eye, the optic nerve and brain all have to function normally. Light enters the eye and is focused on the retina where the cells convert the light rays into electrical impulses. These impulses are sent through the optic nerve to the brain where the information are decoded. Blood vessels and the nerves of the eyes are most important for healthy eyes. These nerve cells and tiny blood vessels provide nutrition and allow the flow of oxygen which enables the eyes to function properly. It is believed that fruits like bilberry are powerful antioxidants which are capable of protecting cells in the eyes and other parts of the body against damage from unstable oxygen molecules called free radicals. Bilberry extract contains high concentrations of antioxidants called anthocynosides which have been proven in many studies to decrease the damaging effects caused by ultraviolet light and poor circulation to the eye tissues. Take one tablet of bilberry supplement two or three times daily. Remember, good eye nutrition helps to strengthen the nerve and blood vessels in the eyes as well as ensures proper functioning of the eyes to enable you to see better while performing daily activities like reading, working on the computer or driving.

LOAD-DATE: October 31, 2004 LANGUAGE: ENGLISH Copyright 2004 New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad

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New Straits Times (Malaysia),April 3, 1997 Practise good eye-care habits SECTION: Health; Pg. 8 LENGTH: 1079 words A BRIGHT orange sunset, rolling waves at a beach, a beautiful new-born baby, a brand new sports car. These are things people cherish and on which memories are built. The visual picture is often retained in your mind for life. It is dangerous to take your eyesight for granted, because you only have one set to last a lifetime. We depend on our eyes to see the world around us and to interpret information. The eyes are said to be the hardest working parts of the human body, making eyecare an integral part of total physical and intellectual health. Here is simple set of guidelines that can go a long way toward ensuring your eyes last a lifetime: Reading When reading over an extended period, do it in a room with even lighting. Concentrated intense light can glare directly into your eyes or create a glare off the page. Reading under poor lighting puts a strain on your eyes, which can lead to impaired vision. Dr John Ang, professional affairs manager (Asia Pacific) of Johnson & Johnson's Vision Products Division, says a distance of about 35-40cm, with the book angled slightly towards the person, needs to be maintained. "Take a break of two to three minutes every 25-30 minutes to prevent eye strain. Let your eyes rest by looking into the distance or out of the window." Removing a speck of dust We often use the tip of a finger to remove a speck of dust out of our eyes or to relieve an itch in the eye. "Although this is a natural reflective action, it can be very damaging. In doing so, you could accidentally scratch and injure your cornea with a fingernail," says Dr Ang. "This could lead to pain and redness in the eye. Our fingers could also have bacteria on them that will be transferred into the eye and hence, cause eye infection."

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Working with light screens A lot of the work our eyes do is at close range, commonly referred to in eye care terminology as near vision work. Reading, working at the computer or watching television for too many hours forces us to look closely at near objects for long periods. Such near vision work is stressful to the eyes if it is continued for long, especially for those without proper visual correction. Excessive near vision work is stressful on your eyes if you have an uncorrected vision disorder as it will cause eyestrain, headaches, squinting, blinking, burning eyes, aching or tired eyes, more errors in copy work, frustration and irritability. According to Dr Azrin Esmady Ariffin, Head of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia's Optometry Department, continuous near vision work and eye strain that is unchecked will lead to a reduction in efficiency, productivity and enjoyment of work. "If you must spend long periods of time on near vision work, ensure that you schedule planned breaks, which will lead to a more healthy lifestyle," says Dr Azrin. "For instance, when watching TV, look away from the screen every 20 minutes to rest your eyes. First and foremost, you must ensure that your eyes are free from errors of refraction and binocular vision because if you have them, they require proper care, above all other considerations." When working on computers, maintain a distance of 35cm to 40cm from the screen. Adjust the screen to below eye level by about 10 degrees or 20 degrees as it is more relaxing for your eyes to look down at your work. Also, position your lighting so that there is no harsh reflection off the screen. Sports Whether you wear corrective vision aids on the field or not, it is crucial to protect your eyes during sports. Objects like a ball moving at high speed can cause injury to your eyes. Wherever necessary, always use protective wear such as faceguards to avoid potential eye injuries. If you wear spectacles, make sure they're the right ones. Choose a strong, durable frame that does not break easily. When playing racquet games or contact sports, ensure that you use polycarbonate plastic lens spectacles, which is stronger. Glass lens spectacles, especially high index ones, should never be used as they are very fragile and can break with sharp edges that can penetrate the eye. "In active sports, contact lenses are safer and help avoid eye injuries. There is no chance that a frame or glass lens will break and hurt your yes. Disposable contact lenses such as Acuvue, replaced every two weeks with a fresh new pair, provides superior visual acuity and comfort compared to conventional lenses and hence are very suitable for active sports enthusiasts," says Dr Azrin. Contact lenses For people who use contact lenses - don't overwear them. "You are putting your eyes at risk and under unnecessary pressure when you overwear contact lenses," says Dr Azrin. "First, your eyes are not getting enough 20

oxygen and not permitted to breathe. Secondly, the build-up of deposits and debris between the eye and the lens increases the longer lenses are left on. Deposit build-up cannot be completely cleaned off. However, two-week disposable contact lenses such as Acuvue can help avoid eye health problems associated with deposits. Extended wear, even for contact lenses with high oxygen transmissibility, should be discouraged for health reasons. "For instance, two-week disposable lenses should only be worn for two weeks and no longer," says Dr Azrin. Contact lenses need to be disinfected properly with the correct lens cleaning agents. Washing lenses with tap water or saliva is detrimental to the eyes and should never be considered. "Studies in Britain show that using tap water instead of sterile saline can lead to Acanthamoeba keratitis, a serious eye infection leading to cornea destruction in the long-term," says Dr Azrin. "Also, a person's saliva contains various bacteria that can act as agents that will eventually contribute toward incidences of eye infections."

Eye checks Our eyes change just as the rest of our bodies change. Practising good eye care habits is important, and just as crucial are the regular eye checks with qualified eye-care professionals. "Our eyes are constantly changing," says Dr Ang. "The earlier we detect changes, the easier it will be to deal with them. Don't wait for a problem to arise. Identify a regular eye-care professional and visit him or her every six months. Use the same professional each time so that he can provide the best advice based on an easily available history of you." - Johnson & Johnson Medical

SUBJECT: OPTOMETRY (89%); EYE DISORDERS & INJURIES (77%); VISION IMPAIRMENTS (77%); CORNEA & RETINA DISORDERS & INJURIES (77%); MOTOR VEHICLES (73%); BACTERIA (68%); COUNTRY: MALAYSIA (93%); ASIA (55%); COMPANY: ASIA PACIFIC VENTURES (55%); LOAD-DATE: March 23, 1999

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LANGUAGE: ENGLISH Copyright 1997 New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad

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