INTRODUCTION

Most of the things that we see around us are circular. Sun, moon on full moon day bangle mery-go around, which you loved so much when you where a child; all happened to circles. Ever wondered how a circle can be represented mathematically; well no!!, then we will tell you in this chapter. Also we will take about tangent normulas, chords which we all have hear about. So let us prove deep in to circles. Definition : locus of a set of points equidistant from a fixed point Equation of circle (x - h)2+ (y - k)2= r2x2h2- 2hx + y2- 2ky + k2- r2= 0x2+ y2+ 2gx + 2fy + C = 0

Center

General second degree equationax2+ by2+ 2hxy + 2yx +2fy +C = 0 this equation represent circle when, a = b,h = 0 , g2+ f2 C Equation of circle in different forms (1) Centre(h1K) radius a (x - h)2+ (y - k)2= a2 standard form (when center is origin) x2+ y2= a2 (2) Center (h,k)and pass through originx2+ y2- 2hx - 2ky = 0 (3) Center(h,k) and touches the axis of x-yx2+y2- 2hx - 2ky + h2= 0(x - h)2+ (y - k)2= k2 or x2+ y2- 2hx - l2ky + h2= 0 (4) Center(h,k) and touches the axis of y x2+ y2-2hx -2ky + k2= 0

(5) Circle which touches both the axis:Center will be(h, h)and radius will be h. But since center would be in any of the four quadrants its coordinates can be taken as radius h.

(6) Circle whose diameter is the line joining two point A (s1, y1) and B (x2, y2) Diametric form (xx- x1)(x - x2) + (y - y1(y - y2) = 0

(7) Parametric form-

general point of a circle if centre is (0,0)

is parameter (radius)

Some natations in a circle1) s = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c 2) s1= x x12 + y12 + 2yx1 + 2fy1 + c 3) T = xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c Standard form1)s = x2 + y2 - a 2 2)s =1x12 + y1 2 - a2 3) T = xx1 + yy1 - a2 * If s1> 0 point lies outside the circle * If s1< 0 * If s1 0 point lies inside the circle point lies upon the circle

(1) A line L and a circle intersect in two point A and B .

=> d < r => Perpendicular distance of line L from the centre of circle is less than the radius, and the length of the chords AB is :-

(2) A line L and +a circle touch each other at a point P. => d = r => Perpendicular distance of L from the centre of circle = radius.

(3) A line L and a circle may not intersect at all => .d > r => Perpendicular distance of line from the centre of circle is greater than the radius . (4) A line y = mx + c touches circle x2 + y2 = a2 If :- perpendicular distance of line from centre of the circle = radius of the circle

Intersection of line with circleLet the line be y = mx + d and circle is x2+ y2 +2gx + 2fy + c the x. Coordinate of their point of intersection are given by, (1 + m2)x2+ (2g + 2fm +2dm) x + d2+ 2fd + = o Why :When the two curves intersect, both the curves will be simultaneously satisfied. So y = mx + d can be replaced in x2y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c =0 => x2 + (mx + d)2 + 2gx + 2f (mx + d) + c =0 => (1 + m)2 + (2g + 2fm + 2dm) x + d2 + 2fd + c = 0 if. (i) B2 - 4AC = 0 then line touches the circle. (ii) B2 - 4AC = > 0 then the line intersect circle at 2 different point. (iii) B2 - 4AC = < 0 then no real intersect takes place.

Equation of tangent in general form is :xx1 + yy1+ g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0 equation of tangent on standard form :xx1 + yy1 = a2

Note:- Golden rule to write equation of tangent is to replace. x2 2x

xx1, y2

yy 1

x + x1, 2y = y + y1 in equation of circle where (x1, y1) is of contact.

Equation of tangent. Length of tangent:-

length Condition of or line y = mx + c to be a tangent to x2+ y2 = a2 Condition:c2 = a2 (1 + m2)

Equation of tangent:y = mx

Pair of tangents T 2 = ss1

Equation of normalThe normal to a curve at any P of a curve is the straight line which passes through P and is perpendicular to the tangent at P . The equation of normal to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point l(x1,y1) is :y(x1 + g) - x (y1 + f) +fx1 + gy1 = 0 Why :normal will be OP slope OP =

equation of normal -

on solving we get, y(x1 + y) - x(y1 + f) + fx1 - gy1 = 0 With respect to circle S = 0 Equation of chord of contact:-

T=0 Equation of chord having mid-point (x1, y1) Only one such chord is possible Equation of chord

T - s1 = 0 xx1+ yy1 +g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c

= x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c Slop of CP = Equation of CP =>

(y - y1) = on solving we get, T = S1 T - S1 = 0

(x - x1)

Two circle touching each other (a) External touchc1 c2 = r1 r2 Point P divides the line Joining c1 & c2 internally in th ratio

r1; r2

( b) Internal touch:c1 c2 = | r1 - r2| point P divider the line Joining c1 & c2 externally in the ratio r1 : r2.

Condition: |(r1 - r2)| < c1 c2 < r1 - r2

(a)One is completely inside otherCondition :c1c2 < r1 - r2

(1) If two circle neither intersect nor touch each other then they have 4 common tangents.

DCT means direct common tangent TCT means Transverse common tangent. (2) If two circle touch each other externally then there are 3 common tangents .

(3) If two circle intersect each other at 2 point then there are 2 common tangents.

tangent is possible .

(5) If two circle are concentric then there is no common tangent between them .

Director circle - The locus of meeting point of perpendicular two is also a circle concentric with the given circle is called director circle of the given circle . Equation of given circle -

(x -h)2 + (y -k)2 = r2 Equation of director circle(x -h)2 + (y -k)2 = 2r2 Question- The line and point (h, k) find the locus of point (h, k) for various values of Ans- Note that the line and 2 to each other and both are tangent to circle x + y2 = a2 . . are perpendicular meet at

So, the locus of point of intersection of the two of tangents i.e., (h, k) is director circle with equation (1)Equation of family of circle passing through point of intersection of a circle (s = 0) and a line (L =0) is given by -

(2) Equation of family of circle passing through points of intersection of two given circle

S + KS1 = 0 (3) Equation of family of circle through two fixed given points . S and L can be find out as fallows

S = (x - x1) (x - x2) + (y - y1) (y - y2) = 0 (diametric form)

(4) Equation of family of circles through. one point and fixed given line-

S = (x - x1)2 + (y - y1)2 = 0 Orthogonal cut of two circleIf two circle are cutting each other orthogonally then the tangents at the point of intersection is perpendicular to each other :-

(O1o2)2 = r12 + r22 (g1 - g2)2 + (f1 - f2)2 = g12 + f12 - c1 + g22 + f22 - c1 2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2 Radical axes- Locus of a point which moves such that the tangents drawn from this point to the two given circle will be of equal in length.

l1 = l2

S1 = S11 equation of radical axes Important Results:S1 = S11 = 0

(1) When circle are touching each other, the radical axes is the common tangent beween them.

axes is common chord between them :-

Radical centre- If there are three circle (whose centers are not collinear.) then there will be three radical axes. All these three radical axes are concurrent. And the point of concurrency is called radical centre. * Radical axes are perpendicular to the line joining centre of the circles.

L23 S2 -S3 = 0 L12 S1 - S2 = 0 adding above three L13 = - (L23 + L12) pair of lines. Co axal System of circleA system of circle is said to be co axial when they have common radical axis i.e., when radical axis of each pair of circles of system is same.