TEIC A Congress of Electrical Engineers

TEIC stands for Techno Electrical Interactive Club, where members of the club can gain knowledge by interacting the technical problems with each other. The basic objective of the club is to solve and brush up the technical problems that we face in our technical job. Every month member/members will prepare the case study/Analysis report/Information Study on any subject with some questionnaires. The same report is to be distributed among the interested members i.e. the intended members will photocopy the technical write up at their own cost or will share the cost of the photocopies made from the mother copy. In the next succeeding month the discussion of the questionnaires will be printed with proper feedback of the members and any other case study/Analysis report/Information Study on any other topics/subjects. This interaction will be continued with feedback/suggestion columns on every issue. After every three months interested members can contribute their views in a common forum, which can be highlighted by a technical seminar/group discussion. But this time the interested members have to contribute the expenditures to be incurred in the seminar. To lessen the members contribution, the sponsors may be encouraged to advertise their techno-commercial products/subjects in the seminar proceedings. By doing so with no financial expenditure, the knowledge can be shared among the members. Summery TEIC - Techno Electrical Interactive Club Objective _:- To share the knowledge by interaction. Member Eligibility :- Any Electrical Engineer Membership fees :- Nil ( Nothing ) Physical availability / Get together :- Optional Technical write up contribution for monthly proceeding:- Optional ( Only interested Member can contribute ) Answer to questionnaires :- Optional Attendance to the Seminar:- Contributory ( optional ) Collection of monthly proceeding:1. Optional Member:- To be collected from the author/authors of the month and to return the same by photocopying the proceeding at your own cost ( optional ) 2. Contributory Member:- To be collected by sharing the cost of the photocopies made from the mother copy Continuation/Withdrawal with/from the membership:- Optional

Sharing of knowledge by interaction:-COMPULSORY(Only interested members)

Membership Form 1. Name :2. Correspondence Address :-

3. Interested to share the Technical write up for monthly proceeding 4. Mode of the Collection of the Monthly Proceeding:

Yes/No (Optional)

1. Optional Member$$ 2. Contributory Member##

Note :Optional Member$$: This type of member has to collect the Monthly Proceedings from the Author/Authors of the month and to return the same by photocopying the material. Contributory Member## :- This type of member has to deposit the amount (Rs.10/- per month) in advance for the photocopy charges of the Monthly Proceedings from the mother copy. 5. Contact Mobile No. and Phone No.

6. Email Address :7. Remark if any. Signature

FEEDBACK FORM
1. Comments on the Current Month Technical Write up:2. Answer to the Questionnaires of the current Month :-

3. Questions for the Technical Proceedings of the next month :4. Suggestions for the Publication of the next proceedings 5. Any other Technical Problems for which you need Solutions from the Members of TEIC. 6. Any other Creative Suggestion

NOTE: - For filling of the points in the feedback form, Kindly use separate sheet and express your views generously to make the proceeding more informative.

Appeal from the Author

At the outset I welcome and congratulate you to be the proud member of this prestigious Club (TEIC), where we think about the technical problems of every member and try to solve the same by interacting with each other. This month the topic has been selected as CT CIRCUITRY, RELATED CONNECTION AND CASE STUDIES. Being the author of this month I personally request you to go through the topic and comment upon the write up for your need and requirement. Kindly extend your comments / views / analysis / arguments and remarks, if felt necessary for the above discussion, to refine the analysis for betterment of everybody. Furthermore I also request to share your answers for the questions related to the CT circuitry. In the next interaction other case studies for other topics will be discussed for which your positive thoughts are highly expected. Anticipating a positive and quick response I am extending my thanks in advance. Yours truly P.K.PATTANAIK

CT CIRCUITRY, RELATED CONNECTION AND CASE STUDIES

1. Introduction Current and potential transformers are the important interfaces between the high level of power system and low levels of protection, measurement and control circuit in terms of current and voltage. Whenever the value of current or voltage becomes too high, these instrument transformers are used in the system to produce a proportional low value for a scaled down replica to the secondary working circuit of the system. The performance of the measuring Transformers (CT and PT) during the large instantaneous changes in the input quantity is to be considered seriously. The response of the electrical parameters of these transformers upon the secondary circuit should be well within the satisfactory limit for both under steady state and transient condition. For measuring and slow speed recording application, only the steady state accuracy is relevant, whereas for high speed protection and other application, accuracy under transient condition is also important. According to the requirement of the secondary circuit the cores in the secondary circuit of the CT are designed. These are of three types

1.

Measuring current transformers (Metering core) 2. Protective current transformers (Protection core) 3. Protective current transformers for special purpose of application (Protection core PS class) Typical specification of a CT with these cores have been explained in table-1 Table-1 2. FUNDAMENTALS ON CT Type of Core Metering A current transformer is used with its primary winding connected in series with the actual line current flow of the power system. The primary winding consists of a bar conductor or a conductor with a very few turns and causes no appreciable voltage drop across the winding. The secondary winding has large number of turns, the exact number being decided by the turns ratio of the CT. The instruments/equipments like indicating meters, relays etc are connected on the secondary windings, which have very low impedance circuit. So circuit that works nearly with short circuit condition. 3. CONNECTION PRINCIPLE OUT PUT ACC. CLASS Vk (V) Min I exc@Vk (mA) Max Rct at 75 0 C Max* 20 to 40 0.2 Fs<5 -

Protn. Protn. Special Type Type 20 to 40 5P PS 600 to1200 10 to 25 2.5 to 5 2.5 to 5

the secondary windings are regarded as a

Polarity and connection The primary and secondary terminals of the CT are identified with polarity markings by the symbols like (P1 and P2) for primary and (s1 and s2) for secondary. It is marked with a common convention that when primary current enters the P 1 terminal, secondary current leaves the s1 terminal to the load circuit. So primary P1 terminal corresponds to the secondary of s 1 terminal. It is regarded as DOT convention. Its significance is in showing the direction of current

flow relative to another current or to a voltage as well as to aid in making the proper connection. The same is explained in the Fig.-1 P1 S1 Fig-1 CT Connection related to the Ratio To obtain multi CT ratio in a common CT, the winding s of the primary and secondary side are controlled by different connections. These connections are of three different types. R 1. 2. 3. Ratio by primary control Ratio by secondary control Ratio by both side control Ratio by primary control By the connection of available primary windings in different fashions like all in series or all in parallel or combination of series and parallel, the ratios of the CT are changed. The detail connections are shown in Fig-2. The connection sequences are described inTable-2 P1 C2 C1 C3 C5 C4 C6 P2 Connection Sequence Primary Secondary (C1 + C2), (C3 + C4) S1 S2 (C5 + C6) (P1 + C1), (C2 + C3+ C4 + C5) (P2 + C6) (P1 + C1 + C3+ C5) (P2 + C2 + C4+ C6) Table2 Ratio by Secondary control By the use of tapping terminals on the secondary side of the windings, different CT ratio can be obtained. By this principle primary connection remains fixed and ratios are controlled on secondary terminals. The connection diagram is shown in the fig-3. The connection sequences are described inTable-2 Connection Sequence Current Ratio Primary Secondary P1-P2 S1 S2 Lowest Ratio ( CTR1 ) P1-P2 S1 S3 Middle Ratio ( 2 CTR1 ) P1-P2 S1 S4 Highest Ratio ( 4CTR1 ) S1 S2 S1 S2 Current Ratio Lowest Ratio ( CTR1 ) Middle Ratio ( 2 CTR1 ) Highest Ratio ( 4CTR1 ) P2 S2

S1 Fig-2

S2

S1

S2 Fig-3

S3

S4

Table-3

Ratio by Both control Both primary and secondary winding can be connected with the tapping terminals to obtain different CT Ratio from a common CT. By this type of control, the connection stability and flexibility increases and ratios are obtained as per the suitability. Now-a-days maximum CTs are designed with CTR control from both primary and secondary control. The detail connections are shown in Fig-4. The connection sequences are described inTable-4 P1 C1 C2 P2 S1 Connection Sequence Primary Secondary (C1 + C2) S1 S2 S2 Fig-4 S3 (P1 + C1), (P2 + C2) (C1 + C2) (P1 + C1), (P2 + C2) Concept of CT circuit connection Star connection circuit ( Y- connection ) CT secondary windings are connected either in star (Y) or in delta () connection as per the requirement of the circuit. For star connection, the currents on each phase (I R, IY, and IB) are related vectorialy and expressed in sequence components are as follows. IR= IR1+ IR2+ IR0 IY= IY1+ IY2+ IY0 = a2 IR1+ aIR2+ IR0 IB= IB1+ IB2+ IB0 = a IR1+ a2 IR2+ IR0 So, IR+ IY+ IB = 3 IR0 = 3 IY0 = 3 IB0 Where 1, 2, 0 designate +ve,-Ve and zero sequence components. And a, a 2 are the operators, Note: - Current vectors are in +ve sequence only with Current on R phase is taken as reference. IR Vectorial expression IR = I , angle( 00 ) IY = I, angle (-1200) IB = I, angle (1200) IR+ IY+ IB= IN IB IY Current Ratio

Lowest Ratio ( CTR1 ) S1 S2 Middle Ratio ( 2 CTR1 ) S1 S3 Middle Ratio ( 2 CTR1 ) S1 S3 Highest Ratio ( 4CTR1 ) TTable-4

Delta connection circuit ( - connection ) For delta connection of the CT circuit, the pattern of connection can be made by two possible ways. In one type of connection secondary S1 of one phase is connected to the secondary S2 of next phase in regular sequence (R, Y, and B). In other type of connection secondary S1 of one phase is connected to the secondary S2 of next phase in opposite sequence (R, B, and Y). The connections of the windings are shown in fig-5 and 6. Considering vector analysis principle with R phase as reference and balance load connection, the following results are expressed.

For Fig 5 & 5-A IR = I , angle( 00 ) , IY = I, angle (-1200) IB = I, angle (1200), So, IR+ IY+ IB= IN = 0 I1 = ( IR-IY) = 3 I, angle (300 ), I2 = ( IY-IB) = 3 I, angle ( -900 ), I3 = ( IB-IR) = 3 I, angle ( 1500 ), R phase S1 Y phase

For Fig 6 & 6-A IR = I, angle ( 00 ) , IY = I, angle (-1200) IB = I, angle (1200), So, IR+ IY+ IB= IN = 0 I11 = ( IY-IR) = 3 I , angle (-1500 ), I21 = ( IB-IY) = 3 I , angle( 900 ), I31 = ( IR-IB) = 3 I , angle( -300 ),

S2 S2 Y phase

R phase S1

B phase B phase

I1 I2 I3

Fig-5 IR

I11 I21 I31 Fig-6 IR

( IB-IR)

( IR-IY) ( IR-IB) (IY-IR)

IB

( IY-IB) Fig-5 A

IY IB ( IB-IY) Fig-6-A IY

3.4. Mathematical

Analysis for availability of Different CT Ratio

3.4.1 CTR availability due to Primary Link control only Consider the resistance of each portion between two consecutive terminals being R ohm ( Fig-2) So, Value of resistance for different pattern connection will be as follows. It also be noted here that the VA value becomes same for all patterns because of same CT. Now value of current in each pattern can be calculated as follows for availability of CT Ratio. Pattern Of Connection Value Of Resistance VA Value All in series. Series & Parallel. 4R=R1 R= R 2

V1*I 1= I 1 R 1* I 1 = I1 2 R1 V2*I 2= I 2 R 2* I 2 = I2 2 R2

All in Parallel

R/4 = R 3

V3*I 3= I 3 R 3* I 3 = I3 2 R3

VA Value being same

V1*I 1= V2*I 2= V3*I 3 4I1 2 R = I2 2 R = I3 2 R3 /4 I 1 / I2 = 1 / 2 & I2/ I3= 1 / 2 (As shown in figure)
So, CTR2=2CTR1 & CTR3=4CTR1 3.4.2 CTR availability due to Secondary tap control only For such condition primary side has a particular no of turns (say N1) but the secondary turns are tapped at different points to provide different ratios according to involvement of no of turns in the winding. Say total no of secondary turns = N for tapping between S1 & S2 Now the no of turns for tapping between S1 & S3 = 2N And the no of turns for tapping between S1 & S4 = 4N Connection No Of Turns Turns Ratio = Primary / Seco Now T1 / T2 = 2 & T1 / T3 = 4 In transformer current ratio is inversely proportional to the turns ratio So, CTR2=2CTR1 & CTR3=4CTR1 3.4.3 CTR availability due to Primary & Secondary control Mathematical calculation for CT Ratio is the combination of case A & case B as explained above (Self Explanatory)

S1 & S2

T1 = N1 / N

S1 & S3

2N

T2 = N1 / 2N

S1 & S4

4N

T3 = N1 / 4N

4. CASE STUDIES ON CT CIRCUITRY The application of the theories and fundamental principles as described in various paragraphs will be now discussed in different case studies to analyze the faults in the CT circuitries. In each situation/problem, the behavior of currents in the circuit are measured and analyzed by drawing the basic vector diagram. From the theoretical analysis, the faulty connections are traced and rectifications are done easily. Case Study No 1 Situation/problem Tripping of one 132 KV feeder on E/F relay was observed at a 220/132 KV Grid Substation, during peak load condition for the rise of load current above a particular load. Steps attempted During off-peak load condition, the currents on the secondary circuits, used for back-up relays were measured by means of clamp-on ammeter. The results were obtained as follows in the table-5.

Table-5 Phase / Wire No. R ph. C11 Y ph. C31 B ph. C51 Neutral. C71 C11+ C31 C31+ C51 C11+ C51

Current in m Amp. 61 62 60 120 105 104 62

Ref. from Vector Diagram OA OB OC BD=2OB AB=3OA BC=3OC CD=OA

Remarks O.K O.K O.K Doubt? Doubt? Doubt? O.K

Conclusion of the readings From the readings of Back-up core as described in the table, it got concluded that Y phase secondary CT terminals have been altered and connected in the circuit. The same can be confirmed form the vector analysis.(Ref. Fig- 7 A ) C11 C31

R Y

C51

E C71 F / Fig-7 f
A D O C B Fig-7 A

Case Study No 2. Situation/problem In one 132/33 KV S/S the indicating instruments (Wattmeter, ammeter etc) on 132 KV Incomer feeder were recording erroneous readings. Steps attempted. During loading condition of the said feeder the currents were measured in the metering core circuit by means of clamp-on ammeter. The results were obtained as follows in the table-6.

Table-6 Phase / Wire No. R ph. D11 Y ph. D31 B ph. D51 Neutral D71 D11+ D31 D31+ D51 D11+ D51 D71+ D11 D71+ D31 D71+ D51

Current in m Amp. 0 80 82 81 83 81 82 81 140 142

Ref. from Vector Diagram OC OE OD=OC OC OD OE OD OG=3OC OH=3OE

Remarks Doubt? O.K O.K Doubt? O.K O.K O.K Doubt? Doubt? Doubt?

Conclusion of the readings From the readings of metering core as described in the table, it got concluded that R phase secondary CT terminals might have been shorted. So the detail physical connections of the R phase were checked. But no such short circuiting of the R phase was found. Instead of short circuiting, mixing of R phase winding was observed with other core of same phase as like shown in fig-8. The analysis was confirmed by drawing the vector diagram (Ref 8-A). Another core D11

Metering Core

D31

Y B E F / Fig- 8 f
A F O E H D C G B D51 D71

Fig- 8-A

.5. FAULT FINDING STUDY FOR STAR CONNECTED CT CIRCUITORY Sl 1 2 Current in the CT secondary R=Y=B= x Amp, N= 0 Amp R=Y=B= x Amp, & N= 2x Amp i. If (R+Y ) = ( Y + B ) = 3x, & ( B + R )= x ii. If (R+Y ) = ( B + R ) = 3x &( Y + B ) = x iii. If (Y+B ) = ( B + R ) = 3x &( R +Y ) = x If R = 0 Amp, & Y = B= N = x Amp Then Check for all other R phase CT secondary cores, if values obtained in same pattern, then II. Similarly for Y phase and B Phase also. III. If R = 0 Amp, & Y = B= N = x Amp For only in One core, Then IV. .Similarly for Y phase and B Phase also. R=Y=B= x Amp, N= 3x Amp Expected Faults No Fault in the circuits ANY ONE OF THE PHASE CT POLARITY REVERSED Y PHASE REVERSED R PHASE REVERSED B PHASE REVERSED R PHASE PRIMARY SIDE OPEN CORRESPONDING PHASE PRIMARY SIDE OPEN R PHASE SECONDARY IS SHORTED ( OR ) R PHASE IS MIXED WITH OTHER CORES ( OR ) WITH USE OF AUX. CT, ANY ONE OF THE SIDE MIGHT BE SHORTED. CORRESPONDING PHASE All phases have been connected to one CT only instead of different cores as 1st, 2nd 3rd cores etc. As R phase cores and Y phase cores and B phase cores. OR Primary Side has been connected from a Single Source R & Y phases of CT Secondary similar polarities have been shorted. Y & B phases of CT Secondary similar polarities have been shorted. B & R phases of CT Secondary similar polarities have been shorted. Y & B phases of CT Secondary have been shorted. B & R phases of CT Secondary have been shorted. R & Y phases of CT Secondary have been shorted. All the 3 CTs are shorted. 1. CTR may be different. 2. Wrong primary link connection. 3. Phase angle problem. 4.CT saturation problems

I. R=Y= x/2 Amp, B= x Amp, N= 0 Amp II. Y=B= x/2 Amp, R= x Amp, N= 0 Amp III. B=R= x/2 Amp, Y= x Amp, N= 0 Amp

6 7 8

I. R= x Amp. , R=B= 0 Amp. N=x Amp. II. Y= x Amp., Y=B= 0 Amp. N=x Amp. III. B= x Amp., R=Y= 0 Amp., N=x Amp R=Y=B=N=0Amp If the values are resulted other than the above readings as described.

6. CONCLUSION The study of CT circuitry depends upon the fundamental approach of the vector analysis of the currents from three phase supply source. Combination of the vector analysis and study of the current value measurement in different circuits provides the conclusive idea regarding the faults in the system. The various case studies as described above are the physical examples of the practical occurrences. Moreover the table described with the faulty finding study for star connected circuitry becomes quite helpful to trace the possible faults directly, without the study of vector analysis and fundamental approaches.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION FOR THE NEXT INTERACTION 1) Why CT Secondary star connection should be earthed? 2) Why the star point in CT circuits should be earthed at one point only? 3) Why it is preferred to earth the star point near CT console at switchyard instead of at control panel? 4) What happens if metering core of the CT is connected to the protection circuit and vice-versa? 5) What happens to the CT Ratio for the case of saturation of CT core? 6) Why CT bursts for opening of secondary circuit? 7) Why it is preferred to have the CT Ratio availability by the connection control on both primary and secondary? 8) Why it becomes now-a days to have twin core secondary cable connection to the terminals instead of single core cable above 500m meters of secondary connection? 9) Why (Top Tank Primary Design CT) is preferred to old type Hairpin CT? 10) Why combined CT&PT design is preferable now days? 11) Can the SF6 filled CTs be realized in practice? 12) What happens if AC voltage would be injected on secondary side of the CT being in service? 13) Can a 132KV CT be used for 33KV System or vice-versa? 14) What are the reasons for which CT gets saturated? 15) For Delta connection of CT Circuitry what is the meaning of D1 and D11 connection

Note: - 1) Above discussions / comments / views / analysis are purely of personal concept, so further modifications if felt can be communicated without hesitation.

Address for Correspondence

P.K.PATTANAIK E&MR SUB-DIVN, OPTCL, AT/PO- BURLA DIST-SAMBALPUR PIN-768017 Phone-0663-2430514 (O) 0663-2431232(R) MOB-09437209480 FAX-0663 2430160(O) Email: - ppk110@rediffmail.com

TEIC A CONGRESS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

(DECEMBER ISSUE)