Name : Venny Herawati Nim : 081321

Class : 6C Semantic Assignment THREE LANGUAGE ANALYSES

A. Definition Agent: The initiator of some action, capable of acting with volition. Patient: The entity undergoing the effect of some action, often undergoing some change in the state. Theme: The entity which is moved by an action, or whose location is described. Experiencer: The entity which is aware of the action or state described by the predicate but which is not in control of the action or state.

Beneficiary: The entity for whose benefit of the action was performed. Instrument: The means by which an action is performed or something comes about. Location: The place in which something is situated or takes place. Goal: The entity towards which something moves, either literally or metaphorally. Source: The entity from which something moves, either literally or metaphorally. A role of recipient is sometimes identified, e.g. by Andrew(1985) as a type of goal involved in actions describing the changes of possession.

Active voice alternation: the passive sentence has a verb be- and it allows the different form- the past principle with the auxiliary verb be- and it allows the speaker a different perspective on the situation described.

Agent is demoted from subject position, a non-agent role is promoted to subject, and the verb shows a distinct form which agrees with the promoted subject: the total package being what we have called passive voice.

Impersonal passive is type of passive which does not allow the agent to be mentioned in the sentence.

Active form: the active passive systems that grammatically simpler, because have naturally view situations from the point of view of any human beings involved, if there are none, of other living creatures.

Middle voice: the use of middle voice varies from language to language but a central feature is that middle forms emphasize that the subject of the verb is affected by the action described by the verb.

Neuter Intransitive: The type of middle is where the subject undergoes a non-volitional process or change of state.

Bodily activity and emotion: The type of middle is when the activity involves the body or emotions of the subject

Reflexives: The type of middle is where the subjects action affects the subject himself, or a possession or body part of the subject.

Autobenefactives: The type of middle is used to signify that the action of the subjects is done for his or her own benefit.

B. Examples 1. English Language a. Active Voice

1. 2.

They were translating an English book. (Theme role) She is writing a letter. (Theme role) Impersonal passive is used in these sentences because the subjects name is not mentioned.

b. Passive Voice
1. An English book was being translated (by them). (The Goal) 2. A letter is being written (by her). (The Goal)

c. Middle Voice

She garnishes the chocolate cake very carefully. (Active) The chocolate cake garnish very carefully. (Middle-neuter)

2. Indonesian Language (Bahasa Indonesia) a. Active Voice

1. Lani menyapu lantai. (Theme role)

2. Rudi membuang sampah. (Theme role)

Lani and Rudi are the agent.

b. Passive Voice
1. Lantai disapu oleh Lani. (The Goal) 2. Sampah dibuang oleh Rudi. (The Goal)

c. Middle Voice

Ani sedang mencuci baju. (Bodily activity) Runda sedang menyikat noda di lantai. (Bodily acivity)

3. Javanesse Language (Bahasa Jawa)

a. Active Voice
1. Sinta ngumbah klambi abang. (Theme role)

*Sinta mencuci baju berwarna merah Sinta as the agent, klambi abang as the patient because klambi change from dirty to clean.
2. Sani ngapusi Roro. (Theme role)

*Sani membohongi Roro. b. Passive Voice

1. Klambi abang dikumbah karo Sinta. (The goal)

*Baju berwarna merah dicuci oleh Sinta.

2. Roro diapusi karo Sani. (The goal)

*Roro dibohongi oleh Sani. Roro is the experincer because she does not control the action or the state.

c. Middle Voice
1. Penek-no blimbing kuwi. (Bodily Activity)

*tolong panjatkan pohon belimbing itu.

2. Takono-no adeke Nani. (Reflexives)

*tanyakan saja pada adiknya Nani.