International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies

E-ISSN2249 8974

Research Article

OPTIMAL LOCATION AND PARAMETER SETTINGS OF TCSC UNDER SINGLE LINE CONTINGENCY USING PSO TECHNIQUE T. Pavan Kumar, A. Lakshmi Devi
Address for Correspondence
ABSTRACT
In order to maximize the system security Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices are optimally placed in the power system. One of the most effective FACTS devices is the Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) which can smoothly and rapidly change its apparent reactance according to the system requirements. This project deals with the application of the evolutionary optimization technique namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for finding the optimal location and the optimal parameter settings of TCSC under single line contingency (N-1 contingency). Contingency analysis is performed to detect and rank the severest line faulted contingencies in a power system. To validate the proposed technique performed on an IEEE 6 bus power system and an IEEE 14bus power system. The obtained results are encouraging, and show that TCSC is one of the most effective series compensation devices that can significantly eliminate or minimize line overloads against single contingencies. Also these results indicate that PSO technique can easily and successfully find out the optimal location and the optimal parameter settings of TCSC. KEYWORDS Contingency analysis, Power flow, Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

INTRODUCTION The operation mechanism of power system becomes more and more complicated due to the continuously increasing load demand which leads to an augmented stress of the transmission lines and higher risks for faulted lines. Therefore, power system can be operated in less secure state following unexpected line congestions and low voltages. Construction of new transmission lines can be one solution for leading more stable and secure operation of power systems. But it becomes a time-consuming process due to political and environmental reasons. A new solution to improve the stability and security of the power system is the Flexible AC Transmission Systems FACTS devices can improve the stability of the power network, reduce the flows of heavily loaded lines by controlling their parameters, and maintain the bus voltages at desired level. Consequently they can improve the power system security in contingency. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) is one of the most effective FACTS devices which offer smooth and flexible control of the line impedance with much faster response compared to the traditional control devices. TCSC can also enhance the stability, ameliorate the dynamic characteristics of power system, and increase the transfer capability of the transmission system by reducing the transfer reactance between the buses at which the line is connected. However, to achieve the above mentioned benefits, the TCSC should be properly installed in the network with appropriate parameter settings. For this reason, some performance indices must be satisfied, following factors can be considered in the optimal installation of TCSC, the topology of the system, the stability margin improvement, the power

transmission capacity increasing, and the power blackout prevention. Therefore, conventional power flow algorithm should incorporate with TCSC considering one or all of the above mentioned factors. In the last two decades, new algorithms have been developed for the optimal power flow incorporating with TCSC device as well as for the optimal placement of TCSC. Load flow equations are nonlinear and can be solved by an iterative method. In this thesis Newton Raphson method is used, as the number of iterations is independent of the size of the system, and convergence characteristic is independent of selection of slack bus. Contingency is considered to be the outage of a line, a generator or a transformer. Contingency analysis is one of the most important functions performed in power systems to establish appropriate preventive and / or corrective actions for each contingency. Contingency analysis procedure consists of line contingency analysis, contingency selection, and detection of over loaded lines and low bus voltage violations, and ranking of the severest contingencies cases. In this project we focus only on the single contingencies result from lines outage (N-1 Contingency). For each line contingency in the system, we list all the overloaded lines and the bus voltage violations, and then the lines are ranked according to the severity of the contingency, in other words, the thermal and voltage limits violations. Then the most critical contingencies are determined. This paper deals with the application of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to find out the optimal location and the optimal parameter settings of TCSC devices under single contingency to eliminate the overloaded lines and bus voltage violations.

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies PROBLEM FORMULATION Contingency Analysis Procedure: A contingency is considered to be the outage of a generator, a transformer or a line. Contingency analysis is one of the most important functions performed in power systems to establish appropriate preventive and / or corrective actions for each contingency. Contingency analysis procedure consists of line contingency analysis, contingency selection, detection of overloaded lines and low bus voltage violations, and ranking of the severest contingencies cases. In this paper we focus only on the single contingencies result from lines outage (N-1 Contingency). For each line outage contingency in the system, we list all the overloaded lines and the bus voltage violations, and then the lines are ranked according to the severity of the contingency, in other words, the thermal and voltage limits violations. Then the most critical contingencies are determined. After determining the most critical contingencies scenarios, TCSC is installed in the network. Then PSO technique is applied to find the optimal location and parameter settings of TCSC. Installing CSC in such optimal location with such optimal parameters will eliminate or minimize the overloaded lines and the bus voltage violations under these critical contingencies according to the objective function described Description of the Implemented Particle Swarm Optimization Technique. OBJECTIVE FUNCTION The objective function is, Obj = min{JPP+ (1*TCSC installation cost) + (2 * VS) ...(1) Where -0.5XL<XTCSC<0.5XL
Where XL is the original line reactance.

E-ISSN2249 8974

.. (4)

While solving the optimization problem, power balance equations are taken as equality constraints. The power balance equations are given by, ..(5) PG =PD + PL
Where PG Total power generation; PD Total power demand; PL Losses in the transmission network;

Pi=EiEk[Gikcos(i-k)+Biksin(i-k)];. Qi=EiEk[Giksin(i-)-Bikcos(i-k)]; Where

Pi Real power injected at bus i; Qi Reactive power injected at bus i; i ,k Phase angles at buses i and k respectively; Ei ,Ek Voltage magnitudes at bus i and k respectively; Gik, Bik Elements of Y-bus matrix

(6) .(7)

..(2)
m: no of considered single contingencies n: no of branches ak : weight factor =1 PK : real power transfer on branch K Pkmax : maximum real power transfer on branch k JPP represents the severity of overloading considering all single line contingencies.

TCSC installation cost includes the sum of installation cost of all the TCSCs and it can be calculated using the cost function for TCSC given by, CTCSC=0.0015S20.713S+153.75(US$/kvar) (3)
Where S is the operating range of TCSC in MVAR.

VS includes voltage stability constraints in the objective function and is given by,

Where 1 & 2 are the penalty factors.

The impedance limits of TCSC is given by, IJAERS/Vol. I/ Issue I/October-December, 2011/30-34

Description of the Implemented Particle Swarm Optimization Technique The main objective of the optimization problem is to eliminate or minimize the line overloads, but there is no guarantee that the overloads will reduce but power flow of line in which the TCSC is placed will be reduced. PSO is a computational intelligence-based technique that is not largely affected by the size and non-linearity of the problem, and can converge to the optimal solution in many problems where most analytical methods fail to converge. It can therefore, be effectively applied to different optimization problems in power systems. A number of papers have been published in the past few years that focus on this issue. Moreover, PSO has some advantages over other similar computational techniques, such as GA. It is easier to implement and there are few parameters to adjust .It has a most effective memory capability than GA. It is more efficient in maintaining the diversity of the swarm In the real number space, each individual possible solution can be modeled as a particle that moves through the problem hyperspace. The position of each particle is determined by the vector xi Rn , as shown in Xi (t) =xi (t-1) +vi (t) ..(8) The best previous position (which gives the best fitness value) of the ith particle is recorded and represented as Pi =[Pi1,Pi2, ,PiD] K , which is also called Pbest . The information available for each individual is based on its own experience (the decisions that it had made so far and the success of each decision) and the knowledge of the performance of other individuals in its neighborhood. Since the relative important of these two factors can vary from one decision to another, it is reasonable to apply random weights to each part, and therefore the velocity will be determined by Vi(t)=vi(t-1)+1*rand1*(pi-xi(t-1)) .(9) +2*rand2*(pg-xi(t-1))

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies

Where 1, 2 are two positive numbers and rand1, rand2 are two random numbers with uniform distribution in the range of [0.0, 1.0].

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The velocity update equation has three major components The first component is sometimes referred to as inertia, momentum, or habit,. It models the tendency of the same direction it has been travelling. The second component is a linear attraction towards the best position ever found by the given particle: pi(whose corresponding fitness value is called the particles best: pbest), scaled by another random weight 1*rand1.This component is referred to as memory, self-knowledge, nostalgia, or remembrance. The third component of velocity update equation is a linear attraction towards the best position found by any particle: pg, scaled by another random weight 2* rand2. This component is referred to as cooperation, social knowledge, group knowledge, or shared information According to the formulation above, the following procedure can be used for implementing the PSO algorithm. Step1: Initialize the swarm by assigning a random position in the problem hyperspace to each particle. Step2: Evaluate the fitness function for each particle. Step3: For each individual particle, compare the particles fitness value with its pbest . If the current value is better than the pbest value, then set this value as the pbest and the current particles position, xi, as pi. Step4: Identify the particle that has the best fitness value. The value of its fitness function is defined as pbest and its position as pg. Step5: Update the velocities and position of all particles using (8) and (9). Step6: Repeat steps 2-5 until a stopping condition is met (e.g., maximum number of iterations or a sufficiently good fitness value). SIMULATION RESULTS

test systems: IEEE-6 bus system , and an IEEE-14 bus system. The data for the above mentioned systems is taken from and respectively. Simulations were done on Pentium IV, 2.66 GHz, and 512 MB of RAM
126.0418 126.0418 best cost 126.0418 126.0418 126.0418 0 x 10 7.9339
-3

10

15

20 25 30 number of iterations

35

40

45

50

7.9339

7.9339

7.9339 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 number of iterations 35 40 45 50

Fig 2 Ranking of branch for 6-bus system Table 1

Branch 3-5 2-5 1-2 2-6 1-4 2-4 1-5 3-6 CSI 0.0409 0.0407 0.0391 0.0360 0.0256 0.0213 0.0171 0.0079 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

There are 11 possible single line contingencies. To find the location of TCSC, the CSI index is calculated for the 11 branches, considering all the 11 single line contingencies and the branches are ranked according to the value of CSI which is shown in Table 1 .CSI is zero for the remaining branches. In this case, transmission line 3-5 is chosen as the best location to place the first TCSC based on the available budget, the placement of TCSCs can be proceeded by following the ranked list given in Table 1, where branch 2-5 will be the second choice, branch 1-2 the third choice and so on. Optimal Settings of TCSC for 11 branches: Table 2
Line no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 From bus-to bus 1-2 1-4 1-5 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 3-5 3-6 4-5 4-6 settings 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.0520 0.02 0.08 0.06

Fig 1 IEEE-6 Bus System Matlab Codes for PSO, and a modified power flow algorithm to include TCSC were developed and incorporated together for the simulation purposes. To investigate the validation of the proposed technique PSO algorithms have been tested on the following two IJAERS/Vol. I/ Issue I/October-December, 2011/30-34

In Table 2, optimal settings of TCSC for 11 branches are obtained. JPP=126.0264 indicates the severity of overloading of IEEE 6bus system for single line contingency.

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies Power flows for 6 bus system under single line contingency in line-8 with TCSC in line-6 Table 3

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budget, the placement of TCSCs can be proceeded by following the ranked list given in Table 4, where branch 8_9 will be the second choice, branch 1-2 the third choice and so on. Optimal Settings of TCSC for 17 branches In Table 5, optimal settings of TCSC for 17 branches are obtained. JPP=41.5353 indicates the severity of overloading of IEEE 14bus system for single line contingency. Table 5

IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM In case of IEEE 14 bus system, bus 1 taken has reference and system has four generator buses, nine load buses as shown in Figure 3.

Fig 3 IEEE 14-Bus system

Power flows for 14 bus system under single line contingency in line-8 with TCSC in line-6 In Table (6), before placing TCSC the power flow in line 14 (8-9 branch) 51.62MW. When contingency occurs in line 1, the power flow in line 14 is 96.21MW (i.e. overloaded). Table 6

41.5507 best cost 41.5507

41.5507

41.5507 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 number of iterations 35 40 45 50

0.0241

0.0241

0.0241

0.0241 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 number of iterations 35 40 45 50

Fig 4 Ranking of branches for 14 bus system Table 4

Branch 1-8 8-9 1-2 4-9 CSI 0.0465 0.0388 0.0100 -0.0862 Rank 1 2 3 4

In this case, transmission line 1_8 is chosen as the best location to place the first TCSC based on the available IJAERS/Vol. I/ Issue I/October-December, 2011/30-34

But when TCSC is placed in line 14 under contingency in line 1, the power flow in line 14 is 85.85MW (i.e. overloading is minimized). By obtaining optimal location and setting of TCSC, the overloading of lines can

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies eliminated or minimized. Now in this case the overloading is minimized by placing TCSC in line CONCLUSIONS In this project the detailed modeling of TCSC for load flow solution has been presented. Optimal network placement of the TCSC device for overload minimization is obtained with CSI. Optimal settings of TCSC are obtained by using PSO method. To show the effectiveness of above method, MATLAB programming has been developed. It has been tested on IEEE 6 bus and IEEE 14 bus test systems. After obtaining settings and location of TCSC, it is placed and therefore reducing power flows. The overloads can be eliminated or minimized. But the power flow in the line will be reduced after placing TCSC in that line for positive reactance. Relevant system data for IEEE 6-bus and 14-bus systems is given in Appendix-1 and Appendix-2. FUTURE SCOPE In this project, PSO algorithm used to determine the optimal settings of TCSC device to minimize overloads under single line contingency. The optimization problem is considered as single objective function. It can be extended to multi objective function by including multiple objectives. This can be extended to multiple contingencies by placing various types of FACTS devices. This can be extended to generator outage and transformer outage. REFERENCES
1. N. G. Hingorani, Power electronics in electrical utilities: role of power electronics in future power systems, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 76, No.4, pp.481-482, Apr. 1988. C. R. Puerle-Esquivel and E. Acha, A Newton-type algorithm for the control of power flow in electrical power networks, IEEE Trans. Power System, vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 1474-1480, Nov. 1997. C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel, E. Acha, and H. Ambriz-Perez, A thyristor controlled series compensator model for the power flow solution of practical power networks, IEEE Trans. Power System, vol. 15, No. 1, pp.58-64, Feb. 2000. M. A. Abdel Moamen, and P. P. Narayana, NewtonRaphson TCSC model for the power flow solution of practical power networks, IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, vol. 3, pp.1488 1493, 2002. M. Saravanan, etal, Application of PSO technique for optimal location of FACST devices considering system loadability and cost of installation,Power Engineering Conference, vol. 2 pp.716 - 721, Dec. 2005. S.Mary Raja Slochanal, etal, Application of PSO technique to find optimal settings of TCSC for static security enhancement considering installation cost,Power Engineering Conference, vol. 2, Dec. 2005. D .Sobajic and Y.Pao, An artificial intelligence system for power system contingency screening, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol.3, pp 647-653, May 1988. C.Ejebe et al.,Fast contingency screening and evaluation for voltage stability analysis, IEEE Trans. Power System, vol.3, pp 1582-1588, Nov.1988. R .Chen et al.,Multi-contingency preprocessing for security analysis using physical concepts and CQR with classifications, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol.8, pp 840-846, Aug. 1993.

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10. S .Weerasooriya et al.,Towards static security assessment of a large scale power system using neural networks, IEE Proceedings-C, vol.139, pp 64-70, Jan.1992. 11. Y. Lu, Ali Abur, Static security enhancement via optimal utilization of Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors, IEEE Trans. Power System, vol.17, pp.324-329,May 2002. 12. Y. Lu, Ali Abur, Improving system static security via optimal placement of thyristor controlled series capacitors (TCSC), IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 2, pp.516-521, Feb. 2001 67 13. J.zaborszky, K.W.Whang, and K.Prasad, Fast contingency evaluation using concentric relaxation,IEEE Trans on Power Apparatus and Systems,vol.99,no1,January-February 1980,pp.28-36. 14. V.Brandwajn, Effective bouding method for linear contingency analysis, IEEE Trans on Power Systems, vol. 3,no.1, February 1988,pp.38-43. 15. V.Brandwajn, and M.G.Lauby, Complete bounding method for AC contingency screening, IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, vol. 4,no.2, May 1989,pp.724-729. 16. Y. Chen, and A. Bose, Direct ranking for voltage contingency selection, IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, vol. 4,no.4, October 1989,pp.1335-1344.

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