VESTEX
Srini Venkataraman Dr. Sandeep Khatua March 2006
Bureau Veritas Consumer Products Services
For the benefit of business and people
Summary
1) Preparatory Process and Their Importance 2) Dyeing 3) Dyeing Techniques 4) Printing 5) Dyeing / Printing Problems and Remedies 6) Finishing
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Preparatory Process and Their Important
Preparation
Objectives
8 Remove impurities (both natural and/or those added during production) from the fibers. 8 Improve the ability of the fibers to absorb water solutions of dyes and chemicals. 8 Impart the proper brightness or whiteness to fibers according to need, especially when brilliant or certain pastel shades are desired, and 8 Impart dimensional stability to thermoplastic textile materials.
Preparation
Importance
8 The importance of adequate and uniform preparation prior to dyeing cannot be overemphasized. Improper removal of impurities can lead to unlevel dyeing, streakiness, and poor penetration. 8 It is estimated that more than 60% of faulty dyeing are the result of improper preparation. 8 Preparation procedures may vary greatly from one fiber type to another. While natural fiber usually require extensive scouring and bleaching, synthetic fibers may need only a mild scouring.
Preparation
Singeing
8 Removes superficial hairiness from yarns, lint, loose yarns, and surface dirt from the face of the fabric and therefore provides more even surface for dyeing. 8 It also reduces formation of pills, or balls of fiber, on the fabric. 8 After the surface of the fabric is raised by brushing, the protruding fiber ends are burned off by the singeing process. In this process the fabric is passed through the small gas flame. 8 Note: Consumers may detect increased pilling in improperly singed Cotton fabrics. When Cotton blends are singed, care must be taken to avoid overheating the thermoplastic fibers.
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Preparation
Desizing
8 Prior to weaving, Cotton warp yarns are coated with sizing materials to provide them with additional strength, and resistance to abrasion. The most common sizing materials used are different kinds of starches, and various grades of partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol. 8 Enzymes are often used for the effective removal of starches. 8 The main advantage of enzyme desizing is that there is no risk of damaging the fibers. However, enzymatic desizing is relatively expensive since it can not be combined with other preparatory operations.
Preparation
Scouring
8 This cleaning treatment, often referred to as alkali boiloff, removes most of the Cottons impurities, which includes natural and other impurities as well as sizing residues that were not removed during desizing. 8 In scouring the fabric is treated with a strong alkali solutions, close to or above the boil, for 1-2hours. A hot rinse is needed to remove the emulsified impurities. The final rinse may include a small amount of acetic acid if the fabric has to be neutralized. 8 Manmade fibers, especially those that have been heavily treated with spinning oils, are occasionally scoured with solvents.
Preparation
Bleaching
8 The purpose of Bleaching is to provide a uniform white surface on a fabric. It is chemical oxidation that destroys the colored impurities present. 8 Control of whiteness of bleached fabric is important to wet processing that follow. 8 Hydrogen Peroxide is the chemical most commonly used today for bleaching Cotton compared to Sodium Chlorite 8 Open Width Method and Rope Method: Open width method is widely used method especially when bleaching blends of Cotton with heat-sensitive fibers in order to avoid crease marks and other defects caused by treating fabrics in the rope form.
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Bleaching
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Preparation
Bleaching
Rope Method
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Mercerization
The purpose of mercerization is to increase luster of Cotton fibers The fiber untwists and swells, lumen becomes rounder in cross-section and it gains luster. Dye affinity and chemical reactivity increase. Fabric becomes stronger and smoother.
2) Slack Mercerization
Not as lustrous as tension method Elongation and recovery properties improve and thus have been used to produce comfort stretch garments and fabric bandages, which need to conform to body shapes.
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Preparation
Mercerization
Note: Fabric Mercerization is Cheaper than double Mercerization which provides a softer hand
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Preparation
Knit Fabric
8 Knitted fabrics are pre-relaxed to minimize torque, puckering of seams, and shrinkage during dyeing and drying. Conveyor type relaxation dryers and / or compacting are used to minimize residual fabric shrinkage. 8 After knitting, the lubricants (added to improve knitability) must be removed with a water-based or solvent scouring process.
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Preparation
Thermoplastic Fabrics
8 Heat-setting or thermosetting is a heat treatment applied to fabrics made of thermoplastic fibers such as polyester or Nylon to impart dimensional stability. 8 Heat-setting affects the dye-ability of the fiber. Usually it decreases its dye-ability, and therefore when performed before dyeing it is extremely important to apply the heatsetting uniformly. 8 Uneven temperatures in the oven may cause differences in the fabric from selvage to selvage and/or from selvage to center which will show later as unlevel dyeing.
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Dyeing
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Dyeing 8 Dyeing is by far the most widely used means of applying color to textiles. 8 Dyes, by definition, are soluble in the medium in which they are applied, and the medium is almost always water.
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Dyeing
8 There are several different ways by which coloring materials are classified. 8 Classification of dyes by the method of application is the most common one, which are:
Acid dyes (Protein fibers, polyamides etc) Basic dyes (Acrylics, Basic dye-able polyester, etc) Direct dyes (Cellulosics, and some others) Azoic dyes (Cellulosics) Vat dyes (Cellulosics) Reactive Dyes (Cellulosics) Disperse Dyes (Polyester, Acetate, Polyamides, acrylics, and Other Hydrophobic fibers)
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Dyeing
Fabric
Fabric
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Dyeing
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Dyeing
8 The Major System Variables
Textile substrate Application method Dye selection and formulation
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Stages
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Dyeing
Stages
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Dyeing
Fiber
8 Stock Dyeing
Masses of loose fibers are placed in large drums into which dye is pumped and circulated. Tweed fabrics with a heather-like color effect such as Harris tweed is done using this method.
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Dyeing
Fiber
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Dyeing
Yarn
8 Yarn Dyeing
Yarns are immersed into a dyebath prior to being made into fabric. Loosely wound hanks can be dyed (skein dyeing), Yarns wound into small tubes called package can be dyed (package dyeing), or The entire warp beam can be immersed into dyebath (beam dyeing).
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Dyeing
Fabric
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Fabric
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Dyeing
Fabric
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Fabric
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Dyeing
Garment
Dyeing is done on completed garments. Garments are placed in a nylon bag and placed in large tubs containing dye bath. Garments having differential shrinkage among various components may have difficulty being dyed by this method.
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Dyeing Techniques
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Reactive
The reactive dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes, which react with hydroxyl groups of cellulose to become covalently bonded to the fiber The chemical reaction between a reactive dye and a cellulose fiber takes place in the presence of a base and can be summarized as follows
Offers bright colors with very good colorfastness, (particularly good washfastness and excellent light fastness). Susceptible to damage from chlorine bleaches
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Dyeing Techniques
VAT
8 The Vat dyes are insoluble organic compounds that are not substantive to cellulose. The following steps are involved in dyeing:
1) Reduction (Vatting): Prior to dyeing they are converted to their soluble form (leuco soluble vat dye) by means of reduction in the presence of a strong base. 2) Dyeing: In this soluble form, they are substantive to cellulosic fibers, and can be applied to them. 3) Oxidation: Once inside the fibers, uniformly distributed, the Vat dyes are then oxidized and converted back to their original insoluble form. 4) Soaping: to achieve a stable shade.
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Dyeing Techniques
VAT
8 The soft water throughout the dyeing stage is a must with Vat dyes, since the soluble Leuco salts form insoluble salts with Calcium or Magnesium ions as well as with transition metals. 8 A wide choice of colors with good to excellent colorfastness is available, although their lightfastness may be somewhat inferior.
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Dyeing Techniques
Sulfur
8 Sulfur dyes are insoluble in water and their application to cellulosic fibers resembles that of the Vat dyes in principle. They are relatively low in cost. 8 Traditionally they were used for dark shades (browns, blacks and navy blues) but some of the newer dyes are available in bright colors . 8 Sulphur dyes (if applied incorrectly) on material stored at higher than normal room temperature and in presence of moisture tend to oxidize to form strong sulfuric acids. These acids will then cause tendering of cellulose fibers. To prevent tendering, the final rinse is carried out with mild alkali solutions. 8 Sulfur dyed fabrics have good colorfastness to washing but are sensitive to chlorine bleaching. Lightfastness is only fair but is adequate for most end uses not requiring prolonged sunlight exposure.
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Dyeing Techniques
8 Direct dyes are soluble anionic dyes.
Direct
8 The Direct dyes are so called because they were the first dyes to dye cellulosic fibers directly without the need for a pre-treatment of the fibers with a mordant. 8 The mechanisms by which direct dyes become attached to cellulose is assumed to be through the formation of a large number of weak attractions between the dye and the fiber. 8 Direct dyes exhibit relatively good colorfastness to sunlight, and some are considered to have excellent lightfastness. However colorfastness to washing is poor and therefore not appropriate for frequently washed apparel. 8 The problem of poor washfastness can be improved to some degree by formaldehyde after treatment.
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Dyeing Techniques
Disperse
8 The disperse dyes are non-ionic aromatic compounds with an extremely low solubility in water. 8 Disperse dyes require special fabric preparation for uniform application.
8 Extremely colorfast to laundering. Good colorfastness to light and dry cleaning. But dyes may sublime( evaporates) when exposed to high temperature in pressing. 8 Fume fading is a problem with disperse dyes. It is not unusual to see acetate linings turn pink after storage in an area with gas heat.
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Dyeing Techniques
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Ease of Application Average Average Fairly Difficult Easy Fairly Hard Hard Average Fairly Difficult Fairly Difficult Fairly Difficult
Washfastness Fair - Good Poor Good Poor Good Good Good Good Excellent (if soaped) Good Good Excellent
Lightfastness Good Poor Good Fair Good Good Good Good Fair Good Good Excellent
Crockfastness Good Fair Good Wet Poor Dry Good Fair Good Fair Good Fair Good Good Good
Perspiratio n Fastness Good Fair Good Poor Good Fair Good Fair Good Fair Good Good Good
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Blends
In union dyeing, the components of a blend are dyed with the same shade to obtain a solid color. Dyes must be carefully selected and properly applied to ensure color uniformity. Union dyeing can be applied by two methods: Onebath (single dye) and Two-bath (double dye) methods. Polyester/Cotton intimate blends are often dyed with these methods. Two-bath method offers better result on Polyester/Cotton blends compared to One-bath method. One-bath method is cheaper than Two-bath method.
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Blends
The method of obtaining a multi-color effect on a blend is referred to as Cross-Dyeing. In cross dyeing, a fabric containing two or more fiber types or fiber variants is purposely dyed so that each fiber type or variant accepts a different type of dye and becomes a different color. The end product depends on the fiber arrangement in the fabric. It may be a check, a plaid, a tweed, a stripe, a muted color, a heather effect, or some other design.
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Pigment Coloration
Pigment coloration is economical because of limited number of processing steps. Blends can be dyed a uniform shade with one operation applicable to all fibers. Pigment coloration has an extensive color range and high light fastness. Pigment coloration has satisfactory washfastness.
8 The possibility of combining dyeing and finishing exists with pigment coloration. Products must be selected so that finish and binder react under same conditions of pH and/or temperature.
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Pigment Coloration
Heavy shades crock badly. Light shades may wet crock. Pigment coloration is normally applied by padding. Pigment adversely affects hand. The large amount of binder required may stiffen fabric. This is most noticeable on very thin fabrics. Pigment coloration may have sticking or buildup on pad rolls. Migration (uneven coloration) may occur if drying is variable or pickup is high.
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Dyeing Techniques
Optical Brighteners
8 Optical brighteners, also called Fluorescent Brighteners or Fluorescent Brightening Agents (FBA) are colorless dyes that work by emitting visible light when exposed to invisible ultra-violet light. 8 They are used to make white or light-colored fabrics appear brighter. Mostly bleached white fabrics are treated with these brighteners. 8 Fabrics and garments that are truly prepared for dyeing should not contain brighteners. Optical brighteners can interfere with some dyes by competing for the "dye sites" on the fibers.
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Dyeing Techniques
Optical Brighteners
8 Optical brighteners have the property of absorbing ultraviolet (UV) light and re-emitting energy in the form of weaker energy, i.e. visible light (violet-blue light) so that the yellow color of the material will appear white. 8 The chemical structures of these agents contain an aliphatic carbon-carbon double bond, which is sensitive to sunlight, oxidation, weathering, etc. 8 Therefore, these compounds do not have good fastness properties, and tend to loose their ability to absorb UV light over short periods of time in use. 8 The presence of high concentrations or improper application or cheaper quality of fluorescent brighteners could lead to yellowing of the material instead of whitening.
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Printing
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Printing 8 The application of colorant in definite, repeated patterns to fabric, yarn or sliver. 8 The different methods of printing include hand screen, automatic screen, rotary screen, roller and heat transfer. 8 Each method can be used to print one or more print types. 8 These include direct, discharge and resist prints.
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Printing 8 There are Three Methods of Printing: Screen Printing Roller Printing Heat-Transfer Printing
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Methods
This printing involves coating of a screen fabric (made of nylon, polyester, or metal tightly mounted on a wooden or metal frame) with an opaque nonporous film with the design areas cut out of it. The screen is placed on top of the fabric, print paste is poured into the frame and forced through the mesh. The dye can then pass through the fine mesh and coat the fabric only in the areas of the design. Each color requires its own screen and separate application of color. Also each color of the design must be precisely located on the screen so that it becomes properly placed and printed.
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Methods
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Printing
Flatbed Screen
8 They are used primarily to print on flat substrates 8 Consists of a bed or vacuum table that holds the substrate in place during printing, a carriage that holds the printing screen, and a squeegee. 8 Printing takes place in three steps. First, ink is poured on the screen, and the screen is moved into position over the substrate. Then the squeegee is pressed against the mesh and drawn over the image area to push ink through the open areas of the screen onto the substrate. Finally, the screen is lifted away from the substrate.
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Printing
8 The equipment costs for Flatbed screen printing are lower than other printing processes, but the rate of production is usually slower. 8 Rotary printing is a continuous, stepless image transfer method whereas flatbed printing is a two step process. 8 Flatbed screen printing is good for small repeat units or rigid stock printing (impossible to support on rotary machine). 8 Rotary screen is best choice for coarse halftones and specialty inks.
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Methods
In this printing method, the design is put onto fabric by copper engraved rollers or cylinders. A separate engraved roller is required for each color. Copper rollers can be engraved with very fine delicate designs. The size of engraved cylinders is governed by the printing machine and the design.
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Printing
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Printing
Print Inks
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Printing
Plastisol Printing
8 Plastisol ink is a PVC based system that contains no solvent. 8 It is thermoplastic that requires specific heat and time for complete curing. Failure to follow proper curing guidelines will result in an under Cure of the print and therefore will cause poor washfastness, and/or a resistance to abrasion. 8 The performance of plastisol can be affected by addition of additives such as Extenders, plasticizers, reducers and resins. 8 Problems such as fading, pulling away and/or cracking can occur if additives are used properly. 8 If not cured properly, phthalates (a commonly used plasticizer) could cause skin irritation.
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Plastisol Inks
Can be left in the screen for extended periods of time without clogging the mesh It is ready to use right out of the container more than 90% of the time Can be printed wet-on-wet, which allows for increased production speeds Can be printed on light and dark fabrics Disposal of waste plastisol is a simple process
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Printing
Water-based Links
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Printing
Ease of Printing Fair Easy
Plastisol T-shirts, light colored T-shirts, dark colored Nylon Jackets Towels Yardage Excellent Good Good Poor Poor
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Printing
Metallic Prints
8 Metallic inks are simply finely ground metal and/or plastic flakes that are suspended in a clear plastisol base. 8 can be used as accents in a design or as the entire print. 8 One of the biggest problems with metallics is that some brands that use metal flakes dull and tarnish badly after the first washing but small plastic flake that doesn't tarnish 8 A popular technique to improve the washability and brightness of metallic prints is to add 5% nylon jacket bonding agent to the mixture. This helps seal the metal particles and minimize the tarnishing.
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Printing
8 Glitter ink is made up of small mylar flakes that are suspended in a clear plastisol base.
Glitter
8 Comes in wide variety of colors ranging from your basic silver and gold, to more vivid green, purple, cherry and more. 8 Because of the size of the glitter particle, this ink is not designed for detailed prints. It works best as a highlight ink for a design that need a little glitz. It works well on both light and dark shirts because the glitter flake makes the ink very opaque. 8 The clear base of the glitter mixture will need to be cured just like a normal plastisol except the ink deposit is so thick that a longer tunnel time is very important. 8 Glitter washes very good and will flake just a little. Unlike metallic ink that will dull, glitter retains it's brilliance because the flake is mylar and does not tarnish like some metallics.
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Methods
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Printing 8 Heat transfer is ideal for printing small runs of many products, especially where full color is required. 8 Heat transfer minimizes the need for large inventories of printed garments. 8 Adaptable when it comes to garments that are difficult to print, such as those with buttons and zippers. 8 Heat transfers allow a halftone print to be moirefree and have minimum fibrillation.
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Printing
8 There are Different Types of Prints Including: Direct or Application Print Discharge Print Resist Print Blotch Print Warp Print Flock Print Burn-out Print Duplex Print Pigment Print Engineered Print
Types
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Printing
Types
8 Direct Print
Also called application print. Design is printed directly onto a white cloth or a previously dyed fabric. They are the most popular print types.
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Printing
Types
8 Discharge Print
Fabrics are dyed a solid color prior to printing. When printing is done, the design is applied by screen or roller with a chemical which removes the color of the originally dyed fabric. Discharge prints can be made with rollers and screen methods. They are not widely used because production costs are high.
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Printing
8 Resist Print
Types
It involves a two step procedure: (1) printing a pattern design on a white fabric with a chemical that will prevent penetration of dyes; and (2) piece dyeing the fabric. The result is a dyed background with a white patterned area.
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Printing
Types
8 Blotch Prints It is one in which the background color is created by printing rather than dyeing. The ground and pattern design colors are printed onto a white cloth. One of the problems with blotch prints is that large background color areas of the print are not covered with the full depth of color.
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Types
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Types
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Types
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Printing
Types
8 Duplex Prints
These are fabrics in which both sides of the fabric are printed. They are made to imitate more costly woven yarn-dyed design effects such as stripes, checks and plaids. They are rarely used because of the high cost of printing both sides of a fabric.
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Types
They are direct prints made with pigments. The process is called dry printing as distinguished from wet (dye) printing. The pigment print area will be slightly stiffer and bit thicker than the non-print area. They are the least costly type of print to produce.
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TYPES
These are prints that have two or more distinct designs, each located in separate areas of the fabric and each designed to become a specific part of a garment. Engineered prints include fabrics whose designs are especially pre-established topermit making a garment in a particular stylized effect.
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Dyeing / Printing Problems and Remedies
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Barr Color Bleeding Crocking Fading Frosting Fume Fading Fuzzy Pattern
A horizontal off-shade band across the fabric. Usually found in knit fabrics, the problem is caused by a defect in the yarn, uneven tension in knitting, or other factors that produce a color band when the fabric is dyed. Color is discharged into a liquid medium and transfers to another fabric. The transference of color from one fabric to another by rubbing. The loss of color brilliance through exposure to factors such as sunlight or cleaning agents. A change of fabric color caused by localized abrasive wear, such as that occurring at collar points or garment creases. A change of shade in dyed fabric caused by the chemical reaction of certain disperse dyes with atmospheric contaminants such as burnt gas fumes and ozone. Design lines in printed fabrics that are meant to be sharp demarcations of color but that are muted or blurred.
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Metamerism
A phenomenon, also known as flare, that is observed when materials are viewed under different light sources. The spectral reflectance curves are not identical, so the viewer sees one color under one light source (incandescent) and a different color under another light source (fluorescent). The transfer of color from one area of the fabric to another. Lacking trueness. In printing, the design is transferred to the fabric so the design of the fabric is not aligned with the yarns. Lacking color alignment. In printing fabrics, the color separation is imperfect, producing a situation in which the different color components of the design are not aligned. The unintentional variation in color within a piece of fabric or a garment. Weak areas in fabric resulting from chemical damage, which may be produced by improper bleaching, chemical spills, or improperly applied coloring or finishing agents.
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Finishing
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Finishing
8 Finishing is a general term for a magnitude of processes and treatments that a fabric may undergo after it has been made (woven or knitted) and colored (dyed or printed). 8 It is the final processing of the cloth. Its purpose is to make the fabric more suitable for its intended end use. 8 Textile finishes can be classified as aesthetic finishes and functional finishes. 8 They are also categorized as chemical finishes and mechanical finishes.
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
8 These are finishes which change the appearance, drapability and hand (feel) of fabrics including parchmentizing, softeners, and stiffening finishes. 8 Finishes that alter or create texture include burnout designs, embossing, pliss, raised fiber surfaces (brushing, gigging, napping, sueding, and flocking). 8 Finishes that alter fabric luster include beetling, calendering (simple, glazed, moir, schreinering), optical finishes (delusterants, and optical brighteners).
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
8 These are finishes which improve the performance properties of fabrics. 8 Finishes that enhance care properties include durable press, soil-release, stain- and soil-resistant finishes. 8 Finishes that provide comfort and safety include antistatic, chemical-protective, absorbent, flame resistance, water-repellent and waterproof finishes. 8 Finishes that alter durability include abrasionresistant, slip resistant, and shrinkage control. 8 Finishes that provide environmental protection include antimicrobial finishes, fume fading inhibitors, metallic and plastic coatings, and mothproofing.
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
Embossing
This is a process to produce a raised design or pattern in relief on fabrics by passing the cloth between hot engraved rollers that press the design into the fabric. In thermoplastic fabrics (polyester, nylon) embossing is permanent. In other fabrics, resin finishes are used to create a durable effect.
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
Moir
A moir finish is characterized by a soft luster and an optical effect, which is created by interference between light rays reflected from the crushed and uncrushed parts of the fabric. Two layers of identical fabric are placed face to face and then subjected to heat and pressure whereby a pattern of parallel lines formed by the weft yarns of each fabric is impressed upon the weft yarns of the opposing fabric.
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Finishing
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Aesthetic Finishes
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Finishing
Aesthetic Finishes
Optical Brighteners
Optical brighteners are used in finishing to maintain white and bright fabrics. They adhere to the fabric and create an appearance of whiteness or brightness by the way they reflect light; they absorb ultraviolet light and reflect it as visible blue light.
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
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Finishing
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Functional Finishes
Slip-resistant Finishes
Finishes applied to a fabric to reduce or eliminate yarn slippage and reduce seam fraying are called antislip, slipresistant, or nonslip finishes. Products such as rosins (they have poor washfastness), colloidal dispersions of silica (they reduce surface smoothness but are not durable), and formaldehyde resins (they are durable) are commonly used.
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
Relaxation Shrinkage
This occurs because the fibers and yarns are under tension when the fabrics are made. Later when the fabric is wet in a tensionless condition, relaxation occurs.
Progressive Shrinkage
This occurs each time a fabric is laundered. Unlike relaxation shrinkage which occurs only once, progressive shrinkage continues and the fabric shrinks a bit more with each laundering. Of the major fibers, only wool and viscose rayon are subject to progressive shrinkage.
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Shrinkage Control
Shrinkage Control
Illustration of Shrinkage on Woven Fabric Caused by Fiber and Yarn Swelling
Loomstate Fabrics
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
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Finishing
Compressive Shrinkage
Illustration of the Felt Blanket Machine Principle
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Finishing
Compressive Shrinkage
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Finishing
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
Chemical-protective Finishes
These are finishes that prevent penetration of herbicide or pesticide through clothing and prevent easy removal by laundering of any pesticide on the surface of clothing. All cotton fabrics are better than polyester because pesticides are absorbed by polyester but not cotton.
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
Waterproof Finishes
These are finishes that resist wetting and the penetration of water. Waterproof fabrics are generally woven tightly and coated with rubber, plastic (usually vinyl), linseed oil, cellulose esters, or other compounds. Fabrics are non-permeable to air, possess a firm non-drapable hand and are not comfortable as wearing apparel.
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
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Finishing
Functional Finishes
Mothproofing Finish
Moth larvae and carpet beetles are known to attack animal-fiber fabrics. Mothproofing is a chemical that is added to the dyebath during dyeing of wool fabrics. Treated wool fabrics and silk fabrics are less susceptible to damage by moths and other insects. Finishes based on pyrethroids and pyrimidines are among the most successful products used for mothproofing.
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Finishing
Nano-Care
8 The principles of nanotechnology are utilized to create exceptional performance in everyday items: apparel, home furnishings, commercial interiors, industrial fabrics. 8 Nanotechnology provides the ability to work on a nano or submicron scale to create intelligent structures that are stronger and have fundamentally different, performance-enhancing molecular organizations. 8 NANO-CARE fabric protection imparts a revolutionary, carefree quality to wrinkle resistant fabric that minimizes stains, offers superior liquid repellency and maintains wrinkle resistance. NANOCARE enhanced fabrics cause water and oil spills to bead up and roll off fabric without penetrating the fibers.
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Nano-Care
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QUESTIONS ?
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