Mehran University Of Engineering And Technology, Jamshoro

Subject: Power System Control Topic: Organization And Operator Activities

Group Members:
(1) Arif

Manzoor 08EL87 (G.L) Ahmed 08EL107 (AGL)

(2) Rizwan (3) Faisal (4) Arif

Karim 08EL104

Memon 08EL77 Keerio 08EL111

(5) Ahmed

O P E R A T I O N S:
Why do we argue that operations be considered the heart of every organization? Fundamentally, organizations exist to create value, and operations involves tasks that create value. Michael Hammer (2004) maintains that operational innovation can provide organizations with long -term strategic advantages over their competitors. Regardless of whether the organization is for prot or not-forprot, primarily service or manufacturer, public or private, it exists to create value. Thus, even nonprot organizations like the Red Cross strive to create value for the recipients of their services in excess of their costs. Moreover, this has always been true, from the earliest days of bartering to the modern-day corporations.

Operations Activities:
Operations include not only those activities associated specially with the production system but also a variety of other activities. For example, purchasing or procurement activities are concerned with obtaining many of the inputs needed in the production system. Similarly, shipping and distribution are sometimes considered marketing activities and sometimes considered operations activities. Because of the important interdependencies of these activities, many organizations are attempting to manage these activities as one process commonly referred to as supply chain management. As organizations begin to adopt new organizational structures based on business processes and abandon the traditional functional organization,

it is becoming less important to classify activities as operations or nonoperations.

Organization And Operator Activities:

The responsibility for the operation of the power system and the security of personnel working with the system is normally assigned to a central location, CONTROL CENTER. With interconnected system and closer cooperation between utilities this responsibility will to some extent be split into different control centers. Hence this situation requires quite clear responsibility and activity schemes to be developed and implemented. The main activities of a control center are as follows.

Production Control Transmission system dispatching Maintenance administration Training for and simulating of contingencies Supervision of control system itself

The first three are traditionally and logically of highest priority. Futher more the operator activities can be organised into three groups , each time dependent Pre-Dispatch Activities Dispatch activities Post-Dispatch Activities Pre-dispatch activities develop and maintain the short term plan for energy and power supply for the house following the present one and for subsequent periods. The activities include o Short-term load forecasting o Generation scheduling

Interchange palnning

o Reactive power requirements planning o Development of planned switching actions o Elaboration of plans for post-disturbance restoration Dispatch activities will implement the plans developed during the predispatch period and will supervise and control the system to meet the instantaneous needs over the present hour.These activities normally include o Monitoring of the power system, its equipment and states
o

Power dispatching for optimizing the production cost and load balancing to generation

o Interchange negotiations and evaluation of the influence on economy and security o Performing switching activities, palnned or post-disturbance reaction Post-dispatch activities analyze and process the information gathered during the dispatch period to satisfy reporting requirements and to detect the contingencies among the actual disturbances. The activities performed we find are: o Events and operator activity logging o Statistical data gathering o Operational reports generation o Energy accounting o Disturbance analysis

SCADA SYSTEM

SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) generally refers to industrial control systems (ICS): computer systems that monitor and control industrial, infrastructure, or facility-based processes, as described below:

Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes. Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, wind farms, civil defense siren systems, and large communication systems. Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones, including buildings, airports, ships, and space stations. They monitor and control HVAC, access, and energy consumption.

A SCADA system usually consists of the following subsystems:

A humanmachine interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator, and through this, the human operator monitors and controls the process. A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the process and sending commands (control) to the process. Remote terminal units (RTUs) connecting to sensors in the process, converting sensor signals to digital data and sending digital data to the supervisory system. Programmable logic controller (PLCs) used as field devices because they are more economical, versatile, flexible, and configurable than special-purpose RTUs. Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the remote terminal units. Various process and analytical instrumentation

User Interface (HMI):

A humanmachine interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator, and through which the human operator controls the process. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system's databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expertsystem troubleshooting guides. The HMI system usually presents the information to the operating personnel graphically, in the form of a mimic diagram. This means that the operator can see a schematic representation of the plant being controlled. For example, a picture of a pump connected to a pipe can show the operator that the pump is running and how much fluid it is pumping through the pipe at the moment. The operator can then switch the pump off. The HMI software will show the flow rate of the fluid in the pipe decrease in real time. Mimic diagrams may consist of line graphics and schematic symbols to represent process elements, or may consist of digital photographs of the process equipment overlain with animated symbols. The HMI package for the SCADA system typically includes a drawing program that the operators or system maintenance personnel use to change the way these points are represented in the interface. These representations can be as simple as an on-screen traffic light, which represents the state of an actual traffic light in the field, or as complex as a multi-projector display representing the position of all of the elevators in a skyscraper or all of the trains on a railway. An important part of most SCADA implementations is alarm handling. The system monitors whether certain alarm conditions are satisfied, to determine when an alarm event has occurred. Once an alarm event has been detected, one or more actions are taken (such as the activation of one or more alarm indicators, and perhaps the generation of email or text messages so that management or remote SCADA operators are informed). In many cases, a SCADA operator may have to acknowledge the alarm event; this may deactivate some alarm indicators, whereas other indicators remain active until the alarm conditions are cleared. Alarm conditions can be explicit for example, an alarm point is a digital status point that has either the value NORMAL or ALARM that is calculated by a formula based on the values in other analogue and digital points or implicit: the SCADA system might automatically monitor whether the value in an analogue point lies outside high and low limit values associated with that point. Examples of alarm indicators include a siren, a popup box on a screen, or a coloured or flashing area on a screen (that might act in a similar way to the "fuel tank empty" light in a car); in each case, the role of the alarm indicator is to draw the operator's attention to the part of the system 'in alarm' so that appropriate action can be taken. In designing SCADA systems, care is needed in coping with a cascade of alarm events occurring in a short time, otherwise the underlying cause (which might not be the earliest event detected) may get lost in the noise. Unfortunately, when used as a noun, the word 'alarm' is used rather loosely in the industry; thus, depending on context it might mean an alarm point, an alarm indicator, or an alarm event.